定语从句详解及练习

1、Adjective clauses, defining and non-definingDEFININGThe egg that she dropped was broken but the others were all right.NON-DEFININGThe School Hall, which holds two hundred people, was crowded.In the first example the clause is said to be defining because it tells us which egg was broken: the one that

2、 was dropped.It can be seen, then, that the real subject of the sentence is not simply The egg but The egg that she dropped. For this reason, the defining clause is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas before and after it.The adjective clause in the second example is non-defining be

3、cause it does not tell us which Hall: we already know which one is meant. The clause only adds information to the sentence. It could be left out and the main meaning of the sentence would still be clear:The School Hall was crowded.For this reason non-defining clauses usually have commas before and a

4、fter them to separate them from the rest of the sentence.A (Oral/Written) Place commas before and after the non-defining clauses in these sentences:1. My friends house which is in Main Street is a new house.2. He showed me his boat which he had made himself.3. The bag that he was carrying seemed hea

5、vy.4. My friend John whom you have met will be there tonight.5. I have forgotten the name of the place where she is living now.6. The pen that he bought was all right but mine does not work properly.7. My father who works in a factory starts early in the morning.8. I am looking for a room that is no

6、t being used.That or Which?That and which are both used when referring to things, not people. That is often used in defining clauses; which is often used in nor-defining clauses:DEFINING The car that gets there first is the winner. The book that I wanted had gone.NO N-DEFINING Our school, which is a

7、 big one, is just outside the town. My pen, which I bought last week, writes in two colors.1. The thingsurprised me was the shape of the roof.2. Todays newspaper,I have just read, contained an interesting article about insects.3. She sang the songI like most.4. The Hound of the Baskervifies, was wri

8、tten by Conan Doyle, is in our library.5. His pipe, he had bought only the day before, was broken.6. The dress she wanted was too expensive, so she bought theother one,was much cheaper.7. That is the biggest fish I have ever seen.8. He removed his coat, had been torn.Who or Whom?These are used of pe

9、ople, not things. They may both be used in defining and non-defining clauses. Who is used as the subject of the adjective clause, and whom as the object. Some examples will make this clear:My uncle, who lives in Yuen Long, knows your father. My uncle, whom you met yesterday, knows your father.In the

10、 first example, the adjective clause is: who lives in Yuen Long. The verb is lives, and the subject of the verb is who.In the second example, the adjective clause is: whom you met yesterday. The verb is met, and its subject is you. The object is whom.Both the above examples were non-defining clauses

11、 but the same is true of defining clauses:The boy who won the race is a friend of mine.The boy whom he wanted was not there.In defining clauses, however, who and whom are often replaced by that, and whom is often left out altogether, especially in conversation:The boy that won the race is a friend o

12、f mine.The boy that he wanted was not there.The boy he wanted was not there.C (Oral/Written) Add who or whom if necessary.1. My brother, is sixteen, left school last week.2. Mr. Lee, everybody likes, is going to retire soon.3. That is my sister, you met yesterday.4. I am looking for someonehas a foo

13、tball to sell.5. The new Headmaster, looked very young, arrived yesterday.6. He was speaking to a stranger, I think, was asking him something.7. The manthe police arrested was carrying house-breaking tools. 8. My cousin, she married, lives in the same town.Whose(Oral/Written) Whose may also be used

14、in defining and non-defining clauses. Join the sentences using whose. Sometimes you will be forming defining clauses and sometime non-defining clauses.That is the man. His car was stolen. That is the man whose car was stolen.My uncle works in an office. His flat is next to ours.My uncle, whose flat

15、is next to ours, works in an office.123456Mr. Lee was very upset. His flat was on fire.He wanted to find the man. He had borrowed the mans hat.The little girl was very grateful. He had found her dog.Her cousin waved to her. She was riding -her cousins bicycle.Mrs. Tan has retired. I used to visit he

16、r toy shop.The Headmaster was talking to a man. The mans son had just started school.Of WhichFor the most part, whose is used when referring to people and of which is used for things.He picked up the book. The cover of the book had been torn. He picked up the book, the cover of which had been torn.E

17、 (Oral/Written) Join these sentences using of which:1. The two men walked up to the house. The door of the house was open.2. He bought a second-hand fountain-pen. Its cap was missing.3. He was using a saw. The handle of the saw was broken.4. Some people were looking at the car. Its windscreen was sm

18、ashed.5. She was looking at a painting. Its frame was beautifully carved.6. The librarian was holding a book. Its cover had been torn off.In which,. on which, etc.F (Oral/Written) Other prepositions are used in a similar way. Join thesentences using the preposition in colour and which. The clauses f

19、ormed are defining. No commas are needed.This is the box. The papers are kept in it. This is the box in which the papers are kept The chair collapsed. He was sitting on it.The chair on which he was sitting collapsed.1. The car had a puncture. He was riding in it.2. The music was rather loud. They we

20、re listening to it.3. The train was late. She was travelling on it.4. The ball was very hard. He was hit by it.5. The paper was torn. The present was wrapped in it.6. The ladder began to sway. The workman was climbing down it.G(Oral/Written) When referring to a person, a preposition is followed bywh

