完整版Unit4astronomylearningaboutlanguage

1、Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars Learning about language present presence violent confident different patient violence confidence difference patience 1 Use the correct prefix or suffix for each word. Write out the new word and explain the difference between the two. Discovering useful word

2、s and expressions certain fair paid like kindunkind uncertain unfair unpaid unlike culture globe universe agriculture mathematics mathematical cultural global universal agricultural art physics chemistry biology science scientist artist physicist chemist biologist 1. At the beginning, the earth had

3、no _. A. dust B. atoms C. water D. matter 2. The development of a planet generally depends on _ combining together. A. atoms B. rocks C. gases D. water C A 2 Chooses the correct word to fill in each of these blanks. 3. The _ of mammals happened after the disappearance of the dinosaurs. A. harmful B.

4、 system C. spread D. method 4. Mammals _ when the animals that were harmful to them disappeared. A. prevented B. multiplied C. depended D. existed C B Is the moon a planet? This question is _ if students are to show that they understand the nature of _. fundamental astronomy astronomy atom fundament

5、al puzzle exist prevent from as a result gave birth to 3 Complete the following passage with the words and phrases below in the correct form. Some scientists think that the earth _ the moon because the moon circles our planet. Others believe that the moon _ before the earth was formed. They think th

6、at earlier in time it travelled through space as a small planet which was caught by the earths gravity. _, it goes around our planet. gave birth to existed As a result The evidence for this theory is that the _ that make up the rocks on the moon seem to be different from those on earth. What is clea

7、r is that the moon is smaller than the earth and this _ it _ escaping from the earth. Although its origin may still be a _, the moon can never be anything more than a satellite of the earth. atoms prevents from puzzle violent patient gentle angry rude relaxing kind shocked excited easy-going calm cr

8、azy 4 In pairs divide these adjectives into two groups: emotional words and calm words. Emotional words Calm words violent angry rude shocked excited crazy patient gentle relaxing kind easy-going calm 4. To find your waycan be a problem. What does the underlined part serve as in each sentence? 3.Smo

9、king is bad for you. 2. You are a student. 5. “How do you do?” is a greeting. 6. Itis certain that we shall be late. subject 1. Beijing is our capital. Read the sentences from the text and pay attention to the underlined parts. 1.What it was to becomewas uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion y

10、ears ago 2. it was not clear whether the shape would last or not . 3.What is even more importantis that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. 4.What many scientists believeis that the continued presence 5.Why they suddenly disappearedstill remains a mystery. Noun clauses as

11、 the subject Grammar ?主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，其功同 名词一样。 ?为了避免头重脚轻，常用 it作形式主语, 而把真正 主语放在句子末尾。 How the book will selldepends on its author. That he is the best student in the classis obvious. = It is obvious that he is the best student in the class. 主语从句主语从句 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：引导主语从句的关联词有三类： 1) 从属连词that。如: Thatt

12、hey were true sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显, 她们确是亲姐妹, 她们的脸型很相似。 2)从属连词whether 。如： Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, 连接副词 where, when, how, why 。 What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清

13、楚。 Howthis happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的, 谁也不清楚。 Whoevercomes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 主语从句三要素主语从句三要素 he became a great scientist is known to us all. Is what you told me really true? 谓 语 动 词 一 般 用 单 数 从 句 用 陈 述 语 序 不 能 省 略 关 联 词 Notice: What we need most are books. How 在主语从句中, 谓语一般用单数。 无论他说什么

14、都不重要。 Whatever he saysis of no importance 无论谁说这话都不对。 Whoever saysthat is wrong 但谓语动词用单数还是复数, 不可 一概而论, 而要视句子的意义而定。 What I need is money. What I need arebooks. what 与that在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当 句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而that则不然。 1)Whatyousaidyesterday is right. 2)Thatsheis stillaliveis aconsolation. What

15、ever and whoever Whatever=anything that Whoever=anyone who 不管是谁犯了法, 他都应该受到惩罚。 Whoeverbreaks the law should be punished.= Anyone whobreaks the law should be punished. whether之后可以直接跟or not, 而if 则不能。 I dont care whether or notyour car breaks down. I dont know whether ornothes coming. 但是不可以说： I dont car

