定语从句讲解总结

1、定语从句讲解 一定语从句 1. 注意英汉差异：汉语的定语无论多长都放在被修饰词的前面，而英语中的定语则不然，是一个词 时，放在被修饰词的前面， 女口： .a beautiful girl.a lovely boy 是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面， 女口： .She is the girl in red.她就是穿红衣的女孩。 .The lady carried a bag full of mo ney.那位女士背了个装满钱的包。 .He is the man who you are looking for.她就是你在找的人。 2. 分清主句与从句，看究竟哪个句子缺少成分。 如上

2、面第 5： 主句： He is the man 从句： who you are looking for 在从句中，looking for的宾语是the man.因此选用关系代词who（whom）放置于句首，便是定语从 句。 3. 从句中做宾语的关系代词可以省略，故第 5 题可以写成： He is the man you are looking for. 二定语从句（从句部分） 1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语 2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后 Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please. 3、先行

3、词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词 （1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词， 女口:some-, any-, every-禾口 no 与-boy, -thing 的合成词； 或 all、none、any、some that、those 等代词。 数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。 （ 2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点： 先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。 This is the place which is worth visiting. 关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。 There are many place

4、s we can visit（them）in China. 4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词 关系代词： which, that, who, whom, whose, as。 关系副词： when, where, why 。 that 偶尔也作关系副词。 5、确定关系词的步骤 （1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。 （2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。 一关系代词 which 的用法 先行词 格 主格 所有格 宾格 事、物、动物 which whose=of which which 1. English is a Ianguage. It is spoken all over the wo

5、rld. = En glish is a language which is spoke n all over the world.英语是世界各地都在使用的 语言。 2. He looked for a car. The engine of the car was in good con diti on. =He looked for a car the engine of which was in good con diti on. 3. Where is the parcel? We received it this morni ng. = Where is the parcel (whi

6、ch) we received this morning?今天早上我们收至U的包裹 在哪里？ 关系代词that的用法 先行词 格 主格 所有格 宾格 人、物、动物 that whose that 1. He s in love with a girl that/who has red hair.他正和一位红发女孩谈恋爱。 2. Baseball is the sport that/ which most boys like.棒球是大多数男孩喜欢的运动。 三.注意that/ which 区别： 在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which (1) 先行词被形容词最高

7、级修饰 1. Today is the coldest day (that) we have ever experie need.今天是我们经历过最寒 冷的一天。 (2) 先行词被序数词修饰 2. The first thing (that) you have to do is to study mathematics. 你必须做的第一件事就是学习数学。 (3) 先行词中既有人又有物时。 3. The driver and the car that had fallen into the sea were quickly recovered. 掉到海里的司机和车子很快就被捞起来了。 (4) 主

8、句中已有疑问词who或which 时 Who is the woma n that was praised at the meet in g?在大会上被表扬的那位妇女 是谁？ Which is the picture (that) Mary painted?哪一幅是 Mary 画的画？ (5) 先行词被 only、any、few、little 、no、all、one of、the same、the very 等修饰时。 李明是唯一一个想当老师的学生 5. Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher. 之一。 (6) 先行词为 all、m

9、uch little 、none、few、one、something、anything 等不定代词时。 All (that) he said was not true.他所说的并非全是真的。 We have nt got much that we can offer you.我们没有多少东西能身你们提供。 My brother fixed almost anythin g that needed repairi ng.我哥哥几乎修理了任何一个需 要修理的东西。 (7) 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个宜用that. 7. Edis on built up a factor

10、y which produced th ings that had n ever been see n before. 爱迪生办了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 在定语从句中，下列情况的关系词宜用which而不用that (1) 可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个主句或主句中的一部分。 (2) 可用于介词之后，即介词 + which ( 代物)。 that the man? You lent the money to him. _ .那位就是跟你借钱的人吗？ 这里的whom不能被that代替) 那班我正在等的火车现在已 这是你必须改掉的习惯。 Is that the man (who

