[考研英语]完型填空讲义

1、20122012 考研英语强化班完形填空讲义考研英语强化班完形填空讲义 完型填空是考研英语中多年来的一个稳定题型，变化不大完型填空是考研英语中多年来的一个稳定题型，变化不大 2000 年以前：150-180 字文章，10 个填空 2000 年以后：240-280 字文章，20 个填空 完型是一个很科学的语言考试形式：完型是一个很科学的语言考试形式：考查考生从语法、词汇、阅读的全面能力， 并且是在对文章整体把握的基础上进行考查。 完型从技术的角度其实并不难完型从技术的角度其实并不难 完型阅读量不大且阅读难度不高 完型并不侧重考察偏词、难词 完型真正完型真正“做不好做不好”的关键其实在于考生的关键

2、其实在于考生“不会做不会做” ，即不会按照好的方法去做。，即不会按照好的方法去做。 完型做题方法的一大误区 凭“感觉”做题，此方法恰恰违背完型的规律。 如何寻找做完型的“好方法” 探寻完型的核心规律，完型恰恰是考研英语 中最有规律可循的题型。 完型的两大规律完型的两大规律 根据完型选项的分布规律 完型可以“猜” ； 根据完型的命题规律 完型的填空题可以进行标准化分类去“做” ； 完型填空一部分靠完型填空一部分靠“猜猜” ，一部分靠，一部分靠“做做” 完型如何完型如何“猜猜”- 依靠完型填空选项的分布概率来“猜”：abcd 四个选项基 本上是平均分布，即每个选项基本上均有 5 次充当答案的机会；

3、这样的话完型 的 20 道题，首先就不需要全做，最多只需要做一半的题，即考生把完型的 20 道题区分成“会做的题”和“不会做的题” ，首先把“会做的题”做完，之后研 究这些选项的分布规律，找出其中出现几率最小的选项，把这个选项全部填入 “不会做的题”中，猜中的几率则最高。 会做的题会做的题不会做的题不会做的题 比如：会做 5 道题，研究其答案选项 分布，如下：aabbc；等于这部分出 现几率最小的选项为 d 有 15 道不会做的题，则全选 d； 首先把“会做的题”做完，之后研究 这些选项的分布规律，找出其中出现 几率最小的选项。 这部分则全部填入“在会做的题目部 分出现几率最小的选项” ，则猜

4、中的 几率为最大。 此方法就可以确保考生的完型分数在 4 分至 8 分之间，且是在最短的时间内以 最高效率方式获取的分数，即完型不用全做，只需做 2 道至 10 道题即可； 完型如何完型如何“做做” 完型填空的命题思路分析完型填空的命题思路分析 完型填空的命题形式 完型填空的基本命题形式是给考生一篇短文（按照新大纲的规定在 240-280 字 左右） ，出题者有目的地在每隔一定数量的词语后去除一处词语，形成总共 20 处词语空缺，然后在相应的空缺处设置（包括三个干扰项在内）的四个备选答 案，需要考生从四选中选出一个最佳（最佳（the best）的答案。 从命题形式分析命题思路: 从完型填空的命

5、题形式来看，20 个填空不是孤立存 在的，而是处在一整篇文章的大背景之中的。 从这个角度，完型文章实际上是由两部分信息构成： 基本解题思路: 通过已知“猜”未知 + + 既然未知信息与已知信息整合在一起就组成了一篇完整的完型文章，这就说明 未知信息与已知信息之间绝不是互相孤立存在的，而是有着各种各样、千丝万 缕的关系，未知信息与已知信息之间存在着直接的紧密的互动关系。 官方的命题思路: 大纲将完型填空的命题思路概述为：“完型填空主要测试考生结合上下文的综 合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解的基础阅读理解的基础上把握英语知识运用的能力” 根据上述分析，我们可以把完型的基本命题思路概括为以下几

6、点： 未知信息未知信息 （即（即 2020 处填空）处填空） 已知信息已知信息 （即（即 2020 处填空之外的原文信息）处填空之外的原文信息） 一篇完整的一篇完整的 完型文章完型文章 先对原文进行阅读 解题 先对整体整体环境进行把握和理解 解决具体具体问题 先对已知已知信息进行把握和理解 破解未知未知信息 更进一步: 每一个未知信息点都处于整篇文章包含的庞大的已知信息体系之中， 所以对于一个具体的填空来说，并不是整篇文章包含的所有已知信息都与其有 关系，解出一个具体完型填空的关键是要找出与这个填空所有相关联的已知信 息（线索） 。 完型解题的基本方法（理论）可以概括为：完型解题的基本方法（理

