英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编6

1、 英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编 6(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 名词解释(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.concord(or; agreement)(武汉大学 2008研；中山大学 2008研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：it may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more wordsof specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shallals

2、o be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories). for example,the syntactic relationship between that girl and she in the following dialogue; a; who is thatgirl? b; oh, she is my sister.)解析：2.government（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：government is another type of control over the

3、forms of some words by otherwords in certain syntactic constructions. it differs from concord in that this is a relationshipin which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category.in english, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in t

4、he object formas in she gave him a book. she gave a hook to him. in other words, the verb, or the preposition,determines, or governs, the form of the pronoun after it.)解析：3.paradigmatic relations（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：paradigmatic relation, saussure originally called associative, is a relationholding

5、between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, orbetween one element present and the others absent.)解析：4.syntax（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：it is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure oflanguage. specifically, it is the study of the rules governin

6、g the ways in which words, word groupsand phrases are joined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationshipsbetween sentential elements.)解析：5.constituent（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for everylinguistic unit, which is a part o

7、f a larger linguistic unit. several constituents together forma construction: for example, in the sentence the boy ate the apple , s(a), the boy(b), atethe apple(c), each part is a constituent.)解析：6.logical subject(中山大学 2011研)（分数：2.00） _正确答案：(正确答案：logical subject is the subject of a sentence that ex

8、presses the actual agentof an expressed or implied action. in passive voice such as john was bitten by a dog, we havetwo terms grammatical subject and logical subject. since the core object noun john in thiscase)sits in the slot before the verb in the passive, it is called grammatical subject, for t

9、heoriginal object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb, the space that a subjectnormally occupies; the core subject(a dog), now the object of a preposition(by a dog), is calledthe logical subject, since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does:it perf

10、orms an action.)解析：7.semantic triangle（大连外国语学院 2008研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：ogden and richards presented the classic semantic triangle as manifestedin the following diagram , in which the symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements(word,sentence, etc.), the referent refers to the object in the wo

11、rld of experience, and thoughtor reference refers to concept or notion. according to this view, there is no direct link betweensymbol and referent, that is, between language and the world. the link is via thought, the conceptin our minds.)解析：8.gradable antonym（人大 2006研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：gradable

12、antonym. gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable becausethere are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair.for example, cold and warmconstitute a pair of gradable antonyms.)解析：9.semantic feature（四川大学 2006研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：semantic feature. the meaning of a word can be

13、 dissected into meaningcomponents which are called semantic features. for example, the word man is analyzed ascomprising the features of + huamn, + adult, + animate, +male.)解析：10.componential analysis(浙江大学 2005研；北航 2008研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：componential analysis. it refers to a semantic approach wh

14、ich defines themeaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. for example,the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: human, young and male.)解析：11.entailment（武汉大学 2006研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：entailment. it is a type of meaning dependence bet

15、ween sentences. it isconcerned with the meaning of the sentence itself. if x is true, y is necessarily true, and ifx is false, y may be true or false. for example, the sentence he has been to france entailshe has been to europe.) 解析：12.presupposition（武汉大学 2004研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：the speaker or wr

16、iter always assumes that the reader or hearer already knowssomething of what he is going to say or write. this something often becomes the presuppositionof a sentence. for example, john didnt pass chemistry presupposes that john took chemistry.)解析：13.locutionary act, illocutinary act and perlocution

17、ary act北( 京交通大学 2005研；武汉大学 2005研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：according to austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneouslywhen speaking. a locutionary act is the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterance.therefore, when somebody says morning , we can ask a question like what did he

18、 do? , and theanswer could be he offered a greeting. an illocutionary act is the extra meaning of the utteranceproduced on the basis of the literal meaning. therefore, for the same example, we can say hemeant it as a greeting. a perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance on the hearer. thus,b

19、y saying morning! the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations withthe hearer.)解析：14.conversational implicature（武汉大学 2004研；北京交通大学 2007研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning, which isdeduced on the basis of the conventional mean

