名词性从句整理归纳精品课件

1、从句知识（冷水江一中培优课资料）名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。 一主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is J

2、ohn that broke the window.2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is 名词从句It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 (2) it is 形容词从句It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) it is 不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 (4) it 过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has bee

3、n proved that 已证实 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occu

4、rred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is

5、 it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如： 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation. 5whether和if 的区别whether可用于一切名词性从句，可与or 和 to

6、 do 连接，而if 只和动词宾语从句连用，并且不能和 or 与 to do 连接二宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如： I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： 1) She did not know what had happened. 2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3)

7、动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语 例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语 例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surpr

8、ised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. It 可以作为形式宾语 It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 这类动词有Allow, refuse, let,

9、like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如： I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong) 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于动词间接宾语that从句结构中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgiv

10、e, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong) 7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如： I dont think thi

11、s dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。） 三表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是主语连系动词表语从句。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that 和It is because 等结构。例如： 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we cant get the s

12、upport of the people 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surpr

13、ised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不

14、充当句中任何成分。 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语） 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分） 定语从句知识解析：1. 注

15、意英汉差异：汉语的定语无论多长都放在被修饰词的前面，而英语中的定语则不然，是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，如： .abeautifulgirl .alovelyboy 是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面，如： .Sheisthegirlinred. 她就是穿红衣的女孩。 .Theladycarriedabagfullofmoney. 那位女士背了个装满钱的包。 .Heisthemanwhoyouarelookingfor. 她就是你在找的人。 2. 分清主句与从句，看究竟哪个句子缺少成分。 如上面第5：主句：Heistheman 从句：whoyouarelookingfor 在从

16、句中，lookingfor的宾语是theman.因此选用关系代词who(whom)放置于句首，便是定语从句。 3.从句中做宾语的关系代词可以省略，故第5题可以写成： Heisthemanyouarelookingfor. 1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语 2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后 Thosewhoarewillingtoattendtheparty,signhereplease. 3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词 （1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-,any-,every-和no与-boy,-thing的合成词；或all、none、any、so

17、me、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。 （2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点： 先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。 Thisistheplacewhichisworthvisiting. 关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。 Therearemanyplaceswecanvisit（them）inChina. 4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词 关系代词：who,whom,which,that,whose,as。 关系副词：when,where,why。that偶尔也作关系副词。

18、 5、确定关系词的步骤 （1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。 （2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。6、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which （1）先行词被形容词最高级序数词数词几种词修饰或被only、any、few、little、no、all、oneof等修饰时。 （2）先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。 （3）先行词中既有人又有物时。 Hewaslookingpleasantlyattechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus. （4）先行词在

19、主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。 Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago. （5）当主句中含有疑问词which时。 Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme? 7、宜用which而不用that的情况 （1）在非限制性定语从句中 （2）在关系词前有介词时 （3）当先行词本身是that时 （4）当关系词离先行词较远时 8、关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词 （1）当主句是therebe句型时，关系词用who。 （2）先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词

20、时，关系词用who。 （3）当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。 Whoisthatgirlthatisstandingbythewindow? （4）whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。 9、whose作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如： DoyouknowMr.Smithwhosestoryisverymoving? Thereisaroom,whosewindowfacestheriver. Thereisaroom,thewindowofwhichfacestheriver. 10、关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。 （1）先行词被such和thesame修

21、饰，或句型asmany（much）中，从句都用as引导。 Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseful. Theschoolisjustthesameasitwas10yearsage. 注意：区别suchthat引导的结果状语从句。Theyaresuch lovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch.thesamethat引导定语从句。Iwanttousethesametoolthatyouusedjustnow.（2）无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。 区别：意义上：as含有“这点正如一样”。位置上：as从句可置句首，也可在另处。 Hedidntp

22、asstheexam,aswehadexpected. Thereislotsofairinloosesnow,whichcankeepthecoldout. Asisknown,theearthisround,notflat. 11、关系副词when与where、why、that when指时间=in/at/on/duringwhich where指地点=in/at/from/which why指原因=forwhich 当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合） Idontlikethewaythat/inwhich/hetalks. 当tim