11、m/that) you lent the money to Is that the man to whom you le nt the money ?( 2. The train for which I am waiti ng is now half an hour late. 晚了半小时。 3. This is the habit which you must try to do with. (如果是固定短语，介词不能被提到关系代词前) 四.关系代词who/who m的用法 先行词 格 主格 所有格 宾格 人 who Whose = of whom who / whom 1. This is

12、 the man with whom I worked.这位就是和我一起工作的人 2. This is the teacher who often tells jokes.这就是那个常讲笑话的老师。 五.关系词 who与that的区别 关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词 (1 )当主句是there be 句型时，关系词用who。 (2) 先行词是为 anyone、those、some one every one、one 等词时，关系词用 whc。 (3) 当主句是 who作疑问词时，关系词用that。 Who is that girl that is sta ndin

13、g by the win dow? (4) whom在从句中只作宾语，可被who取代。 六.关系代词whose的用法 先行词 格 主格 所有格 宾格 人、物 - whose=of which - Whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物 1. He looked for a car. Its engine was in good con diti on. = He looked for a car whose engine was in good con diti on.他在找一部弓 I擎状况好 的车子。 七. What的用法 先行词 格 主格 所有格 宾格 含先行词 what - w

14、hat 重点: What = the thin g(s) which =all that =anything that 1. The thing which I want is peace of mind. = What I want is peace of mind.我所析是心灵的平静。(经典口语句) 2. She told the detectives all that they wan ted to know. = She told the detectives what they wa nted to know.她告诉侦探们他们想要知道的所有事 情。 3. I dont know wh

15、at they were talking about. A. 我不知道他们谈论的事情。(关系代词) B. 我不知道他们在谈论什么。(疑问词) 注意what的重点： 1. What is called/ what we(you, they) call所谓的 She is what is called /what we call a walk ing dictionary.他是所谓的活字典。 2. A is to. What B is to . A之对.的关系正如 B之对.的关系 Air is to us what water is to fish.空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。 3. What A i

16、s (was/used to be)今日的 A (昔日的 A) She is not what she was ten years ago.她不再是十年前的她。 4. What is + 比较级 更.的是 What is more 更好的是；而且 What is worse = to make matters worse而且更糟的是 八.关系代词可省略 1. 关系代词作宾语可省略 The lady (whom) we met on the street is our teacher.我们在街上遇见的女士是我 们的老师。 2. 关系代词作补语可省略 She is not the beautifu

17、l girl (that) she was.她现在不像以前那么漂亮 3. 在there(here) is (are)的句型中，关系代词可省略。 1. There is some one (who) wants to see you.有人想要见你。 2. There are many young men who are against him.有许多年轻人反对他。 注意：在there be开头的句子中，要注意be动词的单、复数要与关系代词who后面的谓语 动词的单复数保持一致。 4. 关系代词后有there(here) is (are),关系代词可省略。 This is the only tie

18、 (that) there is in this store.这是这家店里唯一的一个领带。 九.one of 与 the (only) one of 的区别 1. One of + 复数名词+关系代词+动词的复数 Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood. 泰坦尼克号是好莱坞制作的最精彩的电影之一。 2. The (only) one of +复数名词+关系代词+动词单数 Tita nic is the (only) one of the most won derful mo

19、vies that has bee n produced in Hollywood. 泰坦尼克号是好莱坞所制作的唯一一部精彩的电影。 十.Which与as的区别 1. Which引导的从句，代表前面的整个主句，此时，不能放在主句之前。 2. As引导的定语从句，代表整个主句，它可以放主句之前或之后,as在从句中做宾语。 As everybody know, Taiwa n bel ongs to China. =As is kn ow n to us, Taiwa n belo ngs to Chi na.众所周知，台湾属于中国。 3. 先行词是整个句子的非限定性定语从句置于句尾时，既可用as

