新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解_Unit7

1、v1.0可编辑可修改新视野三版 读写B2 U7 Text AWoma n at the man ageme nt level1 When Monica applied for a job as an adm ini strative assista nt in 1971, shewas asked whether she would rather work for a male or a female attor ney.Iimmediately said a man，” she says. I felt that a male-boss/female-employee relatio nsh

2、ip was more n atural, n eed ing no pers onal accommodati on whatsoever. But 20 years later, whe n she was asked the same question,she said, I was pleasantlysurprised thatfemalebosses are much more accessible to their employees; theyre much moresensitive and intimate with their employees.2 Female bos

3、ses today are stil finding they face subtle resista nee. There isstil a segment of the population, both men and, surprisingly, women who report low tolera nee for female bosses. The grow ing prese nee of female bosses has also provoked two major questi ons that revolve around styles: Domen and wome

4、n man age differe ntly, an d, if so, is that a good thi ng3 Monica is disposed to think so, on both counts. Now a 40-year-old mother offour, she is preside nt of a public sector labor union with 45,000members. Relati ons with my employees are probably differe nt from those ofmale man agers precedi n

5、g me, she says. I know what its like to haveto caland saymy kid gotthemumpsso I wont be coming in.I have a moreflexiblestyle notsoft,justmore understanding.The manwho is Mon icasassista ntagrees,Shetendstodelegatemore andis alwayslook ing for aconsensus.People are happy and flourish because they hav

6、e an in put into decisi ons iv1.0可编辑可修改andthey are not mere bystanders; theirenergies are harnessedotherhand, consen sus takes Ion ger.4 So, are the differencessymbolic or real Plausible studiesthat menare typical y hierarchical, goal-oriented and feel entitled. Women, by con trast,man age diplomati

7、cal y, and share power. That point of view is ofte n chal en ged and argued. Some proclaim that men and wome n of similar backgro un ds, experie nee and aspirati ons basical y man age in the same way. This view is echoed by youn ger wome n, especial y those who have encoun tered little gen der discr

8、im in ati on. That was certai nly the less on forNicole. When her father died of a heart attack, she was an employee at a petroleum products exportcompany. She quit and tookfamilysOn the suggestover herfield, a160-acre fruit farm in s County. On her first day in the worker19cal ed her darling.He was

9、 tryingto test me. I was shaking withan ger, saysNicole, now 34. I stood erect and said, You would nt have cal ed myfatherdarli ng and youre not going to take that liberty with me. If you do,Il fire you.5 When women work for women, a different dynamic often takes over. Susa n,a cashier in a Toronto

10、auctionhouse, says that she has exploredfrien dshipswith some of her female bosses and feels she can rely on them more. Whilewomen may feel more at ease with a female boss, men often have tomake concessions to the new working styles. Brian, a marine biologist, says,It took me a couple of years befor

11、e I felt comfortable eno ugh to relax around afemale manager. In fact, my relationswith her were much morebus in esslike.6 To some exte nt, the male-female differe nces come dow n to con flict ingstyles. One female vice-preside nt discussed the time she burst in to tearsduring a meeting. Men think t

12、hat tears are a nuclear weapon in a conven tio nalwar. They take exception to a woman crying, inferring that shes feeli ngun happy or violated. The men failed to un dersta nd that what promptedhertears was not hurt but genuine rage. Whe n we cry, its because we havealthis valid rage that has no appr

13、opriate release, she says.Women cry;menget relief by going on with the offense or by veili ng their feeli ngs toappear composed.7 Deborah, preside nt of a firm with its headquarters in Toron to, saysthat eve n*ifmendoun dersta nd,theysometimesreact differe ntlytothe ide ntical in formatio n and to h

14、er cooperative man ageme nt style.8 Deborahsays thather authority issometimes un derm inedbypercepti onsabout hergen der. It stems fromthewhole social con textoftraditi onal roles formen and wome n, she says. Mom would tel you to do thin gs, but perhapsyouwould nt take as much no tice as whe n Dad t

