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1、精品文档,值得拥有环境管理系统environmental management system第一节导论chapter 1- introduction本手册旨在由浅入深地帮助企业执行环境管理系统 (emss),并遵循国际金融组织有关环境方面的政策。 其主要目的是帮助企业通过对环境的评估, 来确定节约成本的措施。它也被作为确保企业在获利同时对环境也有积极影响的一种方法。this manual is a step-by-step guide designed to help enterprises implement environmentmanagement systems (emss) and
2、comply with ifc s environmental policies. the manual s primary goal is to help businesses use environmental reviews to identify cost-saving measures.it is also intended to be a resource for companies to ensure positive environmental impacts while benefiting their own organization.环境管理系统的定义defining a
3、n ems环境管理系统是对环境问题的一种综合管理方法, 它把以环境为导向的思想融合到了商业管理的各个方面。同企业所关注其他问题比如成本、产品质量、投资、公共关系、生产率和战略性计划相比, 环境管理系统确保了环境问题的优先考虑。an environment management system, or ems, is a comprehensive approach to managing environmental issues, integrating environment-oriented thinking into every aspect of business management.
4、 an ems ensures environmental considerations are a priority, along with other concerns such as costs, product quality, investments, pr productivity and strategic planning.一般来说,环境管理系统能使企业获益。 它能提高效率, 着眼于顾客需求和市场条件,并改善企业在经济和环境方面的表现。 通过使用环境管理系统把环境问题转化为商业机会,企业通常会变得更有竞争力。an ems generally makes a positive i
5、mpact on a company s bottom line. it increases efficiencyand focuses on customer needs and marketplace conditions, improving both the company sfinancial and environmental performance.by using an ems to convert environmentalproblems into commercial opportunities, companies usually become more competi
6、tive.1 / 10精品文档,值得拥有环境管理系统带来的商业上的好处business benefits of an ems环境管理系统是企业为取得市场成功战略中的一个重要组成部分。 目前,环境问题以及可持续发展比以往任何时候更赢得世界的关注。 而工业通常被视为引起环境问题的主要原因。an ems is an important component of a company s strategy for marketplace success.environmental issues and sustainable development are capturingthe wor ld s a
7、ttention morethan ever, and industry is often seen as a major source of environmental problems.环境管理系统关注这些问题并引导环境方面的重要改进。 而且,环境管理系统还能提高产品质量,增强其竞争力,改进生产流程;减少费用,债务,保险费和废物管理成本;提高市场的响应度。 环境管理系统还能从就业和投资的角度创造一个更有吸引力的企业。an ems addresses such concerns and leads to significant environmental improvements. in a
8、ddition, an ems can improve product quality, competitiveness, and production processes; reduce expenses, liabilities, insurance premiums and waste management costs; and enhance market responsiveness. an ems also creates a more attractive company from an employment and investment perspective.环境管理系统能给
9、企业的几个重要领域带来很多好处,它们包括:an ems can favorably benefit key areas for a business, including:贸易客户和消费者 。他们正变得越来越具有环境意识, 并选择对环境无害的产品。大多数客户开始要求供应商采用环境管理系统。 通过明确承诺要进行环保管理能增强客户的信任感。 全球化拓展了市场, 而环境管理系统则帮助企业达到国际性标准的要求。 来自客户的压力成为了要求产品符合详细环境标准的一股日益重要的力量。trade customers and consumersare becoming more environmentally
10、conscious,and are selecting products that do not harm the environment. major customers have started requiring suppliers to adopt an ems. customer trust is enhanced bycommitment to demonstrable environmental management. globalization has expanded markets and an ems helps meet international consumerde
11、mand. consumer pressure has been shown to be an increasingly influential force demanding particular environmental standards for products.雇员。他们的技能、 精神风貌和管理的有效性会因环境管理系统而得到提高。环境管理系统还能减少雇员的流动率和提高其效率, 并能创建一个更为安全健康的工作场所。 另外,通过鼓励雇员们更多地参与到确认问题所在的活动中,环境管理系统能帮助他们更清楚生产流程。2 / 10精品文档,值得拥有employees, whose skills,
12、 morale and management effectiveness are enhanced by an ems. an ems also improves employee retention and efficiency, and can create a safer and healthier workplace. in addition, an ems can help build employee awareness about the production process by encouraging employee involvement in identifying p