20、引导，也可用 which引导. The teacher is from Beiji ng, as/which they know from his acce nt. 他们从老师的口音中就知道他是北京人。 Mary lives in an old castle, whose window faces the sea. =Mary lives in an old castle, the win dow of which faces the sea. 玛丽住在一座古老的城堡中，城堡的窗户面向着大海。 十.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的用法 限定性定语从句：对先行词的内容加以限定。 非限定性定语从

21、句：对先行词不加限定，只具有使句子连续的功能，只用来说明前面 的主句的部份或全部。 关系代词可用(and/but/because/for等+代名词)来替换。 1. We have two daughters who became nurses.我们有两个当护士的女儿。(句中没提到 女儿的总数) 2. We have two daughters, who became nurses.我们有两个女儿，她们都是护士。(只有两个 女儿) =We have two daughters, and they became nu rses. 3. I have a sister who is a teache

22、r.我有一个当老师的姐姐（姐姐不止一个） =I have a sister, who is a teacher.我有一个姐姐，她是当老师的。（只有一个姐姐） 4. I bought a hat, which was too big for me. =I bought a hat, but it was too big for me.我买了一顶帽子，但我戴太大了。 十二、关系副词 1. 关系副词的作用： 在定语从句中代替先行词。 在从句中做状语，起副词和介词短语的作用。 起连接作用，它把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句。 2. 关系副词有下列三种： where :在从句中做地点状语，

23、指代地点。（可用于非限定性定语从句） 即： 表地点的名词+ where + 定语从句 when :在从句中做时间状语，指代时间。（可用于非限定性定语从句） 即： 表时间的名词 + whe n + 定语从句 why :在从句中做原因状语，指代原因。 即： 表原因的名词reason + why +定语从句 Why只用于reason之后的限制性定语从句中，作原因状语。 3. When, where, why都可以替换成介词 + which ” ,介词的选用取决于先行词和定语从句中的动词。 1. This is the house where I was born .这就是我出生的那所房子。 =Thi

24、s is the house in which I was born. =This is the house which / that /可省 I was born in. 4. 关系副词when, where既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限必定语从句。 5. 先行词为reason时，限制性定语从句可以用why或for which来引导；非限制性定从句则只能用 for which来引导。 1. I had told them the reas on,I did nt atte nd the meeti ng. A. For which B. At whichC. For whomD. Wh

25、y 2. I had told them the reas onI did nt atte nd the meet ing. A. WhenB. WhichC. WhyD. For that 6. Whom在限制性定语从句中可以被who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中，whom不能用who代替。 7. 关系副词 when 与 where、why、that when 指时间 =in / at / on / during which where 指地点 =in / at / from / which why 指原因 =for which 当先行词为 way、day、reason、time时，可用tha

26、t作关系副词。（非正式场合） I don t like the way that / in which /x he talks.我不喜欢他说话的样子。 当time作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。 This is the first time I have give n you a less on in Fren ch. 8. 带reason的定语从句与表语从句的区别： 1. 定语从句:The reason why （that）. 2. 表语从句：The reason is that .（不能用 why,否则就重复了） 1. Do you know the reason why he was lat

27、e?你知道他为什么迟到了吗？ 2. The reason is that I want to invite you to a party.原因就是我想邀请你参加一个 晚会。 十三、关系副词和关系代词的区别 1. 关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语。 1. This is the house where I work now.这就是我现在工作的房子。 2. This is the house （that/which） I visited.这就是我参观过的房子。 3. Ill never forget the day when I joined the army.我永远也忘不了我

28、参军的那一天。 4. rII never forget the day （that/which） we spent together.我永远忘不了我们一起 度过的那一天。 十四、such . as . 和the same . as . 的用法（as在从句中作主语，宾语或表语） 1. such . As . 像. 一样的，像. 之类 2. the same . as .禾口.同样的 1. My best friend is not the same man as he was我最好的朋友和过去不同了。 2. This is the same thing as we are in need of.