16、e if or not your car breaks down. whether 与与 if whether 引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构 (选择问句的后一部分除外 选择问句的后一部分除外); 而而if则可以跟 否定结构,如: I dont care if she doesnt come. I dont care ifit doesnt rain. 但是, 在某些动词或形容词之后, 则可以用则可以用 whether 引导一个否定结构的句子引导一个否定结构的句子, 这种 结构往往表示肯定的含义,如： I wonder whether he doesnt thin

17、k too much of himself. =I think he does think too much of himself. 在个别动词之后, 如discuss 等, 只跟用 whether 引导的宾语从句,如: They discussed whether they should close the shop. We discussed whether Mary could join us. whether 可以引导从句作介词的宾语, 而if则不能,如： Im not interested in whether theyll go or not. whether 可以直接跟动词不定式

18、连用可以直接跟动词不定式连用, 而而if则不能,如: I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. She hasnt decided whether to go or not. 引导主语从句 (包括从句在句首的位置) 应当 用用whether, 不用if,如： Whether it is true remains a problem. Whether he will come, I am not sure. 引导表语从句用whether, 不用if,如: The question is whether you should accept it. The q

19、uestion is whether he will speak at the meeting. 引导同位语从句用whether,不用if,如: The question whether hell attend the meeting is essential. I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan. (NMET1996) 1. _ wellgocamping tomorrow depends ontheweather. 2. I have just discuss _ we should give him enough help.

20、3. They had no idea _ or notthey could achieve their goals. Whether whether whether 不可省略的连词：不可省略的连词： 1. 引导主语,同位语,表语从句的连词不可省略。 2.it作形式宾语的宾语从句 3.并列宾语从句中 并列宾语从句中,后面的从句引导词。 Thatshewaschosenmadeus veryhappy. Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon. Thereasonis thatheis toocareless. I thinkitnecessary thatyoushou

21、ldreadaloud. Hetold(that) hisfatherhaddiedandthathehad tomakealivingbyhimself. 用用it 作形式主语的结构作形式主语的结构(1) (1) It is 名词 从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 (2) It is 形容词 从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 用it 作形式主语的结构(2) (3) It is 不及物动词 从句 It

22、 seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎 (4) It 过去分词 从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 It is said that 据说 1.连接词有： that whether 和 lf 2.连接代词有：who whom whose which what 等 3.连接副词有：when where why how等 另外 whatever whoever whichever等也可以 引导主语和宾语两种从句 。 名词性从句可以表示：事实和问题。 名词性从句

23、中的“that” 没有词义，也不作任何成分。 【即学即练】【即学即练】 1._ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where 2 . _ I have will be yours sooner or later. A. No matter what B. No matter whatever C. Whatever D. That B C 3. _ we will hold the sports meet in time depends o

24、n _ it will be fine. A. If; if B. If; whether C. Whether; if D. Whether; whether 4. _ worries us a lot that so many students drop out of school in the poor mountainous areas. A. It B. That C. One D. What D A 5. _ wants to run a business in this district must get a permit from the government first. A

25、. Who B. Whoever C. No matter who D. Those who B 真题详解 1. -Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? - Oh, thats _. A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited A 解析: 这是由what 引导的一个表语从句 , 在从句 中充当主语, 这句话的意思为: 那是使我感到兴奋 的事。故答案为A。 2. -I d

26、rove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. -Is that _ you had a few days off? A. why B. when C. what D. where 解析: 这是一个由why引导的表语从句, 表示原因。这句话的意思是“这就是 你离开的原因吗?”, 故答案为A。 A 3. Perseverance is a kind of quality and thats _ it takes to do anything well. A. what B. that C. which D. why 解析: what 在表语从句中作 take

27、s 的宾语, 构成 It takes sth. to do sth. 的句型。 答案为A。 A 4. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly _ he wants . A. what B. which C. when D. that 解析: 这是一个宾语从句, wants后面缺少 宾语, Always give the monkey exactly what he wants. 是一句谚语, 意思是永远 给予他人他确

28、实想要的东西。故答案为A。 A It doesnt matter _ you turn right or left at the crossing both roads lead to the park. （2012天津） A. whether B. how C. if D. when 答案：A。 解析：考查 whether 引导主语从句，it 作形式主语。引导主语从句时，只 能用 whether ， 不能用 if。 真题解析真题解析 It suddenly occurred to him _ he had left his keys in the office. （2012 江 西） A.