20、ing of words together with the context, under theguidance of the cp and its maxims. for example, the implicature of he is a tiger could probablybe he has some characteristics of a tiger.)解析：15.cooperative principle（北师大 2003研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：cooperative principle was proposed and formulated by g

21、rice. it expressesthat in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate;otherwise, it would notbe possible for them to carry on the talk. it goes like this: make yourconversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the acceptedp

22、urpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. this principle can be furtherspecified as the four following maxims; quantity, quality, relation, manner.)解析：16.violation of maxims（北京交通大学 2006研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：there are circumstances where speakers may not follow the maxims of

23、 thecooperative principle. for example, in conversation, a speaker may violate the maxim expectationsby using an expression like no comment in response to a question. although it is typicallynot as informative as is required in the context, it is naturally interpreted as communicatingmore than is sa

24、id(i. e. the speaker knows the answer). this typical reaction to any apparentviolation of the maxims is actually the key to the notion of conversational implicature. whenwe violate any of these maxims , our language becomes indirect. in this way, we can convey more than is literally said. for exampl

25、e, there is violation of the first maxim of quantity, andsometimes the first quantity maxim can be in conflict with the quality maxim.)解析：17.coherence /cohesion(浙江大学 2004 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between thedifferent elements of a discour

26、se. this may be relationship between different sentences or betweendifferent parts of a sentence. it can be achieved by cohesive devices include reference,substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. coherence, on the other hand, refersto the quality of a discourse which makes it a conn

27、ected text coherent to the context, not a seriesof juxtaposed sentences.)解析：18.adjacency pairs（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：adjacency pair is a sequence of two related utterances by two differentspeakers. the second utterance is always a response to the first. it has five properties: adjacency pairs consist

28、of two utterances, a first part and a second part. the two parts arespoken by different speakers. the first and second parts belong to specific types, for example,question and answer, or greeting and greeting. the form and content of the second part dependson the type of the firstpart. given that a

29、speakerhas produced a first part, the second partis relevant and expectable as the next utterance.)解析：19.preference structure（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：there are many responses to questions which are not answers but which countas second parts. this structural likelihood is called preference. preference st

30、ructure dividessecond parts into preferred and dispreferred. the preferred is the structurally expected nextact and the dispref-erred is the structurally unexpected next act. the preferred second partsare more usual, more normal and less specific.)解析：20.intercultural communication(南开大学 2006 研)（分数：2.

31、00）_正确答案：(正确答案：intercultural communication, also known as cross-cultural communication,is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enoughto alter the communication event. it is frequently used to refer to communication between peoplefrom different cult

32、ures, which implies a comparison between cultures.)解析：21.linguistic determinism（上海交大 2007 研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：linguistic determinism, is one of the two points of sapir-whorf hypothesis,and has developed into the strong version of this hypothesis. it could be summarized asfollows:(1)ones thinking

33、is completely determined by his native language because one cannot butperceive the world in terms of the categories and distinctions encoded in the language.(2)thecategories and distinctions encoded in one language system are unique to that system and incommensurable with those of other systems. the

34、refore, the following statement could representthis hypothesis if aristotle had spoken chinese, his logic would have been different.)解析：22.sapir-whorf hypothesis（武汉大学 2004研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：sapir-whorf hypothesis consists of two parts; linguistic determinism andlinguistic relativity. linguistic

35、determinism refers to the notion that a language determinescertain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. different languages offer people different ways ofexpressing around, they think and speak differently. linguistic relativity refers to the claimthat the cognitive processes that are determined are d

36、ifferent for different languages. thus,speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. the hypothesis is nowinterpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. the strong versionbelieves that the language patterns determine peoples thinking and behavior; t

37、he weak one holdsthat the former influence the later. so far, many researches and experiments conducted providesupport to the weak version.)解析：23.linguistic relativity（人大 2006研)（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：linguistic relativity is one of two points in sapir-whorf hypothesis. itstates that similarity between