21、om not who Join the sentences using the preposition in color and whom.There is the man. The policeman was speaking to him. There is the man to whom the policeman was speaking.1. At last he found the man. He had been searching for him.2. The girl looked very pleased. The prize had been presented to h

22、er.3. Those are the men. I rely on them.4. There is the boy. You were talking about him.5 The person has gone. She was talking to him.6. That is the man. My brother works for him.H (Oral) In which, to whom, etc., are normally used in writing only. When speaking, we usually leave out which and whom a

23、nd put the preposition at the end of the clause, like this:This is the box. The papers are kept in it.This is the box the papers are kept in.The chair collapsed. He was sitting on it.The chair he was sitting on collapsed.There is the man. The policeman was speaking to him.There is the man the police

24、man was speaking to.Write out these sentences placing commas before and after non-defining clauses only.The only fish that I have caught have been very small ones.The President who was a very tall gentleman made aspeech.Is this the train that goes to Tal Po?The book that he had was not the same as m

25、ine. My father who is an elderly man still plays badminton.The one that I wanted was on the top shelf.The only man on whom I could rely was missing.The topics about which he knew most did not appear on the examination paper.My mother whose eyesight is not good fell and hurt herself.Coral Island whic

26、h is an exciting book for boys and girls can be found in any library.Mr. Green whom I met yesterday was a very likeable man.Tennis which can be played by boys and girls is a very good game.Relative clauses (defining)Who (people)A (Oral) Make sentences like the ones in the examples: e.g:That is the b

27、oy. He broke the window. - That is the boy who broke the window.This is the girl. She found the money. - This is the girl who found the money.1. That is the boy. He broke the window.2. This is the girl. She found the money.3. That is the policeman. He caught the thief.4. This is the girl. She sold m

28、e the oranges.5. This is the boy. He came late.6 This is the girl. She lost her book.7 That is the man. He caught a fish.8 This is the girl. She won the prize.9 That is the woman. She stopped the bus.10 This is the boy. He caught a big fish.That and which (things and animals)B (Oral/Written) Make tw

29、enty sentences.hit the treecarthatfell into the rivertravelli ng very fastThekn ocked the man dow nwashorsewhichran into the busgoing very slowwent over the cliffC (Oral) Give rep lies like the ones in the exa mples:He dropped a pen cil. - Theres the pencil that he dropped. She saw a dog. Theres the

30、 dog that she saw.1 He dropped a pen.2 She lost a ruler.3 He made a kite.4 She found a kitte n.5 They built a boat.6 He made a table.7 She saw a yellow bird.8 They broke a win dow.9 He killed a sn ake.10 They dug a hole.11 She made a dress.12 He threw a stone.13 He borrowed a book.14 She dropped a p

31、 late.15 He pain ted a picture.Relatives omitted (c on tact clauses) (Oral) Make senten ces like the ones in the exa mple:The car was very old. He was drivi ng it.The car he was drivi ng was very old.The book is very in terest ing. He is read ing it.The book he is read ing is very in teresti ng.1. T

32、he car was very old. He was driv ing it.2. The book is very in teresti ng. He is readi ng it.3. The bicycle was very old. He was ridi ng it.4. The camera was made in Japan. He bought it.5. The game was very excit ing. They were p layi ng it.6. The exercise is easy. We are doing it.7. The fruit is ro

33、tte n. We bought it yesterday.8. The film was excit ing. We saw it last ni ght.9. The dog was very small. She was carry ing it.10. The tiger was beh ind them. They were hunting it.E (Oral) Make senten ces like the ones in the exa mples:I know the man. You met him yesterday. - I know the man you met

34、yesterday.Here is the book I bought lastHere is the book. I bought it last week. week.1.1 know the man. You met him yesterday.2. Here is the book. I bought it last week.3. Im look ing for the man. I met him last week.4. He gave me the fish. He caught it i n the river.5. That is the boy. I saw him la

35、st week.6. They were eat ing the appi es. They bought them in the shop.7. He gave her the pu rse. He found it in the bus.8. That is the lady. I saw her on the televisi on.9. Show me the book. You got it from the library.10. Those are the childre n. We saw them yesterday.F (Oral/Writte n) Make senten

36、 ces like the ones in the exa mp les:The book bel ongs to my brother. I am read ing it.The book I am readi ng bel ongs to my brother.The man knows my father. I met him in Aberdee n. - The man I met in Aberdee n knows my father.1. The pen bel ongs to my sister. I am using it.2. The tow n is very clea

37、 n. I live in it.3. The boy is my cous in. I sp oke to him.4. The book is very excit ing. You are readi ng it.5. The girl goes to my school. I was talk ing to her.6. The furniture was very dusty. She waaiea ning it.7. The man was very old. I helped him across the street.8. The tree was very tall. He

38、 climbed it.9. The door was not faste ned. The thief opened it.10. The dress was gree n and red. She was weari ng it.whoseHerl Son is ill.(Oral) Join the sentences usingWe sp oke to the woma n.- We sp oke to the woma n whose s on is ill.Those are the girls. Their pictures were in the newspaper.Those

