[机械仪表]机械电梯基础知识

1、 tka company ofthyssenkruppelevator thyssenkrupp elevator蒂森克虏伯电梯-46 of 46-1 曳引式电梯traction lift电梯是一种机电结合紧密地用电力拖动的特殊升降设备，是一种现代生活中必不可少的，广泛应用的垂直交通运输工具，在现代城市文明中，电梯不但已成为高层建筑不可缺少的垂直运输设备，也将成为低层建筑中的代步工具。在垂直交通运输工具中曳引式电梯是使用最普遍的一种电梯。因此，本文以介绍曳引式电梯为主。being a special system moving upwards and downwards by combinin

2、g mechanics and electrics, lift has played an indispensable role in our modern life by serving as widely-used vehicle that runs vertically; it is not only an important vertical vehicle for high-rise buildings, but for low-rising buildings. as a vertical vehicle, traction lift is the most commonly us

3、ed lift; therefore, the following description will be based on traction lift. 1-1 电梯的基本结构lift basic structure1-1-1 曳引系统traction system曳引系统主要由曳引机、曳引钢丝绳、导向轮及反绳轮等组成。traction system is composed of traction machine, traction rope, diverter pulley and counterweight sheave.1-1-1-1曳引机有驱动电动机、制动器、减速箱、机座、曳引轮等组

4、成。它是电梯的动力源。驱动电动机为电梯专用交流电机或直流电机。as the power provider, traction machine is composed of drive motor, brake, geared machine, machine base and traction sheave. drive motor is ac or dc motor for lift.制动器通常采用双瓦块常闭式电磁制动器。电梯停止或电源断电情况下制动抱闸，以保证电梯不致移动。usually adopted is double lined normally closed magnetic br

5、ake. brake is activated to prevent lift from moving in case of lift stop or power failure.减速机大多选用蜗轮蜗杆减速机，也有行星齿轮、斜齿轮减速机。无齿轮电梯不需减速机。曳引轮即为曳引机上的绳轮，两端借助曳引钢丝绳分别悬挂轿厢和对重。usually adopted is worm geared machine, besides, star gear and slanting geared machine are also available. gearless lift needs no geared m

6、achine. traction sheave is a sheave on traction machine, on both sides of which can suspend car and counterweight by means of traction rope.1-1-1-2 曳引钢丝绳的两端分别连接轿厢和对重（或两端固定在机房上），依靠钢丝绳与曳引轮绳槽之间的静摩擦力来实现电梯轿厢的升降。both sides of the traction rope are connected with car and counterweight (or both sides are at

7、tached to the machine room). car is moved upwards or downwards by means of static friction between traction rope and rope groove.1-1-1-3导向轮又称抗绳轮，因电梯轿厢尺寸一般都比较大，轿厢悬挂中心和对重悬挂中心间的距离往往大于设计上所允许的曳引轮直径，因此对一般电梯而言需要设置导向轮，以保证两股向下的曳引钢丝绳之间的距离等于或接近轿厢悬挂中心和对重悬挂中心之间的距离，以分开轿厢和对重的间距。deflector sheave is also called beam

8、 pulley. since car is comparatively large in dimensions; the distance between car suspension center and counterweight suspension center is generally longer than the diameter of traction sheave, deflector sheave is usually used for lifts to ensure the distance between two ropes downwards to be equal

9、or almost equal to the distance between car suspension center and counterweight suspension center, distancing car and counterweight.对复绕的无齿轮电梯而言，改变复绕轮的位置同样可以达到上述目的。采用复绕轮还可以增加曳引能力。for gearless lift with compound wounding, changing the position of winding pulley can also achieve the above purpose, besi

10、des the application of compound winding pulley can also increase traction capacity.1-1-1-4 反绳轮 当钢丝绳的绕绳比大于1时，在轿厢顶和对重架上应增设反绳轮。反绳轮的个数与曳引比有关，可以是1个、2个甚至是3个。diversion sheave: with suspension ratio 1, diversion sheave should be installed on the top of car and counterweight frame. related to suspension rati

11、o, number of diversion sheave can be 1, 2 or even 3.1-1-2 导向系统diverter system导向系统由导轨、导靴（图1-3）和导轨架（图1-4）等组成。它的作用是限制轿厢和对重的活动自由度，使轿厢和对重只能沿着导轨做升降运动。composed of guide rails, guide shoes and rail frame, diverter system is used to limit the flexibility of car and counterweight, making car and counterweight

