The size and scope of government

1、 The size and scope of government Governments size and scope of contemporary governments face major problems. Both developing and developed countries, or countries with economies in transition period, we are commonly faced problems are too big the size of government, need to streamline the Governmen

2、t, the implementation of streamlining administration. Limited and effective government has become a national governments policy objectives. This chapter will explore the following questions: First, we will outline the process of expansion of the size of government, and Analysis of the main causes. S

3、econdly, we will explore the governments quantitative criteria and quality standards. Governments size and scope of how to measure it in the end? It has a clear number of standards? The size and scope of government is not normative standards? That in the end the government should be? Or the governme

4、nt in the end should be more limited? Then, we will explore how the size and scope of the Government with the Governments ability to adapt, how to achieve limited government and effective balance between the Government. Section government expanded the process of In the last century, human society ha

5、s made great economic achievements, while the size and scope of government dramatically expanded. Whether developing or developed countries alike. OECD countries to expand the size of government particularly conspicuous. The size of government in developing countries since the 60 years it has also s

6、een a continued growth momentum. There is a growing impression that the Governments role, the Governments actions related to the peoples good or bad, people are increasingly concerned about the size of government and performance. The World Bank Development Report 1997, describing his narrative techn

7、ique of writing the Canadians and the Ivory Coast a persons feelings: A century ago, a Canadian farmer, and a Cote dIvoire may feel short of their relationship with the government how between them they have no connection whatsoever with. The impact of government on their lives is reflected in the pu

8、blic service it provides some of the traditional items, such as law and order and basic infrastructure, and to collect taxes from them. Today, the Government has significantly expanded, while the world is smaller. The descendants of the farmers who send their children to government-run school, from

9、the government-supported medical institutions, medical care, they rely on publicly provided services, also from the government for their purchase or sale of seeds and fertilizers wheat or coffee price controls benefit. The expansion of the size of government, not single day. All in all, this process

10、 can actually be traced back to the 19th century recognized as a “small government” era. In the 19th century, in theoretical terms, we all recognize the relationship between state and individual citizens involved only state to use public resources to provide important public goods in order to enhanc

11、e individual productivity. And other public goods like defense to ensure the personal safety of life and property, so that citizens receive adequate education and implementation of the contract. However, in point of fact, even if the era of the 19th century market economy country, the Governments re

12、al role of government beyond the minimal framework. At that time, Europe, Japan and North America, the government in economic development indeed also played a lot of role. Liberal as well as the Government does not trust the U.S. governments basic framework, the United States is to generate and beli

13、eve in “the least government control is the best government” in this motto of the country. But even in the United States during the 19th century, the Government has actually served to promote market development and economic growth. Such as the 19th century 40 years the U.S. government to help build

14、the worlds first telegraph line, thereby contributing to the development of the telecommunications industry; the United States Government has, since 1863, began implementing the “Morrill Act” to help carry out agricultural research and technology promotion; in 1785 and 1787 years, “Northwest Ordinan

15、ce” so the Governments commitment to support education, and the sale of some land revenue for that purpose, in 1863, the federal government helped establish the public university system; in 1863, Congress passed the “National Bank Act,” to establish of the first national banking regulatory body. In

16、subsequent years, the Government established the Federal Reserve system that the U.S. central bank, as well as a series of public financial intermediaries; the U.S. government has also built a highway across the state and to support the construction of the railway, which will also help the expansion

17、 of the U.S. market space . The late 19th century, Germany, Bismarck established the worlds first Prime Minister, a national social security system. This shows that, even in the era of small government claimed to be the 19th century, Western governments are not limited to the size and scope of pract

18、ice as defined in the theory of small government boundaries. But even so, the 19th century era of the size and scope of governments is still very limited, the state, especially in respect of income redistribution function is very limited. Europes income redistribution achieved mainly through private

19、 charities, the Governments tax system is limited to tariffs, domestic consumption tax, tax and commodity tax monopoly industries, France and the United Kingdom since the 18th century, began to levy income tax, but it does not constitute the main aspects of financial income . Expansion of scale and