29、这东西和我们所需要的东西是一样的。 3. This book is not such as I expect.这不是一本我所希望的书。 卜五、the same . as . 与 the same . That .的用法 1. the same . that .;和. 相同（同一） 2. the same . as .;和. 相同（同类） 两者都引导定语从句，意思相近或相同，但如果从句中省去谓语时，必须用as代替that. 1. He works in the same shop as / that I do.他和我在同一个车间干活。 2. She is the same age as you.

30、 她和你同岁。 注意： 1. This is the same pen that I lost.这支钢笔就是我丢掉的那一支（指同一支笔） 2. This is the same kind of pen as I lost._这支钢笔跟我丢掉的一模一样（但并不是原来的 那一支） 12、必须注意的问题 （1 ）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。 （2 ）注意区别定语从句与强调句。 定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。 强调it无意义，that / who不是引导词。 强调it is / was 和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。 （3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。

31、定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。 同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。 Word came that their army was defeated.（同位语） We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.（定语） （4 ）关系词在从句中省略的情况。 关系词作宾语，前无介词时。 关系词作表语。 （5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。 （6） 关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是which和whom （7）几个特殊的定语从句句型： He is the o

32、nly one of the stude nts who has got very good marks in the match.（句中 one为先行词） He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中 students 为先 行词） Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ? He stood at the window, from wher

33、e he could see what was happenin g. It may rain, in which case the match will be put off. 精典名题导解 选择填空 1. The film brought the hours back to me I was taken good care of in that faraway village. ( NMET 2001) 解析：答案为C。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句 的先行词the hours和关系词被介词短语to me所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hou

34、rs,并 且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。 2. is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.(NMET 2001) 解析：答案为B。本题考查as引导的非限制定语从句。as作“正如”解时，引导的非限制性定语 从句来修饰整个句子。当 as 在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语： as is known 、as is said 、 as is reported 、as is announced 等。要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法。 3. After living

35、 in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child.(NMET 1996) 解析：答案为B。本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短 语 the small town, 且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系 副词 where 引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。 定语从句的“干扰”作用 定语从句，就其功能来说，在整个句子中相当于一个形容词，对某一名词或代词起着修饰作用，作定 语。在掌握它的各种功能的

36、同时，我们还要注意到含有定语从句的句子在补充信息的同时，关系词与 其他连词容易混淆，尤其是与其他句式的结合，更使得整个句子显得扑朔迷离，使考生感到无从下 手，我们说此时定语从句起的是干扰作用。本文结合具体例子来谈此种现象。 一、把定语从句与强调句型混为一谈，从而构成相互干扰。 本句型变化的特征在被强调部分或其他部分中找出一个先行词，附上修饰该部分的定语从句，这样整 个句子结构就变得非常复杂。例如： 1 He was nearly drowned once. When was ? was in 1998 he was in middle school. A. that; It; when B.

37、this; This; when C. this; It; that D. that; It; that 简析:本题答案为 A。由于定语从句的干扰作用，相当一部分考生选了D。这样就成了 It was in 1998 that he was in middle school.这样就成了一个强调句型，意为“是在 1998年他上的中学” ， 孤立地看本句虽成立，但联系上下文来看，却属“所问非所答”。因为上文问的是“他何时差点每被 淹死？ ”而非“何时上的中学”。原来when是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰1998。定语从句 when he was in middle school 干扰了强调句型中的

38、that 结构。 在下面的两个句子里，划线部分均为起干扰性的定语从句。 2It was in the village where he was born that he spent his childhood. 简析 ：划线部分为定语从句，修饰先行词 village 。 3 It was playing computer games that cost the boy plenty of time（ that ） he ought to have spent doing his lessons. 简析 ：划线部分作定语从句修饰先行词 time 。本题中有两个 that ，最大的误会就是把二者弄