12、 move along the guide rail upwards and downwards.导轨固定在导轨架上，导轨架是支撑导轨的组件，与井道壁联接。guide rails are fixed on the rail frame that is used to support rails and connected with well wall.导靴装在轿厢和对重架上，与导轨配合，强制轿厢和对重的运动服从于导轨的走向。installed on car and counterweight frame, guide shoes are working together with guide

13、rails, forcing car and counterweight to move in compliance with the direction of guide rails.1-1-3 门系统door system门系统由轿厢门、层门、门机、联动机构、门锁等组成。door system is composed of car door, level door, door operator, interconnection and door lock.轿厢门设在轿厢入口，有门扇、门导轨架、门靴和门刀等组成。car door located in the entrance to car,

14、 car door is composed of door fan, door guide rail frame, door shoe and door vane.层门设在层站入口，有门扇、门导轨架、门靴、门锁装置及应急开锁装置组成。level door located in the entrance to landing, landing door is composed of door fan, door guide rail frame, door shoe, door lock and emergency unlocking device.门机设在轿厢上，是轿门和层门开启和关闭的动力源

15、。door operator installed on the car, door operator is power provider for opening and closing car door and landing door.1-1-4 轿厢car轿厢是用以运送乘客或货物的电梯组件。它是由轿厢架和轿厢体组成。composed of car frame and car body, car is used to convey passengers or cargo. 轿厢架是轿厢体的承重架构，由上横梁、立柱、底梁和斜拉杆等组成。as a support for car body, ca

16、r frame is composed of top transom, side transom, bottom transom and brace rod.轿厢体由轿厢底、轿厢壁、轿厢顶及照明、通风装置、轿厢装饰件和操纵盘等组成。轿厢的大小由额定载重量和额定载客量决定。car boy is composed of car bottom, car wall, car top, ventilation, decoration profile and control panel. car dimensions are determined by rated load and passenger f

17、low.1-1-5 重量平衡系统weight balance system该系统由对重和重量补偿装置组成。such system is composed of counterweight and weight compensation device.对重由对重架和对重块组成。对重将平衡轿厢自重和部分的额定载重。counterweight is composed of counterweight and counterweight filler. counter weight is used to offset car weight and partial rated load.重量补偿装置是补

18、偿高层电梯中轿厢与对重侧曳引钢丝绳长度变化对电梯平衡影响的装置。weight compensation device is used to offset the influence on the lift balance arising from the changing rope length of car and counterweight.1-1-6 电力拖动系统electrical driving system该系统由曳引电机、供电系统、速度反馈装置、调速装置等组成。对电梯实行速度控制。composed of traction machine, power supply system,

19、 speed feedback device and speed-adjusting device, such system is used to control lift speed.曳引电机是电梯的动力源，根据电梯配置可用交流电机或直流电机。traction machine is the power provider for lift. ac or dc motor can be selected based on lift configuration.供电系统是为电机提供电源的装置。power supply system provides power for motor.速度反馈装置是为

20、调速系统提供电梯运行速度信号。一般采用测速发电机或速度脉冲发生器，与电机相连。speed feedback device is used to provide lift speed signal for speed-adjusting system. connected with motor, tachogenerator or speed pulse generator is usually adopted.调速装置对曳引电机实行调速控制。speed adjusting device is used to control speed of traction motor.1-1-7 电气控制系

21、统electrical control system电气控制系统由操纵装置、位置显示装置、控制装置、平层装置、选层器等组成。它的作用是对电梯的运行实行操纵和控制。composed of operation device, position indicator device, control device, leveling device and selector, electrical control system is used to operate and control lift.操纵装置包括轿厢操纵盘或手柄开关箱、层站召唤按钮、轿顶和机房中的检修或应急操纵箱。控制装置安装在机房中，由各

22、类电气控制元件（或板）组成，是电梯实行电气控制的集中组件。operation device is composed of operation panel or handle switch tank, landing call button, inspection or emergency control box. installed in the machine room, as the integrated unit for electrical control, control device is composed of electrical control components (or

23、panels).位置显示装置裝在轿厢内和大厅内，显示电梯的运行层站和方向及载客量等信息。position indicator is installed in car and landing, indicating such information as lift running landing, direction and passenger flow.选层器可由机械式、继电器或电子式组成，起指示和反馈轿厢位置、决定运行方向、发出减速信号等作用。having mechanic, relay or electronic types, selector is used to indicate an

24、d feedback car position, determine running direction and give out reduction signal.1-1-8 安全保护系统safety protection system电梯上设有机械和电气各类保护系统，以保证电梯安全使用。lift is equipped with mechanic and electrical protection systems to ensure lift safe operation.机械方面有限速器、安全钳、缓冲器、渐进式行程开关等。mechanical devices include oversp