29、whether B. where C. which D. that 答案：D 解析：此句是 occur to sb. 表示“想到、 想起”的典型句式，that 这里是做引导 主语从句的连接词。 As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _ suits you best. （2012 陕西） A. whatever B whichever C. whenever D. wherever 答案：B 解析：考查名词性从句。所填词引导的从 句做动词 choose 的 宾语，引导词在从句 中做主语。选 B，其余选项与

30、句意不符。 It is still under discussion _ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. (2011 重庆) A. whether B. when C. which D. where 解析：根据句意：旧车站是否被一个现 代化旅馆代替还在讨论之中。后面出现 了or not，故选whether。 A _ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. (2011 北京) A. Which B. What C. T

31、hat D. Whom 解析：What引导的是主语从句，在从句 中充当offers的宾语。句意为：芭芭拉琼 斯为她的粉丝所提供的是诚实和快乐。 B Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious _ the problem itself is. (2011 湖 南) A. what B. that C. which D. why 解析：分析句子结构可知，本句为before 引导的时间状语从句，在从句中it为形式 主语，真正的主语为“_ the problem itself is” ，在此主语从句中又缺少表语， 即用what引导。 A _ s

32、ome people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. （2010 北 京） A. Whether B. What C. That D. How 解析：从句中缺宾语，只能用what来引导， C项中的That 引导主语从句不做成分。 B How about camping this weekend, just for a change? OK, you want. （2010 浙江） Awhichever Bhowever CwhateverDwhoever 解析：句意：“这个周末野营怎么样，来 点新鲜的？”“好啊，按你

33、的意思吧！” 根据语境分析出后者支持前面的提出的观 点。 C It is uncertain side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. (2010 浙江) Athat Bwhat Chow Dwhether 解析：根据句意：尽管大约有两千名病人服 用过这种药物，但是，它会带来什么样的副 作用还不确定。side effect意思是“副作用”， 还原主语从句中的主干是the medicine will bring about _ side effect

34、 。故选择what， 形容词“什么样的”，起修饰作用。 B 高考链接高考链接 1.It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future. (2009 天津) A. as B. which C. whether D. that 2. _ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. (2007 陕西) A. That B. Which C. What D. As 3. It is none of your busine

35、ss _ other people think about you. Believe yourself. ( 2007 福建) A. how B. what C. which D. when 4. _ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007 全国卷II) A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which D C B A 1. _ you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether 2. _ he sai

36、d at the meeting astonished everybody present. A. What B. That C. Which D. Whether 3. On my way home in the street, I saw a lady _ I thought was your aunt. A. who B. what C. which D. whom 4. The Foreign Minister said, “_ is our hope that the two sides will work to-wards peace.” A. This B. That C. Th

37、ere D. It 5. We cannot explain _ quite a number of insects, birds and other animals are dying out. A. that B. as C. why D. when Choose the best answers. C A A D C 6. Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time? A. this B. that C. he D. it 7. _ the sports meet will be held depends on the weather.

38、 A. When ever B. If C. Whether D. That 8. _ beat Xiao Wang black and blue is not known. A. Whom B. Whoever C. Who D. What 9. _ we cant get seems better than _ we have. A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what D C C A 10._ makes mistakes must correct them. A. What B. That C. Whoever D.

39、 Whatever 11. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for 12.When and why he came here _ yet. A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not known 13. _ is no reason for dismissing her. A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes

40、 C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late C B A C 1. A: That light travels in straight lines is known to all. B: _ _ _ _ that light travels in straight lines. 2. A: When the plane is to take off has not been announced. B: _ _ _ _ _ when the plane is to take off. 3. A:

41、It is a mystery to me which of them won the gold medal. B: Which of them won the gold medal _ _ _ to me. 4. A: He hasnt told us the reason for his being late again. B: _ _ _ _ _ has not been told. Its known to all It has not been announced is a mystery Why he was late again 1. Go and get your coat.

42、Its _ you left it. A. there B. where C. there were D. where there 2. The problem is _ he has enough time. A. if B. whether C. / D. that 3. He made a promise _ he would help me. A. what B. when C. that D. which B B C 单项选择单项选择 4. I remember _ this used to be a quiet village. A. how B. when C. where D.

