中考英语动词的时态和语态概要

1、动词的时态和语态动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态:一般进行完成完成进行现在am, is , are, do, does am/is/are doinghave/has donehave/has bee n doing将来will/shall dowill/shall be doingwill/shall have done will/shall have bee n doing过去was, were, did, v-ecwas/were doinghad donehad bee n doing过去 将来would/should dowould/

2、should be doingwould/should have doneuld/should have bee n do但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完 成时、过去完成时、过去将来时和现在完成进行时。常用的时态只有八种。I. 初中英语八种时态归纳复习时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容，广大初中学生在实际运用时，往往对时态总是倍感棘手， 下面我们就归纳复习一下这几种时态。一、一般现在时：概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week （d

3、ay, year, month），once a week, on Sun基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式：am/is/are+not此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，贝U在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does, 同时，还原行为动词。1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征和真理。句中常用ofte n, usually, every day等时间状语。2）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。3）有时该时态可表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，句中都带有时间

4、状语，但限于少数动词如begi n,come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, closer。例女口 :He goes to school every day.If you come this after noon, well have a meeti ng.二、一般过去时：概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语： ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week（year, ni ght, monthjust ），in 19now, at

5、the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式：was/were+not在行为动词前加did nt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。1）表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。2）表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用 “ used to和”“ woud +动词原形”注意：used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be used to +名词或动名词”表示习惯于”。例如：He w

6、orked in a factory in 1986.I used to smoke when I was a college freshman.三、现在进行时 ：概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语： now, at this time, these days, etc. 基本结构： am/is/are+doing 否定形式： am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句：把 be 动词放于句首。1）现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“to be现在分词”构成，另外 系动词+介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如： What are you doing?The b

7、ridge is under construction2）表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词如have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。四、过去进行时 ：概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状 语等。 基本结构： was/were+doing 否定形式： was/were + not + doing.一般疑问句：把 was 或 were 放于句首。过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was/were现在分

8、词”构成。例如：He was reading a novel when I came in五、现在完成时 ：概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现 在的动作或状态。时间状语：recently, lately, since for ,in the past few years, etc.基本结构： have/has + done否定形式： have/has + not +d one.一般疑问句：have或haso现在完成时由“hav十过去分词”构成。其使用有以下情况：1）现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。例如：

9、He has gone to Fuzhou. 说（ 话人认为他不在该地 ）He has been to Fuzhou. 说（ 话人认为他在该地 ）2）现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用 for 或 since 表 示一段时间的状语或 so far, now, today, this week/month/year 等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。 例如： He has studied English for 5 years.He has studied English since 1985.注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如 come, go, die, marry

10、, buy 等的完成时不能与 for， since 等表示一 段时间的词连用。3）现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例如：I ll go to your home when I have finished my homework六、过去完成时 ：概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行 为，即“过去的过去 ”。时间状语： before, by the end of last year（term, month）,etc.基本结构： had + done.否定形式： had + not + done. 一般疑问句： had 放于

11、句首。1) 过去完成时由“hac过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的 动作或状态。句中常用 by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语。例如：By the enc of Iast year we hac buiIt five new houses.2) 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下 去。例如： Before he sIept, he hac workec for 12 hours.七、一般将来时 ：概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语：tomorrow

12、, n ext day(week, mon th, year ),so on, in a few minu tes, by ,the day af tomorrow, etc.基本结构： am/is/are/going to + dq will/shall + do.否定形式：was/were + n ot;在行为动词前加did nt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其表达形式除了 “will或shall+动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式。1) “ be going动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：We a

13、re going to have a meeting today2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive等词可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作；有时用一般 现在时也可表示将来。例如：I m leaving for Beijing.3) “ be t动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如：The boy is to go to school tomorrow4) “ be about动+司原形”表示即将发生的动作。例如： We are about to leave八、过去将来时： 概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从

14、句中。时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc.基本结构： was/were/going to + do； would/should + do.否定形式： was/were/not + going to + dowould/should + not + do. 一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should提到句首。过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“ should/would动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用 would。例如：They w

15、ere sure that they would succeed.九、现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“have(has)+ bee现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，女口 work, study, live, teach 等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如：I have worked here for three yearsI have been working here for three years. 但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：I have written a letter. (已写完 )I have been writing a lett

16、er. (还在写 ) 注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如 finish, marry, get up, come, go 等不能用这种时态。n.几种常见时态的相互转换 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别 的表达方式：瞬间动词用于 一段时间+ ago ”勺一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对 应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；瞬间动词用于“ It is +段时间+ since + 一般过去时的句型中，表示 自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用it

17、is来代替It has been瞬间动词用于 “Some time has passed since一般过去时”的句型中。请看：A. He joined the League two years ago.B. He has bee n in the League for two years.C. It is two years since he joined the League.D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示 处于某种状态”如at work （在工作），at