13、roblem areas.投资者。他们的标准会要求企业建立有力的环保政策, 这样有助于资本的获得。环境管理系统也能改善企业和投资银行家, 放款人和股票、 债券经纪人之间的关系。investors, whose criteria may demand strong environmental practices, thus facilitating access to capital. an ems can also improve relationships with investment bankers, lenders, and stocks and bonds brokers.贸易。采用
14、了环境管理系统的公司将会在贸易, 特别是出口和确立国内市场优势方面获益, 参照这个系统, 很多的国家和经济贸易区都已经引进了“生态标签”计划。trade, particularly the export as well as internal market advantage can benefit by a company adopting an ems whereby many countries and economic trading blockshave introduced ecolabelling schemes.地方社区 。环境管理系统可以帮助企业维持良好的社区关系并提高其公众
15、形象,并通过与其它机构分享解决环境问题的方法来带动共同发展。 拥有环境管理系统的机构能更好地理解它所在的社区。 避免让社区遭受危害性很强的废物和化学材料的污染, 才能建立环境更健康的社区, 而这正是环境管理系统所要求的。 公司的关系网和声誉同样也能通过环境管理系统得到加强。而与地方和国家的非政府组织的关系也能得到改善。local community.an ems helps maintain good community relations and enhancepublic image, as well as fostering development through the sharing
16、 of environmental solutions. organizations with an ems are better able to understand the communities in which they operate. healthier communities result from reduced exposure to hazardous wastes and chemical materials, which may be called for by an ems. a company s networks and reputation are also s
17、trengthened by an ems. improved relations with local and national ngos will also result.政府。环境管理系统的实施可以帮助公司得到一些许可和授权。 采用环境管理系统还可以帮助改善企业和政府的关系。 它有助于企业表明遵守环境立法的立场,并减少政府司法和行政管理的成本。 环境管理系统还能帮助企业减少法律责任和被起诉的风险。government. implementation of an ems may help companies obtain permits and authorizations. indust
18、ry-government relations may be improved among companieswith an ems. an ems also helps demonstrate compliance with environmental legislation. legal and administrative costs are reduced by an ems. an ems can also reduce legal liability and risk of prosecution.销售与营销 。公司能通过更好的产品设计和更清洁的生产来最小化运作中3 / 10精品文
19、档,值得拥有产生的环境影响, 这有助于增加他们的市场份额。 环境管理系统能作为有效的营销和促销的工具,并能提高公司的竞争力。没有健全的环保政策,公司就难以利用新的商务机会, 而采用了环境管理系统的公司则将会在全球市场中更具竞争力。sales and marketing.companies may increase their market share by minimizing theenvironmental impact of their operations through better product designs and cleanerproduction. an ems can
20、serve as a valuable marketing and promotion tool, and canimprove a company s competitive advantage. companies without soundenvironmental practices may not be able to take advantage ofnew commercialopportunities, while companies with an emsare more competitive in the global marketplace.生产力。通过减少原材料的使用
21、和节约能源, 环境管理系统能降低企业的运作成本。因为更高的效率意味着更少的使用材料, 时间和能源, 环境管理系统还能降低交易成本和提高利润。 施行环境管理系统,还能增加效率,改善环境和提高业绩,以及有助于更好地遵守强制性的标准。productivity.an ems can reduce operation costs by using less raw materials andconserving energy. it can also reduce the costs of doing business and increase profits, since greater effici
22、ency means using less materials, time and energy. efficiency, environmental and business performance, and compliance with mandatory standards can also be improved by implementing an ems.保险。通过使用环境管理系统, 公司能以更低的成本投保, 并降低责任事故的发生。而当公司缺乏健全的环保措施时, 就可能面临财务或者环境上的风险。insurance. by using an ems, a company may b
23、e able to obtain insurance at lower cost. companies that implement an ems can reduce incidents that result in liability, while companies lacking sound environmental practices may be exposed to financial and environmental risk.废料处理 。通过环境管理系统, 公司能更好地防治污染。 环境管理系统能使废料的产生最小化, 这样既能降低运作成本, 又能节省废料运输, 储存和处理的
24、费用。使用环境管理系统还能减少因遵守废料处理规定而带来的费用,并能从回收和销售可再度使用废料中得到额外的收入。waste disposal.by implementing an ems, companies can improve pollutionprevention. an ems can minimize waste, thus lowering operating costs, as well as eliminating waste transportation, storage and disposal costs. costs for compliance with waste