20、scope of government is the 20th century contributed to a series of events. Russian Revolution of 1917 established the first all-embracing state-controlled economies. 30 years the Great Depression, so that all market economy countries facing economic collapse of the bad luck, leading to various measu

21、res taken by governments around the world to conduct counter-cyclical economic crisis. After World War II, the establishment of the 19th century collapse of the colonial system, developing countries began development efforts, governments in developing countries began to expand. After World War II, t

22、he market economy countries have begun a large-scale practice of the welfare state. Under the influence of these factors, governments around the world scale and scope greatly expanded. In these countries, the planned economy, governments all-encompassing, and therefore have a “total state” status. F

23、ollowed by the welfare state, governments in developing countries, although the smaller than the former two, but there are also a great expansion, for many to take a government-led development model of developing countries, in particular. The Government of the rapid expansion of the size and scope,

24、resulting in a lot of diseases. To 70 years, the problem has become intolerable, all countries spontaneously began to reduce the size of government, shrink government-wide change. Planned economies thus began market-oriented changes, whether incremental or radical. In addition to a very few exceptio

25、ns, such as North Korea, Cuba, where all the former planned economy countries have abandoned the practice of planned economy and began pro-market strategy. There are indications that North Korea and Cuba, and also to be taken pro-market reforms. Many welfare states have begun the privatization of st

26、ate-owned enterprises, public services, market into the contents of the new public management reform movement. The sixties and seventies country-led development model to developing countries, have begun to adopt a market-based development strategy, began to change for a small model of government. Ma

27、rket-oriented, market-based development strategy, became the worlds joint action in almost all countries. To 90 years, governments around the world continue to follow the development of pro-market roads, and began to focus on incentive effects of the system. So, what is the Governments size and scop

28、e? How to determine the optimal size of government with the best scope? This problem, it is precisely governments around the world faced a major issue, but also governments for government reform, the core problem. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download Section II of the quantity and quali

29、ty of the size of government Government is too big or too small, the first question to be answered is the size of government in the end how much? This requires the amount of consideration. This seems to be weighing gives first need to determine in the end there are multiple, and then know that this

30、is too heavy or too light, and needed to lose weight or increase nutrition. Of course, in addition, there is a qualitative issue, peoples health in the end it is good or bad, depend not only on obesity or thin, it may also depend on other indicators. The former is the Governments quantity, while the

31、 latter is the Governments quality problems. First, the number of indicators The number of criteria to measure the size of government there are many indicators, the number of first indicators of civil servants, and second, the number of agencies indicators, financial indicators third and fourth offi

32、cial target. It is also a sense from these indicators judge a government scale. 1. The number of civil servants The number of personnel from the Civil indicators, the more the number of government workers, then the larger the size of government, the fewer the number of government workers, then the s

33、ize of government is also smaller. As the national population, not the same, the same country at different times are not the same population size, therefore making international or inter-comparison of the time, people used government workers a percentage of the population, the percentage of the tota

34、l employed population to compare the size of government. In this sense, if a country the size of government too much, it means that too many government workers, the corresponding approach to reform is to reduce staff. On the contrary, then the size of government is too small, lack of public administ

35、ration. Therefore, the number of civil servants outside of the absolute number of indicators in addition can also be compared with the officials and the public, private and public employment personnel than to express. The latter can be used to compare different population size of regions and countri

36、es the size of government. In addition, you can use land ratio, that is, each square kilometers of land on the number of government officials, taking into account population density, but also the population density per square km, weighted; if taking into account the level of economic development, bu

37、t also to per capita gross national product value weighted; if taking into account the wages of civil servants, but also civil servants wages are weighted; if taking into account the degree of public servants, and even places of public servants can be weighted to calculate the level of education of

38、public officers the existence of a waste of or the lack of the phenomenon. Chinas previous streamlining of government reforms, are in fact the sense of the size of government reform. According to this indicator, in 1995 Chinas total population of 121 121 million, the number of employees across the c

39、ountry 68910 million, the state organs, political parties, institutions and social organizations engaged a number of 0.271 million, accounting for 0.85% of the total population, accounting for 1.49% in the number of employees, including state organs 9.394 million, accounting for 0.78% of the total p