23、e作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。 ThisisthefirsttimeIhavegivenyoualessoninFrench. 12、必须注意的问题 （1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。 （2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。 定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。 强调it无意义，that/who不是引导词。 强调itis/was和that/who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。 Itisthemuseumthat/whichwevisitedlastyear.(定语从句) Itwasinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.（强调句） （3）定语从句与同位语从

24、句的区别。 定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。 同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。 Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.(同位语) Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheir.(定语) （4）关系词在从句中省略的情况。 关系词作宾语，前无介词时。 关系词作表语。 （5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。 （6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom。 （7）几个特殊的定语从句句型： Heistheonlyoneofthestud

25、entswhohasgotverygoodmarks inthematch.（句中one为先行词） Heisoneofthestudentswhohavegotgoodmarksinthematch.（句中students为先行词） Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday? Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday? Hestoodatthewindow,fromwherehecouldseewhatwashappening.Itmayrain,inwhichcasethematchwillbeputo

26、ff. 二、精典名题导解 1.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvillage.（NMET2001） A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where 2._isknowntoeverybody,thenoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(NMET2001) A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What 3.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown_hegrewupasachild.(NME

27、T1996) A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when 。 定语从句的“干扰”作用 一、 把定语从句与强调句型混为一谈，从而构成相互干扰。 本句型变化的特征在被强调部分或其他部分中找出一个先行词，附上修饰该部分的定语从句，这样整个句子结构就变得非常复杂。例如： 1Hewasnearlydrownedonce. Whenwas_? _wasin1998_hewasinmiddleschool. A.that;It;whenB.this;This;when C.this;It;thatD.that;It;that 简析：本题答案为A。由于定语从句的干扰作用，相当一部分考生选了D。这样就

28、成了Itwasin1998thathewasinmiddleschool.这样就成了一个强调句型，意为“是在1998年他上的中学”，孤立地看本句虽成立，但联系上下文来看，却属“所问非所答”。因为上文问的是“他何时差点每被淹死？”而非“何时上的中学”。原来when是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰1998。定语从句whenhewasinmiddleschool干扰了强调句型中的that结构。 2Itwasinthevillagewherehewasbornthathespenthischildhood. 3Itwasplayingcomputergamesthatcosttheboyplentyof

29、time（that）heoughttohavespentdoinghislessons. 二、 定语从句干扰主句的谓语。 4Theletterwewerelookingforwardto_yesterday. A.comingB.cameC.comeD.hascome 5Wasthecarhehadrepaired? 三、 定语从句对和名词性从句的相互干扰。 由于形式上的近似，定语从句对名词性从句起着干扰作用，造成考生分不清究竟是定语从句或是名词性从句。做此类题时要慎重，细心。 A定语从句干扰表语从句 6Isthisschool_yourfatherworkedintenyearsago? 7

30、Isthisschool_yourfatherworkedtenyearsago? A.whereB.whatC.thatD.theone 简析：看了半天，眼睛发酸，才发现两题只有一词(in)之差，正是这一词之差，第一题选D，yourfatherworkedin作定语从句修饰theone;第二题选A,where引导后面的句子作表语从句。 8Isthistheschoolthatyourfathervisitedtenyearsago? 9Isthistheschoolwhereyourfatherworkedtenyearsago? 10Isthisroomtheonehelivedinlas

31、tyear?（修饰theone） 11Isthistheroomhelivedinlastyear?（修饰theroom） B定语从句干扰同位语从句 12Thesuggestion_youshoulddoitatonceisnottheone_IgaveyouA.what;whichB.which;whatC.that;thatD.which;that 13Weallhaveheardthenewsthatourteamwon. 14Wedontbelievethenewsthat/whichhetoldustheotherday. C定语从句干扰主语从句 15Asisknowntoall,T

32、aiwanispartofChina. 16ItisknowntoallthatTaiwanispartofChina. 17Thesuggestionhethoughtofwasreasonable. 18Thesuggestionwasthathe(should)leaveimmediately. 19Thesuggestionthatheleaveimmediatelyisreasonable. 20Itismysuggestionthatheleaveimmediately. 21Itisafactthathewasathief. 22Thefactthathewasathiefsur