18、 school （上学、上 课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.Peter is working, but Mike is playing.三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am comi ng, Mum!意为 我就来，妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon.四、“be going to动词原形”与“wil

19、l（shall）砌词原形”结构的转换“be going tc动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will（shall）+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用 will。请看：We are going to visit the Great Wall n ext Sun day.We shall visit the Great Wall next Su nday.动词的语态I. 概念与构成：当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式用主动语态；当句子的主语是动作的承 受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词“be过去分词”构成，时态

20、通过be表现出来。如下表所述：时态谓语动词的被动式例句一般现在时am/is/are + don e/v-edYou are required to do this.一般过去时was/were + done /v-edThe story was told by her.一般将来时will/shall be + don e/v-edThe problem will be discussed tomorrow.现在进行时am/is/are + being+ don e/v-edThe road is being wide ned.过去进行时was/were + being +don e/v-edTh

21、e new tool was being made.现在完成时has/have + bee n +don e/v-edThe no vel has bee n read.过去完成时had + bee n + don e/v-edHe said that the work had bee n fini shed.过去将来时would/should + be doneHe said that the trees would be planted soor2. 一些特殊的被动结构：1）短语动词的被动结构：用于这类被动结构的短语动词要作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物 动词。例如：The baby

22、is looked after carefully.2）有些动词形式上是主动结构，但表示被动的意思： 具有及物意义的不及物动词的被动意义在主语是物的句子里，有些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义。常用的这类动词有sell, read, feel, write,wear, wash, ope n, clea n, cook, keep, cut, fill, blow, measure, lock, run, record, beg in, shU等 等。例如：The book sells well.这本书很畅销。Your compositi on reads well.你的作文读起来很不错。Thi

23、s pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔好用。 动名词主动形式表示被动意义通常是物作 want, need, require等动词的主语时(也可以是人)表示事物(或人)客观上需要 ,用动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义。例如：The classroom wa nts/needs/requires clea ning教室需要打扫。这种用法的动名词改用不定式一般式的被动形式后也可表同样意义。例如：The classroom wan ts to be clea ned.【专项训练】 一、用所给动词的适当形式填空：1、Tom(be) in Paris since 2 years ag

24、o.2、I(be) to the Great Wall twice.3、My uncle (be) in this city for many years.4、We _(visit) our teacher already.5、May (go) home yet?6 He (read) the book 3 times.7、 They just (leave) the farm.8、She _(not play) football these days.9、My friend (see) the film before.10、 He never (meet) a foreigner.11、 H

25、e (give) you the answer as soon as he(come) back.12、There (be) a meeting tomorrow. Please (come) on time.13、My mother (work) for 3 years.14、 (be) there much snow last winter? No, there (not).15、We (start) at 10 if it (stop) raining.16、 The plane (take off) in a moment.17、 It (rain) for 3 days. There

26、 are too much rain is year.18、How long you uncle (live) in Beijing.19、We - (learn) many words since we can to this school.20、Where is Tom? He (go) to Hangzhou.he ever (be) there before? Yes. He (be) there 3 times.When he (go) there? He(go) there 3 days ago.21、The wind (blow) hard yesterday. It (blow

27、) off my hat.22、you (hear) the news last night?23、They (write) letters the whole morni ng. They did nt have a rest.24、 One day I (happen) to be alone at home. He一(come) and we(have) a chat.聊天)25、 She often (talk) about that book.26、The train (leave) in 10 minutes.27、 Look! The children (play) in the

28、 park.28、 I already (walk) for 20 minutes. Im too lived.29、How long your father (live) in Beijing.30、 I (not read) todays newspaper yet it (come)?31、His father (be) a doctor si nee 1987.32、The foreign guests (arrive) in 5 minutes.33、I (see) her this morning. Whats wrong with her?34、The boy (study) n

29、ow. (not make) any noise.35、Yesterday I (go) to (see) a film. On my way to the cinema, I (meet) yourmother there. We_(talk) a lot. We _ (be) very happy.36、What _ you usually (do) after class? Sometimes I (go) to thelibrary and sometimes I_ (have) sports with my classmates.37、 The students (listen) t

30、o the radio. (not sing) here, please.38、 rm late _ the train (leave)?39、 Last week my grandm (go) to (see) a friend of her. Shgbe) very happy. She_ (cook)a good dinner. They (enjoy) it very much.40、 Tomorrow (be) Sun day. I (visit) an old frie nd.41、 I (fall) and (hurt) my neck last week.42、 Sometim

31、es Li Mi ng (do) his homework at school. Now he (do) it in the _classroom动词时态、语态专项训练D . have bee n away fromD . have bee n dead一、单项选择：A . to goB . goC . wentD . goi ng1、When I her in the hall, she was playing the piano.A . seeB . sawC . will seeD . am see ing2、I ll go with you as soon as Imy work.A

