土木工程专业英语 11房建1班韩伟晨

1、成 绩徐 州 工 程 学 院 11 级 房建(1) 班课程考试试卷考试科目 专业英语 考试时间 2013.12.17 学生姓名 韩伟晨 学生学号 20110701143 所在院系 土木工程学院 任课教师 刘志勇 徐州工程学院印制Management and recycling of constructional solid waste in Turkey Abstract Control and management of solid waste materials created during/after building/demolition and renewal of a struct

2、ure is one of the most important problems of modern societies today. Solid waste materials which are differentiated depending on properties of structure and construction technique generally consist of materials such as concrete, brick, stone, briquette, wood, metal, glass, gypsum, plastic, ceramic.

3、The matter of reuse was created as a result of limited capacity of reserves of sources and increased consumption depending on increase of population. Today it is possible reuse of various solid wastes. Consequently, evaluation of construction wastes which are used as primary aggregate source in cons

4、truction industry, became very important in our world where natural sources were finished. Target of that study is examining utilization ratio of materials preferred during building process of structures by recycling at the end of utilization life for “Construction/ demolition wastes management and

5、reuse”; control of environmental pollution, ecologic balance and economical development and discussion by providing examples from Turkey. Keywords: Construction wastes, reuse, recycling , ecology. 1. Construction Wastes Reuse and Management Solid waste materials created during/after building/demolit

6、ion and renewal of a structure are called construction wastes. Since Construction wastes have a high ratio especially in cities depending on size of construction areas in terms of volume/weight, control and management of that type of wastes became necessary. For that reason construction wastes are i

7、mportant problems of todays modern cities. Solid waste materials which are generally differentiated depending on construction technique and properties of structure consist of materials such as concrete, brick, stone, briquette, wood, metal, glass, gypsum, plastic, ceramic. Construction and demolitio

8、n wastes in European Community countries and USA due to modification and repair of structures/infrastructures annually are approximately 180 million tons, and 136 million tons respectively. Ratios of these wastes for new constructions, renovation activities and demolitions are respectively 8%, %44 %

9、38 respectively. The wastes which are called as construction and demolition wastes , could be used as secondary raw material after being duly processed. It is important to induce reuse of that type of wastes due to protection and sustainability of natural sources. Since sources are limited to reserv

10、e capacity and increase of consumption depending on increased of population, concept of reuse appeared. Recycling is defined as transformation of solid wastes to a new material by using as raw material; recovery is defined as reuse of wastes to obtain energy or to obtain a new product by processing

11、under physical or chemical processes. Today it is possible reuse of various wastes. Especially right management of construction demolition wastes is important for use of structural materials such as concrete, metal, wood, glass in reconstruction and renovation. Thus, most of the materials recovered

12、by demolition of structures could be used in similar or same projects or other construction projects after cleaned and repaired. Recycling of construction wastes in Turkey has been a legal liability according to Regulation of Control of Solid Wastes (1991) published by Ministry of Environment. Howev

13、er recycling did not reach to desired values due to the problems experienced in application. 1.1. Reusable Construction Wastes Construction sector is one of the sectors where raw material is extensively consumed during production process. However reducing materials used in the process of manufacturi

14、ng to minimum is not preferred due to its effect on quality of work performed. However evaluation of materials in structures by reuse procedure, will both reduce its negative environmental effects to minimum, and provide economical contribution. Most important recyclable wastes on the world are pape

15、r, aluminum, glass and plastic materials. Concrete, natural stone, wood and metal have an important role in recycling of construction wastes. Concrete Concrete is an indispensable material in construction sector due to architectural possibilities provided. Extensive use of concrete increases ratio o

16、f recycling. Waste concrete materials obtained after demolition and destruction works, will be made granulated materials ready for reuse after crushed and disintegrated at concrete recycling plants. It is estimated that approximately 300 million cubic meter of concrete is produced in Europe annually

17、. Accordingly, annual ready to use concrete consumption reached to 0.3-1.40 cubic meter/person. Especially in many states of USA it is a legal obligation to use that material which was produced so extensively by recycling. After the legal sanctions levied in USA to construction sector, recycling of

18、200 miles of concrete cladding was enabled. 1 Natural Stone It is more advantageous evaluation of natural stones by reuse than other construction wastes. Especially recycling of marble material is used as liquid additive, cement additive, lime production and in construction industry as refractor mat

19、erial as wastes in the form of powder and particle 2. For the production of ceramic tiles, marble powder with the size less than 0.5mm is preferred. Concrete is another structural material where marble powder is used as additive. According to the studies made, it was observed that there is a specifi