33、prisedeveryonepresent. 23Inearlyforgotthefactthathetoldmeyesterday.24Thewarandsufferingitcausedaffectedhimgreatly. 四、 定语从句对状语从句的干扰作用。 25Heis_acleverboy_wealllikehim. A.such;thatB.such;asC.so;thatD.so;as 26Heissuchagoodstudentasislikedbyeveryone. 27Heissuchagoodstudentthatheislikedbyeveryone. 下面这个题把定

34、语从句和结果状语从句有机地结合在一起，请欣赏： 28Itissuchagoodplace_everybodywantstogoandvisit_itiswellknownallovertheworld. A.that;thatB.as;asC.as;thatD.that;as 五、 定语从句与独立主格结构的相互干扰。 29Witheverythingsheneededbought,shelefttheshophappily. 30Notfarfromtheclub,therewasagarden,_ownerseatedinitplayingbridgewithhischildrenevery

35、afternoon. A.whose B.its C.which D.that 简析：经过对多名学生的实验，几乎都把空格所在的句子看作非限定性定语从句而选了A。殊不知，这是一个独立主格结构，itsowner作seated的逻辑主语，应选B。如选A，应在owner和seated之间加上was。 六、 定语从句对主谓一致句式的干扰 31Oneoftheboyswho_myfriends_verygoodatEnglish. A.is;areB.are;isC.is;isD.are;are 32Heisoneofthestudentswhoarelateforclass. 33Heistheonly

36、oneofthestudentswhoislateforclass. 七、 定语从句对并列句的干扰作用。 34Ihavetwonovels,andbothof_areinteresting. 35Ihavetwonovels,bothof_areinteresting. A.whatB.themC.whichD.whom 八、 定语从句对一些固定句式的干扰 36Youcantimaginethehardtimeshehad_thechildren. A.bringingupB.tobringupC.growingD.onraising 37Thewashingmachineshehadhadr

37、epairedwentwrongagain. 38YoucantimaginethedifficultyIhadfindingyourlostcar. 39Thepersonyouhadhelpmeprovedtobecapable. 40Ilayinthesofa,enjoyingthebeautifulmusicJackhadcomingoutofhisDVD.状语从句由从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)引导。注意状语从句与主句之间的逻辑关系，选择正确的连词;有些连词能引导多种状语从句。 一、时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词主要有:after， as，

38、before， once, since， till， until， when， whenever， while， as soon as;另外有些词如:immediately(立刻)， directly(直接的)， instantly(立即地)用于as soon as 意义时,有些名词词组如 the moment(片刻)， the instant(立即的)， the minute， the day， the year， every time， next time,each time 等也用来引导时间状语从句:The mother didnt go to bed until her little

39、daughter returned home last night. Ill explain it to you immediately Ive finished reading the letter. 1.You see the lightning _it happens， but you hear the thunder later. A） the instant(立即) B） for an instant C） on the instant(马上) D） in an instant(马上)No sooner . than 和 hardly/scarcely/barely . when 也

40、用来引导状语从句,意思是“一就”;如果将no sooner， hardly, scarcely， barely放在句首,就用倒装结构。I had hardly entered the temple when it began to rained. 2._when she started complaining. A）Not until he arrived B）No sooner had he arrived C）Hardly had he arrived D）Scarcely did he arrived3.No sooner had we reached the top of the hi

41、ll_we all sat down to rest. A） when B） then C） than D） untilwhen， while， once， until,till 等后接介词短语非谓语动词或形容词,相当于这些词引导的状语从句:Hiram had read Lu Xuns works when （he was） in London. 海勒姆在伦敦时就读过鲁迅的作品。When， whenever， where， wherever 常常后接 possible， necessary :She tried her best to speak English whenever possib

42、le. 只要可能,她就尽量说英语。 二、地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的主要有:where, wherever及- where构成的复合词。例: Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field， he succeeded_other more well-in formed experimenters failed. A） which B） that C） what D） where 虽然在此领域内的许多工作他知道的很少,但是,在比他知道得更多的实验者失败的地方,他却成功了。（B4，1998.1-4