32、. will fin ishB . fini shedC . fin ishD . would finish3、 He will do better in English if heharder.A . will workB . worksC . worki ngD . work4、Since he came here last year, wehappy.A . areB . have bee nC . had bee nD . were7、These booksin the library for a long time.A . have keptB . had keptC . have

33、bee n keptD . were kept8、Many sheepeati ng grass.A . is B . areC . was9、I come here toni ght?No, you needn t.A . MayB . CanC . MustD . Shall10、The Green familyLondon for n early two years.5、Peter the work in a week.A. have finishedB. finishesC. is finishing D. will finish6、 open the window.A. Will y

34、ou pleaseB. Please will you C. You please D. PleaseThey all miss their hometow n very much.A. left B. will leaveC. have left11、 Her grandparentfor ten years.A. died B . have died C . were dead12、You d betterto see the doctor.13、My father enjoys to light music.A. listensB. to listenC. listeningD. lis

35、tened14、When youthe museum?A. would visitB. did visit C. have visit D. had visite15、 He told themon with the work.A . to goB . going C . go D . went二、用动词的适当形式填空：1、I ll give the book to him as soon as heback(come).2、the babycrying yet? (stop)3、I don t know whether Motherme to Beijing next month.(take

36、)4、Sheon her coat and went out. (put)5、“What are they doing? “Theready for the sports meeting.” (get)6、The boy asked his motherhim go and play basketball.(let)7、I m sorry to keep youfor a long time. (wait)8、 It (take) him half an hour(finish) his homework yesterday.9、 If it an interesting film, we l

37、l see it tomorrow. (be)10、They usually(do) their homework after supper.11、 Listen! Who(sing) in the next room now?12、 (be) your parents in Shanghai last year?13、 Mr. Yu (teach) us maths si nee 1982.14、 They will have a trip (旅行)to the Great Wall if it (not rain) tomorrow.15、 Li Mi ng ofte n (liste n

38、) to the radio in the morni ng.16、Tan：“ Father, may I go out and play football?”Father：“you (do) your homework? ”17、 All the people in the tow n are glad(hear) that a famous musician音 乐家)give a con cert(音乐会)this Saturday eve ning.18、Our teacher told us if it(not snow) we would visit the Science Muse

39、um the next day.19、They ofte n (play) football in the after noon.20、What re you doing Dad? I (mend) the radio.21、Let s(carry) the boxes to the house.22、 Yesterday she(want) very much to see the film, but she couldn(get)atticket.23、 I (write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.24、 Mike (visit) sever

40、al places since he came to Beijing.25、He (write) four letters to his wife every mon th.26、Don t make any noise, Grandm (sleep).27、His aunt (do) some cooking when he came in .28、 When they (reach) the station, the train had already left.29、There(be) a meet ing n ext Mon day.30、We(know) each other sin

41、ce our boyhood.少年时代)31、Sometimes my father(come) back home late32、They (have) an English evening next week.33、I m very glad(hear) that.34、Wei Fang isn t here. She (go) to the reading-room.35、 The story (happen) long ago.36、37、38、39、40、41、42、43、44、45、46、47、48、49、50、51、52、53、54、55、56、57、58、59、60、61、62

42、、63、64、65、66、67、68、69、70、71、72、73、74、75、They (visit) the History Museum last week.Zhang Hong (make) many frie nds since she came to Paris.She(go) to the ci nema with her classmates tomorrow eve ning.Stay here, bag. Don t go out. fra in) now.Li Ping(write) a compositi on every week.The scie ntist(giv

43、e) us a talk yesterday.My pare nts (live) in Beiji ng si nee 1949.Look! The young worker (show) the students around the factory now.They (build) a new bridge over the river n ext year.The student(clea n) their classroom tomorrow.My father is very busy. He ofte n(come) home late.Our teacher(join) the

44、 party twenty years ago.The boys(have) a basketball match now. Let (go) and(watch).She(work) in this factory for ten years.“What makes you(think) I m a farmer? ” the Frenchman asked.It s not easy (catch) fish with your hands only.Have you fini shed (read) this book?It (snow) hard now. You d better(s

45、tay) at home.It takes him half an hour(go) to work by bus.Hurry up or we (be) late for class.Li Ping usually (watch) TV after supper.I don t know how(answer) this question.“you (hear) from your uncle rece ntly?”“ Yes, Ijust(get) a letter from him.”Why not(go) there on foot?I don t think that _it(rai

46、n) tomorrow.Will you please (come) here on time n ext time.Yesterday my mother told me(not play) with fire. It s dangerous.He kept me (wait) for him for a long time.Did you see him(wash) whe n you got to his home?They want to go there on foot. SoLucy . (do)Stop(play). It s time for class.It makes me(feel) thirsty.It s time(go) to bed.Tell him(come) here on time.I d like you(meet) my parents.Would you like (visit) the Summer Palace with me?Go on(work). We still have time.They are busy(clea n) their classroom.The win dows of our lab(clea n) once a week.二、 1、comes2、Has, stopped3、