第04讲怎样写好英语段落

1、第第04讲讲 怎样写好英语段落怎样写好英语段落 段落的基本结构段落的基本结构 段落段落(paragraph): 表达单一中心思想(controlling idea or central idea ) 主题句 (topic sentence) 推展句(supporting sentences) 结论句(concluding sentence) 1. 主题句主题句 主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。 它用以概括段落大意,要求全段其他文字都围绕它 展开。请看下例： my mother has passed along to me certain rules for gett

2、ing along with others. dont argue with parents；they will think you dont love them. dont argue with children；they will think themselves victimized. dont argue with spouses；they will think you are a tiresome mate. dont argue with strangers；they will think you are not friendly. my mothers rules, in fac

3、t, can be summed up in two words：dont argue. 1.1 主题句的位置主题句的位置 主题句通常放在段落的开端,其特点是 开门见山地摆出问题,然后加以详细说明。 其作用是使文章的结构更清晰,更具说服力, 便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内 容。在四级考试中,考生应尽量采用将主题 句放在段落开头的写作手法。 例1： （主题句）no one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. （推展句1） much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are

4、no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）in their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness. 1.2 如何写好主题句中的关键词如何写好主题句中的关键词 段落的主题句对主题的限定主

5、要是通 过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量 写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面： 一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展； 二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准 确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、 写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。 原句1： he can fix a bicycle himself. 修正：he can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps. 修正：there are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself. 原句2： she tries to improve h

6、er looks. 修正：she tries many ways to improve her looks. 修正：there are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks. 1.3 如何写好主题句的中心思想如何写好主题句的中心思想 主题句由两部分组成,即主题（topic）和 中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想的作 用是导向（control）和制约（limit）。我们前 面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向 就是规定段落的发展脉络,所谓制约就是限制 主题的覆盖范围,两者不可分割。没有导向,内 容就会离题或偏题；没

7、有制约,内容就可能超 出一个段落所能容纳的范围。 对于初学写作的人来说,“导向”的重要性容 易理解,但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句, 就可能忽视“制约”这一面。 there are two ways in which one can own a book. the first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing i

8、n it. 本段的主题句如果没有in which 引出的定语从句,那么 two ways 不仅不能起制约作用,而且也不能起导向作用,句 子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。 exercise is beneficial to your heart. a 22-year study was conducted by doctors in california. they found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. these active people

9、work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape. “exercise is beneficial”这是毫无疑义的。但 主题句中如不加上“to your heart”来加以 control 和 limit,那就流于空泛。 2.推展句推展句 2.1 主要推展句主要推展句（major supporting statement） 不要求作进一步的说明或证明,句与句之间 的关系是相互独立又是互相连

10、接的。 例1：（主题句） there are several factors affecting climate. （推展句1）one factor is the mount of sunlight received. （推展句2）altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. （推展句3）the oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. （推展句4） in addition, climate is influenced by the gene

11、ral circulation of the atmosphere. 2.2 次要推展句次要推展句（minor supporting statement） 对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说 明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。 例2：（主题句）i dont teach because teaching is easy for me. （主要推展句1）teaching is the most difficult of the various ways i have attempted to earn my living：mechanic, carpenter, writer. （主要推展句2

12、）for me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty- palm, sinking-stomach profession. （次要推展句1）red-eye, because i never feel ready to teach no matter how late i stay up preparing. （次要推展句2）sweaty-palm, because im always nervous before i enter the classroom, sure that i will be found out for the fool that i am. （次

13、要推展句3）sinking-stomach, because i leave the classroom an hour later convinced that i was even more boring than usual. 2.3 主要推展句与次要推展句的关系主要推展句与次要推展句的关系 主要推展句与次要推展句的关系基本可以遵循下面 的“三部分”规则。 1每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思 想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。 2每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。 3含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展 素材,又要有次要推展素材。 2.4 写好推展句的方法写好推展句的方

14、法 主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有 关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一 个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常 用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答， 即设问解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通 过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。 topic sentence: english is an international language. 设问(why) why can we say english is an international language? 解答(because) because: english is spoken by pilots