15、old you to do thin gs.Menalsohave a stron ger urge to con trol, she says.9 For female bosses, the great expectation of some female employees is onemore obstacle. Junior wome n assume a female boss wil promote them morequickly than a man would. But, they also expect female bosses to be moreself- suff

16、icient.They ask, Why cant you scan your own stuffor Why cantyou do your own fili ng says one senior female executive.10 On the other hand, there is no dispute that a few decades ago they would*rarelyhavehad a femaleboss inthe , aman ageme nt con sulta ntsays shes vaguely optimistic. Imlook ingforwar

17、d tothe day, before I die, when we recognize that the best management styles wilbe composed of the best that both gen ders bring to the table . Wei ,shepauses, maybe not before she dies, perhaps in her daughters lifetime.Lan guage Poin ts:1 Whe n Mon ica applied for a job as an admi nistrative assis

18、ta nt in 1971,she wasasked whether she would rather work for a male or a female attorney.(Para. 1)Meaning: Monica was asked if she would like to work for a male or a female lawyer whe nshe applied for a man agi ng job at a law firm in 1971.Sentence structure note:“would rather ”句型1 would rather的意思是“

19、宁愿；宁可；更；最好；还是为好”，后接动词原形，表示优先选择的一种方式。其否定形式是would rather not do sth., would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather 。例如：*If you/he would rather be alone, we l al leave here.女口果你 / 他 宁愿独自呆着，那我们会都离开这儿。2 would rather后接从句时，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时，表示希望或宁愿某人按某特定的方式做某事，这个结构常常表达的是现在或将来的行为。例如：*1 d rather you didn t make a

20、ny comment on the issue for the time bei ng.我想目前你还是不要对此事发表任何评论。2“ I felt that a male-boss/female-employeerelati on shipwas moren atural, n eedi ngno personal accommodation whatsoever.” (Para. 1)Meanin g: I felt that there was no n eed to compromise in a relati on shipbetwee n a maleboss and a female

21、 employee since it was more natural.3 But 20 years later, when she was asked the same question, she said,“ 1I waspleasa ntlysurprisedthatfemalebossesare much moreaccessible totheiremployees;they remuchmoresen sitiveand in timatewith theiremployees. ”(Para.1)Meaning: However, whe n she was asked the

22、same questi on 20 years later,Sheresponded that it was a nice surprise to find out that female bosses had bee n much easierto approach, more un dersta nding, and closer to their workers.Meaning bey ond words: Her an swer was en tirely differe nt from what shehad responded20 years before. It can be a

23、ssumed that she gained this particular feeli ng gradual y.4 Female bosses today are still finding they face subtle resista nee. (Para. 2)Meaning bey ond words: Female bosses today are stil experie ncing gen der discrim in ati on, though it may not always be obvious or no ticeable.5 There is still a

24、segment of thepopulation,both men and,surpris in gly, wome nwho report low tolera nee for female bosses. (Para. 2)Meaning: A portion of people, men and, unexpectedly, even women statethat they canhardly bear work ing with female bosses.6 The growing presenee of female bosses has also provoked two ma

25、jor questi onsthat revolve around styles: Do men and wome n man age differe ntly, and,if so, isthat a good thing (Para. 2)Meaning: With the number of female bosses increasing,two questionshave bee n raisedin terms of styles:Do men and women work differentlyAre thediffere nces good forman ageme nt if

26、 there are any7 Monica is disposed to think so, on both counts.Now a 40-year-oldmother of four,she is preside nt of a public sector labor union with 45,000 members. (Para. 3)Meaning: Moni ca, a 40-year-old mother of four childre n and preside nt ofa public sectorlabor union with 45,000 members, is i

27、nclined to look at these two points positively:Wome n do man age differe ntly from men and that is a good thi ng.Note:“A public sector labor union”(also public sector trade union)refers to a labor unionwhich primarilyrepresentsthe interestsof employees within publicsector(gover nmen t-ow ned, suppor

28、ted or regulated) orga ni zatio ns. Public sectorunions havebecome some of the larger or more in flue ntial unions in certa in areasof the world inrece nt times as private sector union membership has decli ned sharply.8 “ Relations with my employees are probably differentfrom those ofmaleman agers p