7、论）可以概括为： 总体解题理论 细化为具体的、可操作的解题方法 “线索填字理论线索填字理论”下细化出的下细化出的“完型的十二种具体解题方法完型的十二种具体解题方法”- 如何如何“做做”完完 型的方法体系型的方法体系 从题型的角度从题型的角度从词性的角度从词性的角度 1、无关词排除法5、对应成分分析法9、动词 2、同现结构法6、总分结构对照法10、形容词 3、复现结构法7、时间、数字线索法11、副词 4、关联结构法8、逻辑关系定位法12、名词 低端方法低端方法 针对完型中难度最高、占分值不大的金字塔尖的难题：一般的考生 可不去花费众多时间去掌握 9、动词 10、形容词 11、副词 12、名词 高

8、端方法高端方法 - 其他 8 种方法是针对大多数考题，占分值大的主流题：是大多数考 生应重点掌握的方法 相关已知信息（提示线索）定位分析法相关已知信息（提示线索）定位分析法 线索填字法线索填字法 通过定位、查找与每一个具体未知填空所有相关联的已知信息， 通过对定位出来的这些相关联的已知信息点的分析总结 从而在 4 个选项中定位出未知填空的答案 完型标准填空题型一（完型中最基本的填空考题）：完型标准填空题型一（完型中最基本的填空考题）：逻辑关系定位法逻辑关系定位法 例题：1994 年完型填空 46 题 the first and smallest unit that can be discuss

9、ed in relation to language is the word. in speaking, the choice of words is 41 the utmost importance. proper selection will eliminate one source of 42 breakdown in the communication cycle. too often, careless use of words 43 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. the words used by the s

10、peaker may 44 unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down . 46 , inaccurate or indefinite words may make 47 difficult for the listener to understand the 48 which is being transmitted to him. the speaker who does not

11、have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 to explain or describe in a 50 that can be understood by his listeners. 46. a. moreover b. however c. preliminarily d. unexpectedly 基础知识 - 完型文章中常见的 10 大类逻辑关系 并列关系并列关系 递进关系递进关系 indeed; 因果关系因果关系 转折关系转折关系 让步关系让步关系 regardless of; anyway, anyhow 列举（

12、顺序）关系列举（顺序）关系 对比关系对比关系 时间关系时间关系 条件关系条件关系 举例关系举例关系 例题：1994 年完型填空 46 题 递进关系 the first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. in speaking, the choice of words is 41 the utmost importance. proper selection will eliminate one source of 42 breakdown in the communicati

13、on cycle. too often, careless use of words 43 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. the words used by the speaker may 44 unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down . 46 , inaccurate or indefinite words

14、 may make 47 difficult for the listener to understand the 48 which is being transmitted to him. the speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 to explain or describe in a 50 that can be understood by his listeners. 46. a. moreover b. however c. preliminarily d. unex

15、pectedly 例题: 1998 年考研英语完型的第 47 题 转折关系 until recently most historians spoke very critically of the industrial revolution. they 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. but they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were

16、 widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the english population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when england was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. this view, 47 ,is generally thought to be wrong. specialists 48 h

17、istory and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. 47.a)however b)meanwhile c)therefore d)moreover 例题: 1999 年考研英语完型的第

18、47 题 列举关系 industrial safety does not just happen. companies _41_ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 and active. when the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established _44_ time lost due to injuries is k

19、ept at a minimum. successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. others stress safe work practices by _46_ rules or regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. but, there a

20、re certain basic ideas that must be used in every progr8m if maximum results are to be obtained. there can be no question about the value of a safety program. from a financial stand-point alone, safety _48_. the fewer the injury 49, the better the workmans insurance rate. this may mean the differenc

21、e between operating at _50_or at a loss. 47. asome bmany ceven dstill 例题: 2004 年考研英语完型的第 34 题 因果关系 families have also (33) _ changes these years. more families consist of one parent households or two working parents, (34) _, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) _ was common in t

22、he traditional family (36) _. this lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. other (37) _ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) _ of child abuse and child neglect. a

23、ll these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 34. a contrarily b consequently c similarly d simultaneously 例题: 1997 年考研英语完型的第 42 题 对比逻辑关系 manpower inc., with 560,000 workers, is the worlds largest temporary employment agency. every morning, its people 41

24、into the offices and factories of america, seeking a days work for a days pay. one day at a time. 42 industrial giants like general motors and ibm struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, manpower, based in milwaukee, wisconsin, is booming. 42. a)for b)because c)as d)since 例题: 1997 年

25、考研英语完型的第 48 题 对比逻辑关系 44 its economy continues to recover, the us is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. this 45 work force is the most important 46 in american business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. the phenomenon provid

26、es a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. for workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee. 48. a)but b)while c)and

27、d)whereas 例题: 2000 年考研英语完型的第 41 题 对比逻辑关系 if a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. he must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. he can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplu

28、s. he must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. he may also need money to construct irrigation 4

29、6 and improve his farm in other ways. if no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 . he must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in form of loans. naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable. 41.aother than bas well

30、as cinstead of dmore than 表达（特殊）对比逻辑关系的三大标志词 instead of rather than notbut 例题: 2001 年考研英语完型的第 48 题 对比逻辑关系 39 of the letter came two days after lord irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained in european legislation would be left to judges 42 to parliament.