43、 what 5. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. wherever B B 6. Can you make sure _ the gold rings? A. where she had put B. where had she put C. where she has put D. where has she put 7. The reason that has been such a success _ he

44、 never gives up. A. is B. is because C. is that D. is what 8. _ breaks the law should be punished. A.Whoever B. No matter who C. anyone. D. who C C A 9. That is _ I had to take the risk of being washed away. A. why B. reason why C. how D. what 10. Do _ you think is right _ difficulties you may have.

45、 A. what ;however B. that ;whatever C. whatever ; whoever D. what; whatever 11. The workers considered it important _ the boss would agree to give them a rise. A. whether B. how C. where D. which A D A 12. Along with the letter was his promise _ he wouldvisit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. th

46、at C. what D. whether 13. Difficulty lies _ we have no money. A. that B. in that C. in the fact D. in the fact that 14. I don t think the question of _they are old or young is important. A. which B. whether C. how D. why B D B 15. The news _ Lincoln was murdered filled the American people s hearts w

47、ith deep sorrow. A. which B. when C. that D. how 16. _ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present. A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter 17. I don t trust his promise _he will buy me a new car. A. which B. what C. when D. that C A D 18. She received the message _ he would come by plane.

48、A. that B. which C. what D. when 19. Energy is _ makes things work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that 20. Our city has changed a lot,and now it is quite different from _ a few years ago. A. what it used to be B. that it used to be C. which it used to be D. what was it A A A 21. We all know th

49、e truth _ there are air, water and sunlight,there are living things. A. wherever B. where C. that D. that wherever 22. The true value of life is not in _ , but_. A. how you get;that you give B.which you get;what you give C. what you get;what you give D. what do you get;what do you give 23. _ is a fa

50、ct that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It D C D Discovering useful structures 1. His discovery has not yet been proved. What _. 2. Do the other astronomers accept his ideas? It remains a question. Whether _ _. 3. The first appearance of life on ea

51、rth is still a mystery to scientists. How _ _. has not yet been proved is his discovery accepts his ideas remains a question is still a mystery to scientists Ex. 2 other astronomers life first appeared on earth 4. Why is the earth becoming warmer? It is an important topic for research. Why _ _. 5. S

52、tephen Hawking at 65 experienced zero gravity during a flight. It amazed everybody. It amazed everybody _ _. 6. Pluto is no longer considered a planet in our solar system. What a surprise! It is a surprise _ _. at 65 experienced zero gravity during a flight. that Pluto is no longer considered a plan

53、et in our solar system the earth is becoming warmer is an important topic for research that Stephen Hawking Answer key for exercise 3 on page 29 1 4 3 5 2 6 Workbook: Using words and expressions Exercise 1 on page 63 hang out give out break out watch out sell out block out 1.Please move that curtain

54、 as it is _ the light. 2. I was with my friend when a fight _ between the fans of the two football teams. 3. I _ the tickets for the concert to my friends because my brother was playing in it. 4. I waited in line to buy a copy of the new book but they had _ when it was my turn. 5. “If you dont _, yo

55、u will hurt yourself,” said my mother. 6. She took the wet clothes to _ on the wasting line. blockingout brokeout gaveout sold out watch out hangout Exercise 2 on page 63 1. Buddhism is one of the world _ and one of its most famous _ buildings in China is the Potala Palace in Tibet. (religions; reli

56、gious) 2. This girl looked very much _ her mother. However, _ the girls of her age, she dreamed of becoming a physicist. (like; unlike) religions religious like unlike 3. Some dinosaurs were very large but also very _. Young dinosaurs were treated very _ until they became adults. (gently; gentle) 4.

57、 If you want to give a _ about your work on dinosaurs, I suggest you _ it at a public meeting. (present; presentation) gentle gently presentation present Exercise 3 on page 63 1.既然我们已经完成了设计, 就该由公司来进行 建设了。(now that; in ones turn) 2. 火灾没有造成太大损失, 因为消防人员及时 赶到了。(in time) Now that we have finished the des

58、ign, the company, in its turn, will do the construction. The fire did not cause too much damage, because the firefighters arrived in time. 3. 由于强大的引力, 飞船被拖得离卫星很近。 (gravity; pull; satellite; spaceship) 4. 沙尘暴导致了连锁反应, 最后造成火车撞毁。 (chain; reaction; crash) The spaceship was pulled close to the satellite by its strong gravity. The sandstorm led to a chain reaction which ended in a serious train crash