25、disposal regulations may also be reduced with an ems. additional revenues from recovery and sale of reusable wastes may be obtained by using an ems.环境管理系统的实施implementing an ems4 / 10精品文档,值得拥有创建和发展环境管理系统的过程如下所述。 第一步是要在公司的管理层和雇员中树立意识,帮助他们重新思考环境, 以便更好地理解环境对公司的重要性以及影响,而这与公司的规模以及它的产品和服务无关的。 第二步对于公司来讲就是要更
26、主动积极地应对环境问题。 最后,一个组织一旦建立了新的环保文化, 它将为提高自身的运作而不断地寻找新的合适的解决环境问题的方法。the process of creating and developing an ems is described.the first step is buildingawareness among both management and employees, helping them re-orient their thinking about the environment to better understand its relevance and impac
27、t on the company,regardless of company size, its products or services. the second step is for companies to become more proactive toward environmental issues. finally, once an organization develops a new environmental culture, it will constantly look for new suitable solutions to improve its operatio
28、ns.免责声明disclaimer本手册是一本建议书, 意在帮助企业评估他们对环境所起的影响, 如何把握环境保护的机遇以及充分认识到使用环境管理系统带来的好处。 虽然遵守环境和职业安全以及卫生法规是每个企业的职责, 但不是本书的重点。 这一手册是从一些材料改编而来的,这些材料对如何使用环境管理系统和有关环境法规与指导方针作了详尽的描述, 其中包括了 iso 14001 标准。这一文件是由国际金融公司的esru准备的,我们欢迎收到关于它内容和实用性的反馈。本文所作判断不代表 ifc 董事会以及它所代表政府的观点。this manual is an advisory intended to hel
29、p enterprises evaluate the impact they are having on the environment, how to identify environmental protection opportunities and improve awareness of the benefits of implementing an ems. compliance with environmental and occupational safety and health legislation is the responsibility of each indivi
30、dual business, and is not the focus of this manual. this manual is adapted from a number of sources providing detailed accounts of how to implement an ems and of environmental regulations and guidelines, including the environmental management system standard iso 14001. this document has been prepare
31、d by the esru of ifc and we welcome feedback on its contentand applicability. judgements expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of ifc s board of directors or the governments they represent.5 / 10精品文档,值得拥有第二节成功案例chapter 2 success stories成功案例:企业从环境管理系统中获利success stories: businesses pro
32、fiting from an ems很多公司都在使用环境管理系统之后获利。这有一些成功案例的简要描述, 它们讲述了使用环境管理系统的过程和好处。 对一些案例的深入研究将在第九节里提到。为了保密,一些公司被称为“ a 公司”并以类推。many companies have profited from implementing an ems. here are descriptions of some brief success stories which provide insights into the process and benefits of implementing an ems.
33、more in-depth case studies are explored in chapter 9. to preserve confidentiality, somefirms are referred to as“ company a” or similar.一个办公家具的生产商在清洗和安装过程中不再使用甲基氯仿, 并通过转用以粉末为基础的油漆方法来降低了 voc的排放量。这一防治污染的措施每年为公司节约了 110 多万美元,不到一年投资的 100 万美元就收到了回报。其他的 “奖赏” 包括能轻松达到日益严格的环境法规的要求和省去了销毁危险固体和液体废料的费用。a manufactu
34、rer of office furniture eliminated the use of methyl chloroform from its cleaning and fastening processes and reduced the volume of voc emissions by converting to a powder-based coating system. these pollution prevention alternatives saved the company more than $1.1 million per year, with a return o
35、n its $1 million investment in less than one year. other bonuses included ease of compliance with increasingly stringent environmental regulations and the elimination of incineration fees for solid and liquid hazardous wastes.leff-marvins 清洁公司是提供干洗服务的。该公司用新的水冷却闭环系统替代了旧的设备来重复使用四氯乙烯。 这一新系统还使用可重复使用的尼龙过
36、滤器, 这样衣服不必被在机器间转送, 提高了生产效率。 这一新设备消除了大量的 voc排放 (省去了申请许可的需要) ,并把四氯乙烯的购买量从每个月的 200 加仑降低到了 40 加仑。此外,对人体有害的污染残存也从每年由于使用 四氯乙烯 产生的 1900 多加仑降低到了每个月仅有 35加仑。因为使用了这个新的系统,公司每个月净节约1400 美元。leff-marvins cleaners, inc. provides dry cleaning services. the company replaced its old equipment with new cold water chille