29、recedi ng me, ” she says. “ I know what it s like to have to call and say mykid got the mumps so I won t be coming in. I have a more flexible style not soft,just more understanding.” (Para. 3)Meaning: She said that she was perhaps differe nt form the previous male man agers inrelati on with the empl

30、oyees because she knew what it meant whe n some one had to makea phone cal telli ng her that he or she wouldn t go to work due to theiln ess of their child.She added that she was more flexible and un dersta nding but not weaker in terms of work ing style.Meaning bey ond words: In a broad sen se, fem

31、ale bosses are better tha n male bosses inboss-employee relati ons because they are more un dersta nding and tend to show morecon siderati on to their employees.9 The man who is Monica s assistantagrees, “She tends to delegatemore and isalways looking for a consensus. People are happy and flourish b

32、ecausethey havean in put into decisi ons and they are not mere bysta nders;theiren ergies areharn essed. On the other hand, consen sus takes Ion ger.” (Para. 3)Meaning: The man who is Monica s assistant holds the same opinion that she usuallygives people more rights and is always seek ing agreeme nt

33、. Since peoplehave their voiceheard in decisi on-mak ing and are not play ing the role of a wit ness only, they feel happyand successful. In this way, their energies are utilized. However, it takes more time to reach an agreeme nt.Meaningbey ond words:Aga in,female bosses would seek moreaccommodati

34、on andagreeme nt tha n male bosses, which helps to bring employees in itiativeinto ful play.10 So, are the differences symbolic or real Plausible studies suggestthat men aretypically hierarchical, goal-oriented and feelentitled.Women, bycon trast, man agediplomatically, and share power. (Para. 4)Mea

35、ning: So, the questi on is whether the differe nces betwee n male and femalemanagers are representativeor real According to acceptable studies,men like to seeksocial status, work for goals and be given authority. On the other hand,wome n man agewith skil and flexibility and like to share authority.M

36、eaning beyond words: In terms of management skil s, this part highlights thediffere nces betwee n male and female bosses. The plausible reas ons may possibly betraced to the respective character traits of both sexes.Note: Goal-oriented is a compound adjective. Agoal-oriented person orteam works hard

37、to achieve good results in the tasks that they have bee n give n; agoal-orie nted plan oractivity is based on a number of things that must be achieved. The wordoriented meansgiving a lot of time, effort and attention to one particular thing. Itcan be comb ined withdifferent nouns to derive different

38、meanings such as family-orientedand export-orie nted11 That point ofview is oftenchalle ngedand argued.Some proclaimthat men andwome n of similarbackgro un ds,experie neeandaspiratio nsbasicallyman age in the same way. (Para. 4) Meaning: The realdiffere ncesbetween maleandfemalemanagers oftensparkar

39、gume nts. Some people declare that gen eral y speak ing, men and wome nof similarbackgro un ds, experie nee and ambiti ons man age in the same way.12 This view is echoed by younger women, especially those who have encoun teredlittle gen der discrim in ati on. That was certai nly the less on for Nico

40、le.(Para. 4)Meaning: This view is agreed upon by young wome n, especially those who have seldombee n treatedun fairly.Nicole certa in lylear neda less on from herexperie nee.Meaning bey ond words: The implicatio n is that men and wome n do man age differe ntly.Only young wome n who have n ever encou

41、n tered gen der discrim in ati on would assumethere is no differenee between male and female managers. Nicole s pers onal experie neewould serve as a less on for young wome n.13 When her father died of a heart attack, she was an employee at a petroleumproducts export company. She quit and took over

42、her family s 160 -acrefruit farm inSt. David s County. (Para. 4)Meaning: When her father died due to a heart attack, Nicole stopped work ing for anexport company of petroleum products and took control of her father s160-acre fruit farmin St. David s County.Note: This is also a figurative use of “fig

43、hting the fires ” , which means “to disperse thestrikes ”.“darling ” .“ Henow 34.“ I stood erectre not going to take14 On her first day in the field, a worker called her was tryi ng to testme. I was shak ing with an ger, ” says Nicole, and said, You wouldn t have called my father darling and you tha