39、 are the girls whose pi ctures were in the n ews paper.123456789That is the man. His son helped me.They are trying to find the man. His shop is on fire.That is the woma n. Her home is in Singapore. He is talki ng to the boy. His father is ill.Where is the girl? Her bag is on the floor.We shouted to

40、the men. Their boat was sinking.We tried to help the man. His car had broke n dow n. Every one looked at the man. His dog was bark ing loudly.1 tried to hel p the little boy. His hat was in the water.I am look ing for the boy. I borrowed hisrjler.-I am looking for the boy whose ruler I borrowed. Tha

41、t is the man. He married hjaughter.- That is the man whose daughter he married.101112131415161718I want to find the man. I borrowed his bicycle.Where is the boy? I borrowed his ruler.This is the girl. You met her mother yesterday.The p olice are look ing for the man. They have found his car. That is

42、 the sailor. We saw his ship yesterday.Do you know the girl? I broke her ruler.We ran after the woma n. We found her pu rse.I can see the boy. We p layed with his football last week.That is the boy. We saw his brother yesterday.The boy won the p rize. l-iiskite flew the highest.-The boy whose kite f

43、lew the highest won the p rize.The girls went home early. Their work was very good. -The girls whose work was very good went home early.192021222324252627The man jumped into the water. His boat was sinking.The man sold a great many. His oran ges were chea p.The woma n did not sell many. Her oran ges

44、 were dear.The man had to walk to work. His car would not start.The girl bega n to cry. Her dog ran away.The p olicema n was an gry. His hat fell off.The girl got very wet. Her umbrella was full of holes.The childre n stayed at home. Their school was closed.The boy asked his mother to mend them. His

45、 trousers were torn.(Oral/Written) Join the sentences using who, which, whose or that.1. A doctor is a man. He makes sick people better.2. A clerk is a man or a woman. He or she works in an office.3. A sailor is a man. He sails on a ship.4.1 know a man. He drives a bus.5. This is the pencil. I lent

46、it to you.6. That is the school. It was closed last week.7. I know a boy. His father is a policeman.8. I have found the book. I lost it yesterday.Defining clausesThe person that/ who helped me was a stranger.The man (that) they elected was very popular. The pen (that) they chose was very expensive.A

47、 defining clause tells us which particular thing or person is meant.In theabove examples the defining clauses answer the questions: Which person? Which man? Which pen?Note:(i) These clauses are not marked off by commas.(ii) In the first example who or that may be used.(iii) In the last two examples

48、that may be left out.A Complete these sentences by adding the missing words. Where it is possible to leave out that, do so. In each case the clauses are defining clauses, so no commas are necessary.12345678910The tree fell down was a big one.The persontold me was your brother.The book I wanted was o

49、n the top shelf.The person he asked did not know.Peoplelive in glass houses should not throw stones.The mealhe ate did not agree with him.She was very pleased with the present he brought her.The one answers first will win a prize.The car knocked him down did not stop.The person won the prize is a fr

50、iend of mine.That is often used after superlatives and certain pronouns. Brackets show that it can be omitted.He was one of the finest men that ever lived.All (that) I can do is wait.Everything (that) I do seems to be wrong.Everyone that knew her liked her.There is nothing (that) I like more than a

51、cup of tea. I am afraid there is little (that) I can do.B Complete these sentences by adding defining clauses:12345678910There was nothing.That is the best story.Everyone. . liked the picture.1 want to see everything.I want to buy the biggest cake.Nothing. . . seemed to please the teacher.Please giv

52、e me everything.He lost everythingWhen the firemen arrived there was little.1 have told you all.Non-defining clausesNon-defining clauses do not answer the question: Which one?. We already know which person or thing is meant. Non-defining clauses simply add information:My eldest brother, who is seven

53、teen, has left school.The letter to Rangoon, which I posted a month ago, has still not arrived.My car battery, which I bought recently, is already failing.Mary, with whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.He found an old stone jar, in which had been hidden some silver dollars.My Aunt Helen

54、, whose cat is called Tabitha, keeps many pets.Books on adventure, of which this is one example, are not always well written.Notice that in non-defining clauses:(i) Which is used rather than that(ii) Which, who and whom are never omitted as they sometimes are in defining clauses.(iii) Usually commas

55、 are placed before and after non-defining clauses.C Add commas where necessary. Remember that commas are not used with defining clauses.This is the book that I was given yesterday.I have found the Oxford Junior Encyclopaedia which is in the library useful. The best film that I ever saw was about Aus

56、tralia.8910D or a123456789The oldest man in the village who had a long white beard knew many interesting stories.The thing that pleases me most is that the whole task was carried out by volunteers.The new teacher whom I first met seems very pleasant.The school orchestra in which my sister plays the

57、violin is giving a performance tomorrow.He was smoking a long hooked pipe which gave off clouds of blue smoke. My eldest brother whose school is on holiday has been helping me.The Principal who was standing nearby saw what happened.Write out each pair of sentences as one sentence forming either a defining non-defining clause. Be careful with p