37、d closed loop systems to recycle perc (perchloroethylene). the new system also uses reusable nylon filters and increases efficiency, since garments do not have to be transferred between machines. the newequipment eliminated most voc emissions (eliminating the need for permits)andalso reduced purchas
38、e of perc from 200 gallons per month to 40 gallons per month.6 / 10精品文档,值得拥有in addition, the hazardous waste stream was reduced from over 1,900 gallons of spentperc per year to just 35 gallons of still residues per month. the company realized a net savings of $1,400 per month with the new system.a 公
39、司并不觉得它会产生大量的废料, 但当公司评估了它的生产活动并引进更有效率处理厚纸板的方法后,发现废料清除帐单上的费用下降了55%。 a公司同样节约了工作时间,提高了员工的环保意识,也降低了他们的废料产生减少了 577 吨(在第一年内)。company a did not think it generated a significant amount of waste, but when the company reviewed its activities and introduced more efficient ways of handling cardboard, waste elimi
40、nation bills were cut by 55 percent. company a also saved staff time, increased staff awareness, and reduced their waste_ by 577 tons (in thefirst year).mounstevens 有限公司的常务董事,一个生产和销售面包的面包师,加强了员工的意识并引入了废料细分系统。 预计的收益包括把处置废料的费用减半,可减少费用 8800 美元和 26 吨废料。“我们原本要卖出更多的面包圈,才能达到那样的利润率。 ”这位常务董事说。the managing di
41、rector of mounstevens ltd., a manufacturing and retail baker, increased staff awareness and introduced careful separation of waste. the expectedbenefits include cutting waste bills in half and saving $8,800 and 26 tons of waste. “ we would have to sell a lot of extra doughnuts to make that sort of i
42、mpact on ourprofitability,” said the managing director。b 公司制定了一个能提供广泛便利的城市垃圾回收计划,其包括回收金属,纸板,纸,木料,塑料和玻璃。有超过 50%的由这个公司制造的城市垃圾现在可以被回收了。 这一计划大大地降低了处置废物的成本, 并从销售可回收废物中得到了大量的收入, 并以此支付这个计划的运作经费, 包括工资和津贴,设备的安装,维护和使用费用以及发展这个计划的费用。company b instituted a facility-wide municipal waste recycling program includin
43、gmetal, cardboard, paper, wood, plastic and glass.more than 50 percent of themunicipal waste generated by the company is now recycled. the program greatly reduced disposal costs and generated enough revenue from marketing therecyclables to fund the program s operating expenses, including wages and b
44、enefits,equipment operation and maintenance, utility costs and program improvements.詹姆斯油漆公司通过开发以水为基础的产品来取代以溶剂为基础的油漆,对甲苯的使用降低了 95%,对混合二甲苯的使用降低了 74%。jamestown paint company reduced its use of toluol by 95 percent and xylol by 74 percent by developing water-based products to replace solvent-based coati
45、ngs.一个动力方向盘转动装置、 机械计时器、 变速箱的生产商, 在他的铸造厂安装了环保的沙的回收系统。这一系统把已收回的沙子直接投入生产中,回收的硅土沙约占到 95%。以前,这个公司每年要购买 400 万磅沙子。现7 / 10精品文档,值得拥有在每年只需 8 万磅。这个新系统大大地降低了所需沙子的购买量, 也大大降低了废沙的生成以及由此产生的处理费用。a manufacturer of power steering gears, engine timing devices and power transmission boxes installed a green sand recyclin
46、g system in its foundry. the system puts recovered sand directly back into the processing lines, recovering about 95 percent of silica sand. previously, the company purchased four million pounds of sand per year. today, it purchases only 80,000 pounds per year. the new system significantly reduced t
47、he sand purchase and greatly reduced the generation of waste sand and resulting disposal costs.一个采用植物鞣制皮革的生产者改为购买低锰、 锑和铍含量的染料。结果,这个公司能够使用和销售废水处理产生的软泥, 把它作为一种有用和有价值的土壤补充物,节约了 6 万多美元。a producer of vegetable tanned leather changed its dye supplies to low content manganese, antimony and beryllium dyes. as a result, the company was able to utilize and market the resulting wastewater t
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