44、t liberty withme. If you do, I ll fire you. ” (Para. 4)Meaning beyond words: Nicole s personal story about how one of her workersaddressed her on her first day in the field depictsgen derdiscrim in ati on-based disrespect:Men would in st in ctively thi nk they are superior to wome n, so the malework

45、er didn t showthe appropriate respect to his boss, Nicole.15 When women work for women, a differentdynamic often takes over.(Para. 5)Meaning beyond words: When women work for their female bosses, they can alwayssee and experie nee differe nt work ing and com muni cati on styles from those adopted by

46、 their male bosses.Note: Here,“ dyn amic”means the set of forces that exist in asituatio n, especially arelationship, and affect how it changes or develops. For example:*There s a very supportive dynamic between the members of the group.组员们之间互相支持，互相鼓励。16 Susan, a cashier in a Toronto auctionhouse, s

47、ays that she hasexploredfriendships with some of her female bosses and feels she can rely on them more.(Para. 5)Meaning beyond words: Susan has establishedfriendshipswith some ofher femalebosses and feels she can trust them more than male bosses.17 While wome n may feel more at ease with a female bo

48、ss, men ofte n haveto makecon cessi ons to the new work ing styles. (Para. 5)Meaning: Although wome n feel more comfortable and relaxed with a female boss, menoften have to make changes in their behavior to adapt to the different work ing styles.Meaning bey ond words: The fact that men have to adjus

49、t themselves whe nthey have afemale boss is probably because of some psychologicalreason whichmakes them feelsomewhat hard to get along with the opposite sex.18 Brian, a marine biologist, says, “It took me a couple of years before I feltcomfortable eno ugh to relax aro und a female man ager. In fact

50、, my relatio ns with herwere much more bus in esslike.” (Para. 5)Meaning: Brian, a marine biologist, says that it took him a couple ofyears before he felt atease work ing around a female man ager. Any way, his relati onswith herwere of abus in ess type only.*bus in esslike: a. effective and practica

51、l in the way that you do thi ngs处事务实的；有效率的；讲究实际的To teach the stude nts good bus in ess mann ers, this activity was han dledin a bus in esslikemanner.为了培养学生良好的商务礼仪，这项活动是以务实的方式进行的。Note: The word bus in esslike , as expla inedabove, is differe nt fromwords like childlike .Similar words for your attenti

52、on:lifelike (逼真的；栩栩如生的),warlike (好战的；善武的).19 To some exte nt, the male-female differe nces come dow n to con flict ing styles.(Para. 6)Meaning: To some degree, the male-female differe nces in man ageme nt lie incon tradict ing work ing styles.20 One female vice-preside nt discussed the time she burs

53、t into tears duri ng ameet ing.“ Men thi nk that tears are a nu clear weap on ina conven ti onalwar. Theytake exception to a woman crying, inferring that she s feeling unhappyor violated. ”(Para. 6)Meaning: One female vice-preside nt talked about the time whe n she could not hold backher tears at a

54、meet ing. She said that men con side red women s tears just as un fairweapons. They were angry at women who were crying and thought that these wome n felt un happy or offen ded.21 The men failed to understand that what prompted her tears was not hurt butgenuine rage. (Para. 6)Meaning: The men did no

55、tknow what made women cry was not being hurtbut theiran ger.22 “When we cry, it s because we have all this valid rage that has no appropriaterelease, ” she says. “Women cry; men get relief by going on with theoffense or byveiling their feelings to appear composed. ” (Para. 6)Meaning: She says that w

56、ome n cry because they have no where to release theirreas on able an ger. While wome n cry men seek to release their an ger by con ti nuing withtheir attacks on wome n or by hidi ng their feeli ngs to look calm.Meaning beyond words: This example further contrasts the different work ing stylesbetwee n men and wome n, triggered by their pers on ality traits.23 Deborah, preside nt of a firm with its headquarters in Toron to, saysthat eve n ifmen