40、opulation, accounting for 1.36% of employees. In 1993 the State Council reform program, which provides a total of streamlining the State Council Capacity: 20%. The U.S. government has also been in order to determine the size of the size of government, such as Charles Beard wrote that in 1933 the fed

41、eral governments civilian employees and small organizations more than 50 million people in 1938 to increase to 84 million in 1943 soared to three million. Overstaffed government. Entering the 90 years since the Clinton administration also cut staff to reduce the size of government standards, to 1997

42、, he was to streamline the 28 million people, in order to achieve the objectives of the reform program in 1993. 2. The number of agencies The number of agencies are often the size of government to determine the size of a common standard. It means a government by the number of the more established in

43、stitutions, then the larger the size of government, the fewer the number of institutions established, it means that the smaller size of government. In this sense, if people say the size of government is too large, they lined with bodies, institutions are overstaffed and other words to describe it. C

44、orresponding reform measures is a combination of government agencies. The number of agencies should be able to be calculated from three aspects, one horizontal scale, such as a government the number of functional departments and offices. The second is the scale level, such as a government organizati

45、on on the lower level. 3 is a comprehensive index, including horizontal and vertical levels of the scale of the scale, integrated computing. The Chinese government streamlining reform include streamlining the previous reform of the institutions, but the streamlining of government agencies is general

46、ly inclined to consider the horizontal scale. Such as the March 8, 1982 carried out institutional reforms to streamline the institutions are also one of the important contents of国务院各部委directly affiliated institutions, offices was reduced from 100 to 61. April 1988 meeting of the Seventh National Peo

47、ples Congress adopted the reform program, the State Council ministries and commissions from 45 down to 41, directly under the body was reduced from 22 to 19, non-permanent body was reduced from 75 to 44. The institutional reform of the State Council in 1993 revoked 7 to form, the new 6, changed its

48、name to one, the State Council ministries and commissions to 41 (including the State Council), 42 less than the original one. Agencies directly under the State Council, 13, offices in five, were set 18, 44 less than the original 26. In this way, the composition of the State Council set up 41 departm

49、ents, agencies and offices directly under 18, were set 59, 86 less than the existing 27. Non-permanent body of the State Council has also significantly cut, the original and some 85 reduced to 26. The Chinese government since the reform and opening up the institutional reform of the previous institu

50、tion did not take into account the hierarchical structure of dimensions, and perhaps it is for this reason that various institutional reform program did not take into account the hierarchical structure of how to streamline the State Department, and unintentionally also increased in between the minis

51、tries and the Prime Minister of the intermediary institutions, such as state councilor, also increased the number of deputy prime minister post. In March 1998 the State Council decided to re-institutional reform, this reform to streamline the 15 ministries and commissions, to be the newly formed fou

52、r ministries, changed its name three ministries, the retention of 22 ministries, commissions, OK, the department, except after the reform of the State Council General Office , include the sequence of constituent departments of the State Council a total of 29 ministries, commissions, OK, the departme

53、nt, they are Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Defense, the State Development Planning Commission, SETC, the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, National Defense Science, Technology and Industry Committee, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of State Secu

54、rity, Ministry of Supervision, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Personnel, Labor and Social Security, Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Communications, Information Industry Department, Ministry

55、of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, the Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Health, State Family Planning Commission, the Peoples Bank, the Audit Commission and so on. The institutional reform does not take into account the level of body dimensions, natu

56、rally did not take into account the target. Governments in many countries because of body everywhere, bodies bloated reasons, carried out institutional reforms. For example the United States 50 years ago, we conducted a larger institutional reform. At that time, the U.S. government ministries rarely

57、, and only a dozen, but the independent executive agencies have a lot of, which leads to unwieldy, overstaffing, duplication of functions and confusion and other issues. The United States began the development of an independent body of the last century. In 1883 the establishment of an independent th

58、ree-person Civil Service Commission to implement the new merit system in 1887 to follow the precedent established the Inter-Continental Business Council, is responsible for managing the railway. To the Great Depression began in 1929 when the total was more than 20 committees, the Department and the Bureau. Since 1933, the U.S. Congress began to connect the establishment of many great executive power, financial power and management of the special federal executive