25、eed governor, safety gear, buffer and progressive travel switch.电气方面设有一系列安全开关保护电梯的各个运行环节，例如，电源断路保护器，轿顶急停开关，底坑急停开关，极限开关，紧急出口接点，超速保护开关，安全钳开关，门保护开关，检修开关等。electrical devices include a series of safety switches to protect every operation stages, such as power cut-off protector, emergency stop switch on t

26、op of the car and in the pit, limit switch, emergency exit contact, overspeed protection switch, safety gear switch, door protection switch and inspection switch.1-2 电梯的分类lift types电梯的定义：用电力拖动的轿厢运行于铅垂的或与铅垂方向倾斜不大于15o的两列刚性导轨之间运送乘客或货物的固定设备。目前不论其驱动方式如何，将电梯作为建筑物内垂直交通运输工具的总称。lift is defined as a fixed dev

27、ice that hoists a car traveling vertically or not exceeding 15vertically between two rigid rails, to convey passengers or cargo. whatever drive type lift has, it is a collective term for vehicle traveling within a building.根据建筑物的高度、用途及客流量（或物流量）不同，而设置不同种类的电梯。目前电梯的基本分类方法大致如下：based on the buildings hei

28、ght, application and passenger flow（or cargo flow）, different types of lifts are used. currently, lifts are classified based on the following criteria:1-2-1 按驱动方式分类classified by drive type1-2-1-1 交流电梯ac lift用交流感应电动机作为驱动力的电梯。根据拖动方式又可分为交流单速、交流双速、交流调压调速、交流调频调压调速电梯。ac motor is used in lift. based on tra

29、ction types, lifts can be classified as ac single-speed, ac double-speed, ac speed / voltage-viable, ac viable speed / frequency lifts.1-2-1-2 直流电梯dc lift用直流电动机作为驱动力的电梯，这类电梯的额定速度都在2m/s以上。dc motor is used in lift whose rated speed is above 2m/s.1-2-1-3 液压电梯hydraulic lift利用电动泵驱动液体流动，由柱塞使轿厢升降的电梯。by mea

30、ns of electrical pump driving fluid, lift is moved upwards or downwards through plunders.1-2-1-4 齿轮齿条电梯gear rack lift将导轨加工成齿条，轿厢装上与齿条啮合的齿轮, 电动机带动齿轮旋转使轿厢升降的电梯。rails are made into gear racks. car is equipped with gears that are engaged with racks. lift is moved upwards or downwards by means of the rot

31、ation of gears driven by motor.1-2-1-5 螺杆式电梯 spiral lever lift将直顶式电梯的柱塞加工成矩形螺纹，再将带有推力轴承的大螺母安装于油缸顶，然后通过电机经减速机（或皮带）带动大螺母旋转，从而使螺杆顶升轿厢上升或下降的电梯。in spiral level lifts, plunders of straightly-pushed lifts are made into rectangular threads; big nuts with pushing bearings are installed on the top of the cyli

32、nder. through motor, the big nuts rotate with geared machine (or belt). therefore, supported by the spiral lever, lifts can move upward or downwards.1-2-1-6直线电机驱动的电梯machine driven by lineal motor其动力源是直线电机。lift is powered by lineal motor.1-2-2 按用途分类 classified by applications1-2-2-1 乘客电梯passenger lif

33、t为运送乘客设计的电梯，要求有完善的安全设施及一定的轿厢内装饰。passenger lift is designed to convey passengers and required to have perfect safety facilities and necessary decoration in the car.1-2-2-2 载货电梯cargo lift主要为运送货物而设计的电梯，有司机载货电梯允许司机及装卸人员随同上下；无司机载货电梯仅允许装卸人员在装卸货物时出入轿厢，但不允许随货物一同上下，更不准运载乘客。cargo lift is designed to convey ca

34、rgo and classified into 2 types: lift with driver: driver and servicemen are allowed to be with the cargo in the moving car.lift without driver: only servicemen are allowed to enter the car to load or unload cargo at the landing, but not allowed to be with the cargo in a moving car; passengers are n

35、ot allowed to enter the car either.1-2-2-3 病床电梯（医用梯）hospital lift (medical lift)为运送病床、担架、医用车而设计的电梯，轿厢具有长而窄的特点。characteristic of being long and narrow, it is designed to convey patient bed, stretcher, and medical vane.1-2-2-4 服务电梯（杂物梯）service lift (dumbwaiter lift)供图书馆、办公楼、饭店、食品等设计的电梯。这类电梯无安全设施，轿厢内严禁