15、 and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. because: over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in english. because: more than 60 percent of the worlds radio programs are in english. because: pakistan was once one of the british colonies. because: many members of the internati

16、onal language society are selected from english-spoken countries. 段落发展的手段段落发展的手段 1. 列举法（列举法（details） 2. 举例法（举例法（example） 3. 叙述法（叙述法（narration） 4. 对比法（对比法（comparison & contrast） 5. 分类法（分类法（classification） 6.因果分析法（因果分析法（cause and effect） 1. 列举法（列举法（details） 通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的 论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解

17、释,列举的顺序可以按 照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。 yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything i did went wrong. first, i didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. then, i didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. during the coffee break, i drop

18、ped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. at lunch time, i left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. after lunch, my boss was angry because i hadnt gone to the meeting. then i didnt notice a sign on a door that said “wet paint” and so i spoilt my jacket too. when i got home i co

19、uldnt get into my flat because i had left my key in my office. so i broke a window to get in and cut my hand. case study 1999年年1月大学英语四级作文题目月大学英语四级作文题目 dont hesitate to say no. 1. 别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说不 2. 为什么有些人在该说不的时候不说不 3. 该说不时不说不的坏处 case study 2000年年1月大学英语四级作文题目月大学英语四级作文题目 how i finance my college e

20、ducation 1. 上大学的费用(tuition and fees)可以通过多 种途径解决 2. 哪种途径适合于我(说明理由 2. 举例法（举例法（example） 通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容, 严格地讲,举例法也是列举法的一种,它们的区别 在于：列举法侧重罗列事实,所列事实力求全面； 而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点, 且事例可多可少。 there are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. for example, those who enjoy competitive spor

21、ts may take up ball games. for another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. in short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more

22、 than one sports that are suitable to them. case study 1998年年1月大学英语四级作文题目月大学英语四级作文题目 harmfulness of fake commodities 1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种现象? 2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、 社会等的危害。 case study 2003年年1月大学英语四级作文题目月大学英语四级作文题目 it pays to be honest 1. 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 2. 诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实 3. 叙述法（叙述

23、法（narration） 叙述法发展段落主要是按照事物本身的时间 或空间的排列顺序,通过对一些特有过渡连接词的 使用,有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段。 用这种方法展开段落,作者能够清楚连贯地交待事 物的本末,从而可以使读者可以清晰、完整地理解 文章的含义,例如： in the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. when she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. she immed

24、iately called the police station. in answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping. case study 2001年年6月大学英语四级作文题目月大学英语四级作文题目 directions: for this

25、 part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter. suppose you are zhang ying. write a letter to xiao wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday. you should write a t least 100 words according to the suggestions given below in chinese. 1. 表示欢迎 2. 提出对度假安排

26、的建议 3. 提醒应注意的事项 case study 2006年年6月英语四级作文月英语四级作文 an announcement for a voluntary program: 1、校学生会将组织一次暑假志愿者活动,现 招募志愿者 2、本次志愿者活动的目的,内容,安排等 3、报名联系方式 case study 2003年年6月大学英语四级作文题目月大学英语四级作文题目 要求假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸， 就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点： 1、车祸发生的时间及地点 2、你所见到的车祸情况 3、你对车祸原因的分析 4. 对比法（对比法（comparison & contrast） 将

27、同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行 比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比, 更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点,例 如： the heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. a problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can b

28、e solved by a computer in one minute. case study 1999年年6月大学英语四级作文题目月大学英语四级作文题目 reading selectively or extensively? 1. 有人认为读书要有选择 2. 有人认为应当博览群书 3. 我的看法 5. 分类法（分类法（classification） 在阐述某一概念的段落中,常用分类法。通过对概 念中所包括的事物进行分门别类,分别加以叙述,使读者 有更为清晰的认识,如： ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use

29、 of various forms of communication. generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. when there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. tourists and the people unable to he

30、ar or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally； spelling, however, cannot. body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. a nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in