20、c rise in compression strength if about 10% of thin material ratio is replaced by marble powder in concrete production. 3 In Turkey, still there is no extensive application related to that subject although there is the possibility of evaluation of natural stone construction wastes in many sectors su

21、ch as ceramic, cement, paint, glass, structural materials. Wood Wood is the unique material in reusable construction wastes having the property of organic and sustainable property. Since its source of production is renewable, makes the property of sustainability of wood prominent among construction

22、wastes. Wood material as construction waste, is evaluated primarily as fuel. In that case wood material is not recycled but recovered since energy is produce after fired. Wood material as construction waste, is evaluated secondarily in production of paper. Metal Metal as construction waste; covers e

23、lements obtained from aluminum, iron-steel, brass alloys, copper etc. products. Recovery rate of metals are close to 100%. As an example, it was observed that as a result of recovery of used steel; 74% of energy, 90% of raw material, is saved, 40% of water consumption is reduced, and 76% decrease of

24、 pollution of waste water, 86% decrease of pollution of air, and 97% decrease of waste of metals.4 Thus, protection of energy source and environment protection will be possible with the recovery of metal construction wastes such as construction iron, wire fences, door and window woodworking, steel d

25、oors, sanitary installation pipes, taps, etc2. Reuse of Construction Wastes on the WorldPercentage of construction wastes in total wastes are expressed as 44% in Australia, 25-50% in Denmark, 38% in Hong-Kong, 36% in Japan, 30% in Italy, 70% in Spain. It was stated that 44% of 14 million tons of was

26、tes per year in Australia left to waste areas are sourced from construction industry.5 Construction waste management in the construction industry has been the subject of several research projects around the world. Some of the projects have focused on the environmental damage and reduce the generatio

27、n of waste at source, and to proposed alternative methods for treatment of construction waste. Since the beginning of years of 1980s in many EU countries such as Germany, Holland, Austria, Sweden, Hungary, wastes of construction materials are reused as raw material after recovered at various facilit

28、ies. About this subject Brossik and Brouwers (1996) conducted a research project in The Netherlands, concerned with the measurement of construction waste, regarding sustainability requirements. 6 There have been a number of studies mostly concerned with the economic aspect of waste in the constructi

29、on industry. In the UK, Skoyles (1976) monitored material waste in 114 building sites, concluding that there is a considerable amount of waste that can be avoided by adopting relatively simple prevention procedures. 7 3. Reuse of Construction Wastes in Turkey Basis of waste management policy is sepa

30、ration of waste material from its source and recovery of recoverable products to economy of country. In Turkey in 2004 an extensive regulation was organized for management of structural wastes according to Control Regulation of Excavated Soil, Construction and Demolition Wastes by Environment and Fo

31、rest Ministry 9. However level of applications and activities in the scope of that regulation is not satisfactory yet. According to current regulations in Turkey all producers and consumers , including houses, are obliged to separate solid wastes at source, and punishment is foreseen for those not r

32、especting them. However according to report of T.R. Court Of Accounts : Performance Inspection Report of Waste Management National Regulation in Turkey and Results of Applications, considerable amount of excavation and construction wastes are left to environment arbitrarily and household wastes are

33、stored in a mixed manner. Transportation and collection of excavation and construction demolition in Turkey is under the responsibility of municipals and they are performed by private sector by tendering procedure. Although related regulations are available in Turkey, waste collection is made by the

34、 system of street collectors to a great extent arbitrarily and under unhealthful conditions. Waste materials are tried to be recovered by street collectors or mobile scrape collectors in waste containers at streets under unhygienic conditions. Consequently, responsibilities of municipals in waste ma

35、nagement is generally limited to collection of wastes from urban areas.4. Conclusion Use of construction wastes after recycled is an alternative source of raw material especially for construction sector. Especially recycling of concrete, wood and natural stone will be useful economically, it will af

36、fect sustainability of materials due to environment effects such as flood. Recovery of these type of wastes at mobile, semi mobile and stationary systems is possible. Recycling matters for Turkey as general policy is not sufficient yet. However recycling of construction wastes by legal obligation is

37、 being studied to prevent environmental and economical losses and to meet part of raw material requirement. Consequently, it could be concluded that the most important problem in Turkey in waste management, is disposal of dangerous wastes with industrial origin, industrial wastes with household orig