31、42 abetter than bother than crather than dsooner than 例题: 大纲样题第 20 题 对比逻辑关系 they will take home not the problems of science and technology, 20 the benefit. 20.a except b nor c ord but 例题: 2001 年考研英语完型的第 31 题 举例关系 the government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people i

32、nvolved in prominent cases 31 the trial of rosemary west. 31 aas to bfor instance cin particulardsuch as 例题: 2005 年考研英语完型的第 20 题 举例关系 the brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 20. a similar

33、tob such asc along withd aside from 例题: 2003 年考研英语完型的第 28 题 举例关系 teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. and they also need to give serious 21 to how they can be best 22 such changes. growing bodies need movement and 23 , but not j

34、ust in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. however,

35、 the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. a variety of sma

36、ll clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background. 28. a. in effect b. as a r

37、esult c. for example d. in a sense 例题: 2010 年考研英语完型的第 15 题 举例关系 it turns out that particular way of conducting the experiments may have led to _ 14_ interpretation of what happened. _15_, lighting was always changed on sunday. when work started again on monday, output _16_ rose compared with the pre

38、vious saturday and _17_ to rise for the next couple of days. _18_ a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on monday. workers _19_ to be diligent for the first few days of the working week in any case, before _20_ a plateau and then slacken

39、ing off. this suggests that the alleged “hawthorne effect “is hard to pin down. 15. a in contrast b for example c in consequence d as usual 例题: 1996 年考研英语完型的第 50 题 让步关系 48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. many people, 50 , believe in bei

40、ng on the safe side and thus take extra vitamins. however, a well- balanced diet will usually meet all the body s vitamin needs. 50. (a) nevertheless (b) therefore (c) moreover (d) meanwhile 如何区分转折与让步 转折：后面直接推翻前面 让步：后面没有直接推翻前面，而是出现了与前面正常预期相反的结果 最大的区别：对立推翻的对象不一样 例题: 2005 年考研英语完型的第 1 题 转折关系 the human

41、nose is an underrated tool. humans are thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. this means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. 1. a alth

42、oughb asc butd while 例题: 2006 年考研英语完型的第 11 题 让步关系 _11_when homeless individuals manage to find a _12_ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day_13_ the street. 11ahence bbut cevencevendonly 例题: 1996 年考研英语完型真题 48 enough vitamin

43、s is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. many people, 50 , believe in being on the safe side and thus take extra vitamins. however, a well- balanced diet will usually meet all the body s vitamin needs. 历年真题中考察逻辑关系的题目汇总（题号如下）：历年真题中考察逻辑关系的题目汇总（题号如下）： 2011 年: 1、

44、6、13、20 2010 年：7、12、15、18 2009 年：15、17、18 2008 年：5、14 2007 年：9、12 2006 年：1、7、11、14、18 2005 年：1、5、6、9、16、20 2004 年：22、25、27、34、40 2003 年：24、28、35、38 2002 年：22、29、31 2001 年：31、36、42、46 2000 年：41、42 1999 年：47 1998 年：47 1997 年：42、44、48 1996 年：46、50 1995 年：50 1994 年：46 例题：2011 年考研英语完形填空真题 ancient greek p

45、hilosopher aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” but _1_some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. laughter does _2_short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, _3_ heart rate and oxygen consumptio

46、n. but because hard laughter is difficult to _4_, a good laugh is unlikely to have _5_ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. _6_, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _7_, studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter_

47、8_ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9_the effects of psychological stress. anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of _10_ feedback that improve an individuals emotional state. _11_one c

48、lassical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted _12_ physical reactions. it was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry _13_they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. although sadness also _14_ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow _15

49、_ muscular responses. in an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist fritz strack of the university of wrzburg in germany asked volunteers to _16_ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile or with their lips, which would produce a(n) _17_ expression. those forced to

50、exercise their smiling muscles _18_ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, _19_ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. _20_ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1. a among b except c despite d li

51、ke 2. a reflect b demand c indicate d produce 3. a stabilizing b boosting c impairing d determining 4. a transmit b sustain c evaluate d observe 5. a measurable b manageable c affordable d renewable 6. a in turn b in fact c in addition d in brief 7. a opposite b impossible c average d expected 8. a

52、hardens b weakens c tightens d relaxed 9. a aggravate b generate c moderate d enhance 10. a physical b mental c subconscious d internal 11. a except for b according to c due to d as for 12. a with b on c in d at 13. a unless b until c if d because 14. a exhausts b follows c precedes d suppresses 15.