36、载人。service lift is designed for library, office building and hotel. without safety facilities, such lift is not allowed to convey passengers.1-2-2-5 观光电梯sightseeing lift轿厢壁透明，供乘客观光用的电梯。with transparent car wall, sightseeing lift is designed for tourists.1-2-2-6 车辆电梯vehicle lift用作装运车辆的电梯。vehicle lift

37、 is designed to convey vehicles.1-2-2-7 船舶电梯ship lift船舶上使用的电梯。ship lift is designed for ship.1-2-2-8 建筑施工电梯construction lift建筑施工与维修用的电梯。construction lift is designed for construction and maintenance.1-2-2-9 其他others除上述常用电梯外，还有些特殊用途的电梯，如冷库电梯、防爆电梯、矿井电梯、电站电梯、消防员用的电梯等。besides the above mentioned lifts,

38、there are lifts for special applications, such as freezer lift, explosion-proof lift, mine lift, power station lift and fireman lift.1-2-3 按速度分类classified by speed 电梯无严格的速度分类，一般习惯上如下分类lifts fall into the following categories:1-2-3-1 低速梯：常指速度低于1.0m/s的电梯；low-speed lift is defined as lift with speed le

39、ss than 1.0m/s.1-2-3-2 快速梯：常指速度在1.02.5m/s的电梯；fast-speed lift is defined as lift with speed ranging from 1.0m/s to 2.5m/s. 1-2-3-3 高速梯：常指速度大于2.5m/s的电梯high-speed lift is defined as lift with speed more than 2.5m/s.1-2-4 按电梯有无司机分类classified by lift with or without driver1-2-4-1 有司机电梯lift with attendant

40、电梯的运行方式由专职司机操纵来完成。lift running is operated by an attendant.1-2-4-2 无司机电梯lift without attendant乘客进入电梯轿厢，按下操纵箱上所需要去的层楼按钮，电梯自动运行到达目的层楼。这类电梯具有集选功能。lift without attendant: entering the car and operating floor button to select a floor desired, passenger can be conveyed to a landing desired. such lift is f

41、eatured collective-selection. 1-2-4-3 有/无司机电梯lift with / without attendant这类电梯可变换控制电路，平时由乘客操纵，如遇客流量大或必要时改由司机操作。lift with/without attendant is operated by passengers usually. in cased of big passenger flow or necessary circumstance, it will be operated by the attendant.1-2-5 按操纵控制方式分类classified by co

42、ntrol mode1-2-5-1 手柄开关操纵handle- operated电梯司机在轿厢内控制操纵箱手柄开关，实现电梯的起动、上升、下降、平层、停止的运行状态。它要求轿厢门上装有透明玻璃窗口或使用栅栏轿门，井道壁上有层楼标记和平层标记，电梯司机根据这些标记判断层楼数及控制电梯平层。by operating the handle of the control box in the car, the driver can make the lift start up, move upwards, move downwards, level and stop. it is required t

43、he car door equipped with transparent glass window or grid car door; well wall is required to be have floor or leveling flag, by which the driver can determine floor number and control leveling.1-2-5-2 按钮控制电梯button-controlled 是一种简单的自动控制电梯，据有自动平层功能，常见以下两种控制方式：with automatic leveling function, button-

44、controlled lift is simple and automatic, which has 2 control modes:1-2-5-2-1 轿厢外按钮控制 button outside car轿厢由安装在各楼层门口的按钮箱进行操纵。操纵内容通常为召唤电梯、指令运行方向和停靠楼层。电梯在接受了某一层楼的操纵指令，在没有完成指令前是不接受其他楼层的操纵指令的。这种操作方式通常用于服务梯或层站少的货梯。car is controlled by the button box equipped in landing door. car call, running direction and

45、 parking can be controlled. lift will not execute any new command from other landings until it finishes executing a previous command. such control mode is usually applicable to service lift or cargo lift with not more than 10 landings.1-2-5-2-2轿厢内按钮控制 按钮箱在轿厢内，有司机操作。电梯只接受轿厢内按钮指令，层站的召唤按钮只燃亮轿内指示灯（或起动电铃

46、），不能截停和操纵电梯。button inside car: buttons inside car are operated by the driver. lift only accepts command inside car; landing call button can only light up indicators inside car (or start alarm), can not stop or operate lift.1-2-5-3 信号控制电梯signal-controlled lift这是一种自动控制程度较高的有司机电梯。除具有自动平层，自动开门功能外，尚具有轿厢命