38、in , household wastes, special wastes and construction wastes collectively without separation. 关于在土耳其管理和回收建筑用固体废物研究报告摘要在建筑物的创建、拆迁或者重新修建的过程中，控制和管理建筑所产生的固体废料是一个最重要的问题,在现代社会。固体废物材料分化根据结构的属性和施工技术通常分为很多种类，如混凝土、砖、石、团块、木头、金属、玻璃、石膏、塑料、陶瓷等。有限的资源储备和因人口的增加所带来的资源消费的增加决定了建筑废料有必要重新利用。如今，我们可能将重新用利用各种固体废弃物。对于建筑行业，在

39、自然资源被消耗完之前，找到建筑废料中值得作为主要骨料的材料，对于我们的世界是会非常重要的。这项研究的目的是通过对土耳其提供例子的分析，在建筑结构的构建过程中，考虑到施工废旧材料的管理与重新利用，研究可回收利用材料的利用率，控制环境污染、生态平衡和经济的发展。关键词:建筑废料、重用、回收、生态。1、施工废弃物的重新利用与管理对于建筑的构建、拆除、修复时所产生的固体废物材料，我们称之为施工废弃物。建筑废物在各个地方都占有很高的比率，而在城市尤为突出。根据建筑面积的大小、重量的高低、控制和管理这类废物变得的很要。因此在当今的现代城市中，对于建筑废物的处理是一个很重要的问题,。固体废物材料通常根据施工

40、工艺和结构的分化属性分为不同的材料，如混凝土、砖、石、团块、木头、金属、玻璃、石膏、塑料、陶瓷。在欧洲和美国，由于修改和重建建筑的结构和基础设施，建筑的拆卸废物每年大约分别为1.8亿吨,和1.36亿吨。这些废物的比率在新建筑、装修活动和拆迁过程中，分别占8%,44%和38%。废弃物,是建设和拆除建筑物过程中所产生的废弃物,可以作为二级原料从而被正式加工。考虑到可持续发展和对自然资源的保护，这将能很好的促进该类型的废物的重新利用。由于资源受到资源储备能力和人们消费水平不断的增加所引起的限制,回收再利用的概念被提出了。回收就是指通过使用一定的原料将固体废物转换的到一个新的材料这一过程。恢复则是指为

41、通过对废物的重用，在物理或化学处理过程中，获取能量或获得一个新产品。今天它指的是各种废物的再利用，特别是对重要的建筑结构材料的拆除废弃物的管理，如混凝土、金属、木材、玻璃。大多数的材料在恢复原结构后，可以被用在类似或相同的地方或其他部位。1.1 可重用的建筑废料建筑业是一个在生产过程中原材料被广泛消耗的行业。然而在建设过程中，构建一个质量较好的建筑物要比减少材料的使用使其降到最低消耗重要的多。然而材料在结构施工重用的过程是很有价值的,它减少了对环境的影响,为经济的发展做出了贡献。在世界上主要的可回收的废物是纸、铝、玻璃和塑料材料。混凝土、天然石材、木材和金属同样也是有重要作用的建筑回收废物。混

42、凝土混凝土是一种在建筑行业中不可或缺的材料，由于建筑上广泛的运用了混凝土，使的混凝土回收的比率得到了很大的提高。废弃混凝土材料是拆迁和拆除建筑物留下的废弃物,将准备重用的混凝土废弃物解体后压碎成粒状，放入混凝土回收工厂。据估计,在欧洲每年大约生产有3亿立方米的混凝土是回收混凝土,年度混凝土消费达到0.3 - -1.40立方米/人。尤其是在美国的许多州,将使用回收混凝土上升到一个法律义务，这导致该材料得到此广泛回收。在美国受到法律制裁后的建筑业回收利用了200英里的混凝土包层。1天然石材与其他建筑废物再利用相比，天然石材的回收再利用是更加有价值的。尤其是对大理石材料用的回收，使之成为液体添加剂、水泥添加剂、石灰生产原料。在建筑材料工业废物折射形式的大小小于0.5毫的大理石粉和粒子成为生产瓷砖的首选。以大理石粉作为添加剂的混凝土可生成为另一种结构材料。根据研究,观察到产生一个特定在压缩强度大约10%薄材料比的新型材料，可以取代了大理石粉在混凝土中的生产。在土耳其,虽然可能性评估天然石材建筑废料（如陶瓷、水泥、涂料、玻璃、结构材料）可以运用在许多行业,。但还没有广泛应用相关主题。木头在可重用的建筑废料中，木头是独特的材料，它拥有有机性和可持续的价值。因为其来源的可再生性,使具有的可持续性的建筑废物中的木材中表现突出。木材料作为建筑垃圾