53、 a into b from c towards d beyond 16. a fetch b bite c pick d hold 17. a disappointed b excited c joyful d indifferent 18. a adapted b catered c turned d reacted 19. a suggesting b required c mentioning d supposing 20. a eventually b consequently c similarly d conversely 1. aamong bexcept cdespite d

54、like 6. ain turn bin fact cin addition din brief 13. aunless buntil cif dbecause 20. aeventually bconsequently csimilarly dconversely 1、答案: c 分析: 本题考查上文逻辑关系，这是完型 12 类填空中最基本、也是最容易得分 的一类填空。考生只要熟练掌握本书总结的完型上下文（句）逻辑关系就能做 出此类填空。而且本题尤其简单，因为出题人已经在本填空所处的句子开头给 出了已知线索“but” ，等于已经直接告诉了考生是“转折逻辑关系” ，答案自然 只能是选项 cde

55、spite。despite 表示让步，但让步属于转折的一种，其意思是 “尽管，但是”，与“but”的意思最雷同，所以本题也是一种复现。 例题: 2004 年考研英语完型的第 40 题 all these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) _ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 40. a provided b since c although d supposing 6、答案

56、: b 分析：本题目考查逻辑关系。本题目十分简单，因为出题人以复现的形式在本 填空所在的句子中已经给出了标志词“instead of”，此标志词表达一种对比、 转折关系，因此只能选择bin fact，因为in fact也表达转折的概念。 13、答案: d 分析：本题考查上下文的逻辑关系。首先考生可以看出本填空所在的句子是对 之前那个理论的进一步详细论述，而之前的理论是说明“我们情感部分源于身 体反应” ，即人的“心理”与“生理”之间的互动关系。把握了这一点，本题的 逻辑关系就很好定位了。定位本填空的前后的原文信息，之前的信息为 “humans do not cry”；之后的信息为：“they

57、are sad”，这就是“生理”和 “心理”的互动关系，因此本填空最佳的逻辑关系应该是“因果关系”，答案 为选项dbecause。 20、答案: c 分析：本题考查逻辑关系，是很简单的题。考生只要根据填空后的句子意思为： “the physical act of laughter could improve mood（发笑的生理行为可以改善情 绪）”，此句子信息显然与前面的信息是一致，答案明显是csimilarly。 20112011 年完型为例：只做逻辑关系题年完型为例：只做逻辑关系题 + + 加加“猜猜”题方法的得分题方法的得分 “做做”的题的题“猜猜”的题的题 1、 c 6、b 13、d

58、 20、c 其他的 16 道题均填 a； a 选项从未出现过，为出现几率最小 的选项 猜中 5 道题 得分：2 分得分：2.5 分 完型文章的布局结构特点完型文章的布局结构特点 完型文章一般都有明确的中心主线完型文章一般都有明确的中心主线 整个文章的中心主线包括鲜明的主题（foucs） ，同时文章往往又具有很强 的导向性或者作者态度具有倾向性；这个主题以及这种导向性或倾向性其实就 构成了完型文章的中心主线，成为从整体上把握完型文章的关键点。中心主线 贯穿全文，即整篇文章就是围绕着中心主线展开。 完型文章- 主线控制全文的文章 完型文章往往采用总分对照结构完型文章往往采用总分对照结构 从文章结构

59、的角度来看，能够将文章的中心主线非常简洁地表达清晰的结 构往往是总分对照的结构。所以，我们通过大量的总结个分析后发现考研英语 的完型文章在文章结构上经常采用总分对照的形式，这就为我们迅速从整体上 把握一篇完型文章提供了非常便利条件。 总分对照结构是由总述部分和分述部分构成，总述是对分述的总结和概括， 而分述是对总述的展开和祥述，两者之间有着明确的互相支持，互相印证的对 照关系。 完型文章：一个主线、一个结构（总分结构） * 分析分析 2001 年考研英语完型填空文章的布局结构年考研英语完型填空文章的布局结构 the government is to ban payments to witnes

60、ses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of rosemary west. in a significant 32 of legal controls over the press. lord irvine, the lord chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amoun