47、令登记，层站召唤登记，自动停层，顺向截车和自动换向等功能。司机只要将需要停站的层楼按钮逐一按下，再按下启动按钮，电梯就自动关门运行。在这中间，司机只需操纵起动按钮，一直到预先登记的指令全部执行完毕。在运行中，电梯能被符合运行方向的层站召唤信号截停。采用这种控制方式的常为有司机客梯。it is a highly automated lift with driver. besides having automatic leveling and door-opening, it has such functions as command register, landing call register

48、, automatic landing, on-the-way stop and automatic return. just pressing the desired floor buttons one by one and start-up button, the driver can make the lift close the door and operate. 1-2-5-4 集选控制电梯collective selective control lift是一种在信号控制基础上发展起来的全自动控制的电梯。与信号控制的主要区别在于能实现无司机操纵。其主要特点是：把轿厢内选层信号和各层外

49、呼信号集合起来，自动决定上、下运行方向，顺序应答。这类电梯需在轿厢上设置称重装置，以免电梯超载。轿门上需设有保护装置，防止乘客出入轿厢时被轧伤。evolving from signal control lift, collective selective control lift is fully automatic. compared with the former, it can achieve driverless control. its main characteristic is the combination of car call and landing call, so as

50、 to automatically control upward and downward movement, and sequent response. load-weight device should be installed in the car to avoid overload. also protection device is needed on the car door to protect passengers against body injury during getting in and out from the car.集选控制又分为全集选（双向）控制和上或下（单向

51、）集选控制。全集选控制的电梯，无论在上行或下行时，全部应答层站的召唤指令。而单向集选，只能应答层站一个方向（上或下）的召唤信号。一般下集选控制方式用得较多，如住宅楼内。collective selective control is classified into whole (two-way) and upward or downward (one-way) collective selective control. in the mode of whole collective selective control, lift will respond to all landing calls

52、 no matter in upward or downward movement. in the mode of one-way collective selective control, lift will only respond to landing call from upward or downward. generally speaking, collective selective control downward is used more frequently, for instance, for residential building.1-2-5-5 并联控制电梯para

53、llel control lift23台电梯的控制线路并联起来进行逻辑控制，共用层站外召唤按钮，电梯本身都具有集选功能。plc is executed through parallel circuit for the control of two to three lifts, with landing call button shared. lift has collective selective function.两台并联集选控制组成的电梯，基站设在大楼的底层，当一台电梯执行指令完毕后，自动返回基站。另一台电梯在完成其所有任务后，就停留在最后停靠的层楼作为备用梯，准备接受基站以上出现的任

54、何指令而运行。基站梯可优先供进入大楼的乘客服务，备用梯主要应答其他层楼的召唤。当重新出现召唤指令时，备用梯首先应答、启动、运行。当备用梯运行后方出现召唤信号时，则基站梯接受信号启动出发。基站梯和备用梯不是固定不变的，而是跟据运行的实际情况确定。备用梯也有可能在执行轿厢内乘客的指令后停留在基站，优先应答基站召唤。for two lifts with parallel collective selective control, since home landing is on the bottom of the building, after one lift has executed comma

55、nd, it will return to the home landing as home landing lift. finishing all tasks, the other lift will dwell in the latest landing as a stand-by lift to wait for further command from landings above the home landing. receiving call command, the stand-by lift will respond, start up and run. if any call

56、 gives out after the operation of the stand-by lift, the home landing lift will receive the call and start. home landing lift and stand-by lift are changeable according to actual circumstances. stand-by lift can also park in the home landing after executing commands from passengers in the car, respo

57、nding to home landing preferably. 三台并联集选组成的电梯，有两台电梯作为基站梯，一台为备用梯。运行原则类同于两台并联控制电梯。for three lifts with parallel collective selective control, two of them will serve as home landing lifts, with the remaining one as stand-by lift. operation principle is same as that of two lifts.1-2-5-6 群控电梯group contro

58、l lifts群控是用微机控制和统一调度多台集中并列的电梯。群控可以有：group control lifts are several lifts controlled and coordinated by computer. 1-2-5-6-1 梯群的程序控制 控制系统按预先编制好的交通模式程序集中调度和控制。如将一天中客流分成上行客流量高峰状态，客流量平衡状态，下行客流量高峰状态，上行客流量较下行大的状态，下行客流量较上行大的状态，空闲时的客流量状态。电梯在工作中，按照当时客流情况，轿厢的负载、层站的召唤频繁程度，运行一周的时间间隔等为依据，自动选择或人工变换控制程序，如在上行高峰期，对电梯实行下行直驶控制等。program control: coordination and control are made through programmed traffic mode.for ins