43、0， D对。） We received a warm welcome everywhere we arrived.我们每一个地方都受到热烈的欢迎。三、原因状语从句最常用的连词是:because， since， as， now （that）， seeing that ，consider that 等;注意 in that是复合连词,意思是because或“在方面”; since也用来引导原因状语从句。例: _ we have finished the course， we shall start doing more revision work. A） For now B） Now that C

44、）Ever since D） By now Seeing that it is raining hard tonight， well have to stay here . 今晚下这么大的雨,我们只好在这里过夜了。 Liquids are like solids_they have a definite volume. 体积 A） in that B） for that C） with that D） at that 四、目的状语从句 主要的引导词有:so that， in order that， so,less， in case 等。目的状语从句常常含有情态动词。例:They are hur

45、rying so that / in order that they may not miss the train.He wrote down my name for fear that / less he should forget it. 五、条件状语从句 1.最常用的引导词有: if， if only（if 的强调式）,unless， as long as， so long as， in case， providing， provide （that）， supposing， in the event that， on condition （that）等:1。Ill accept any

46、job_I dont have to get up early. A） lest B） as long as C） in case D） though2Government cannot operate effectively_it is free from such interference.A） so long as B） so that C） unless D） because3Im sure he is up to the job_he would give his mind to it. A） if only B） in case C） until D） unless4Im sorr

47、y youve decided not to go with us on the river trip， but_you change your mind， there will still be enough room on the boat for you. A） even B） nevertheless C） in the event that D） provided that 2.provided （that）是书面语,有时与if 同义,有时有区别。provided （that）常常表示说话人所希望的条件,而 if 不一定有此含义:We can sell a lot of garmen

48、ts， provided /if your price is highly competitive.如果你方服装价格很有竞争性,我们就能大量出售。Provided / If we receive your order by 30 October， we make you a firm offer for delivery by the middle of November at the price quoted. 如果我方在十月三十日前收到你方定单,就可以给你实盘,按所报价格,十一月中旬发货。We shall cancel the contract if you fail to open th

49、e L/C before the end of this month.如果你方在本月有不能开出信用证,我们就撤销合同。(if不能换成provided,fail to open the L/C.不是we 希望出现的情况。)3.unless 与 if.not 的比较:unless 有时等于if.not，例:Dont come unless I telephone. = Dont come if I dont telephone. 如果我不打电话,就不要来。然而,unless的语气比 if.not 更强,往往表达最后通牒或类似的意思:Unless you return these books to

50、the library immediately you will have to pay a fine. 除非你立刻把书还给图书馆,否则你就要被罚款。如果if 从句表达的是一种非真实的情况,就不能用unless来替换,这是因为unless总是表示“在某种条件下”:Shed be a good wife if she didnt smoke. 如果她不抽烟,她会是个好妻子。(因为她抽烟,所以她不是好妻子。)Unless 还用在破折号之后,添补一种“例外的特殊情况”,这种句子不能用 if . not替换:He couldnt have seen the accident - unless he h

51、ad been in London. 他不可能目睹这一事故- 除非他当时在伦敦。(他没有目睹这一事故,因为他不在伦敦。)试比较:He couldnt have seen the accident if he hadnt been in Beijing. 如果他不在北京,他就不可能目睹这一事故。(他目睹了这一事故,因为他当时在北京。) 六、让步状语从句主要的引导词有:though， although， even if， even though， in spite of the fact that， despite the fact that， 与及“whever”词和“no matter wh-

52、”。例:Nowadays we know that everything he wrote was true even though some of it was second-hand information. 现在我们知道了:他所写的一切都是真的,尽管其中有些是间接得来的信息。However troublesome the problem is ， he always faces it with pa-tience. 不管问题多么棘手,他总是耐心面对它们。When anyone does something for you， no matter how small and no matter whether he is a superior or servant ， it is proper to say “ thank you”. 当有人为你办了事,不管这事多么微不