39、混，第 一个 that 是强调句型中的；第二个 that 是关系代词引导定语从句的。因其作 spent 的宾语，可以省 去。 二、定语从句干扰主句的谓语。 4 The letter we were looking forward to yesterday. A. coming B. came C. come D. has come 简析 ：由于同学们已经记得很熟， look forward to doing sth（ 期待去做某事 ）, to 为介词，因此不 假思索就选 A。其实，we were looking forward to为定语从句，修饰先行词即主语letter ，介词to 的宾语实

40、为主语，而不能对其后的谓语起任何作用，结合时态用法，答案为B。再如： 5 Was the car he had repaired? 简析：本句看似复杂，尤其是受思维习惯的影响把 he had repaired 连在一起，其实去掉定语从句 he had 则水落石出： Was the car repaired? 三、定语从句对和名词性从句的相互干扰。 由于形式上的近似，定语从句对名词性从句起着干扰作用，造成考生分不清究竟是定语从句或是名词 性从句。做此类题时要慎重，细心。 A.定语从句干扰表语从句 6 Is this school your father worked in ten years a

41、go? 7 Is this school your father worked ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one 简析 ：看了半天，眼睛发酸，才发现两题只有一词 （in） 之差，正是这一词之差，第一题选D， your father worked in 作定语从句修饰 the one; 第二题选 A, where 引导后面的句子作表语从句。 下面两句都是定语从句，只不过是关系词的不同。 8 Is this the school that your father visited ten years ago? 9 Is this t

42、he school where your father worked ten years ago? 有时虽同为定语从句，但修饰的先行词却不同： 10 Is this room the one he lived in last year?（修饰 the one ） 11 Is this the room he lived in last year?（修饰 the room ） B 定语从句干扰同位语从句 12 The suggestion you should do it at once is not the one I gave you. A. what; which B. which; wh

43、at C. that; that D. which; that 简析 ：定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。 与 that 从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply , promise, suggestion 等。that 在定语从句中做成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而 that 在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，综上所述，答案为 C。试比较： 13. We all have heard the news that our team won.（同位

44、语从句，that 从句表示 news 的内容， that 在此只起连接作用，不作句子成分。 ） 14. We dont believe the news that/ which he told us the other day. （定语从句，关系代 词 that/which 作 told 的宾语，可以省去 ） C.定语从句干扰主语从句 15. As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China. 简析 ： as 引导非限定性定语从句，指代主句内容，可放在主句前，用逗号与之隔开。 16. It is known to all that Taiwan is pa

45、rt of China. 简析 ： it 作形式主语，代替 that 引导的主语从句。 面是一些同类的例子，请认真把握： 17 The suggestion he thought of was reasonable. (定语从句 ) 18 The suggestion was that he (should) leave immediately. 19 The suggestion that he leave immediately is reasonable. ( 20 It is my suggestion that he leave immediately. ( 21 It is a f

46、act that he was a thief.(主语从句) 22 The fact that he was a thief surprised everyone present. 23 I nearly forgot the fact that he told me yesterday. 24 The war and suffering it caused affected him greatly. 四、定语从句对状语从句的干扰作用。 25 He is a clever boy we all like him. （表语从句） 同位语从句 ） 主语从句 ） （同位语从句） （定语从句） （定语

47、从句） 简析:本题选A。许多考生对suchas结构很熟悉，但没有深入分析 作的成分而误选 B。由于句中him的存在，不能使用 as，这是suchthat 较下列两句: 26 He is such a good student as is liked by everyone. （ 27 He is such a good student that he is liked by everyone. 下面这个题把定语从句和结果状语从句有机地结合在一起，请欣赏: 28 It is such a good place everybody wants to go and visit as 的引导功能和在句子中所 引导的结果状语从句。试比 定语从句 ） 结果状语从句） it is well known A. such; that B. such; as C. so; that D. so; as all over the world. A. that; that B. as; as C. as; that D. that; as 简析:此类试题可看作一个模式：such+名词+as+定语从句+tha