Unit 4Love Is a Fallacy高级英语课件

1、Unit 4 Love Is a Fallacy,Max Shulman,Max Shulman,Max Shulman (March 14, 1919August 28, 1988) is a 20th century American writer, best known for his television and short story character Dobie Gillis, as well as for best-selling novels. His writing often focused on young people, particularly in a colle

2、giate setting.,2,PPT学习交流,Max Shulman,novels: Rally Round the Flag, Boys! Sleep Till Noon. co-writer, with Robert Paul Smith, of the long-running Broadway play, The Tender Trap,3,PPT学习交流,Max Shulman,short stories: Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, which became the basis for a CBS television series of the s

3、ame name, and had previously been the subject of a film, The Affairs of Dobie Gillis (1953).,4,PPT学习交流,Affairs of Dobie Gillis (1953),5,PPT学习交流,Max Shulman,The same year that the series began, 1959, a novel continuing the adventures of Dobie and his friends, I Was a Teenage Dwarf, was published.,6,P

4、PT学习交流,Max Shulman,a screenwriter. He was one of the collaborators on a television documentary, Lights Diamond Jubilee, which was supposedly a celebration of the 75th anniversary of the invention of the light bulb by Thomas A. Edison,7,PPT学习交流,Max Shulman,His humor column, On Campus, was syndicated

5、in over 350 collegiate newspapers at one point. A later novel, Anyone Got a Match?, satirized both the television and tobacco industries, as well as the South and college football.,8,PPT学习交流,Max Shulman,His last major successful project was his work on House Calls, which began as a 1978 movie based

6、on one of his stories and later became a television series (19791981),9,PPT学习交流,Charles Lamb,Charles Lamb (1775-1834) was an English essayist, best known for his Essays of Elia (Elia was his penname) and for the childrens book Tales from Shakespeare, which he produced along with his sister, Mary Lam

7、b.,10,PPT学习交流,从文学史的角度说，兰姆的随笔属于英国浪漫派文学运动的一个分支。从思想上摆脱理性主义的约束，追求个性和感情的解放；从创作方法上摆脱古典主义的限制，追求“我手写我心”在这些根本方面，兰姆和其他英国浪漫派作家并无二致。但不同之处在于：当其他浪漫派作家（如华慈华斯）以农村、大自然。崇高理想、热烈爱情当作自己的汇歌对象时，兰姆在自己的随笔里却以伦敦的城市生活为自己的描写对象；他从城市的芸芸众生中寻找出有诗意的东西，赋予日常生活中的平凡小事以一种浪漫的异彩。,11,PPT学习交流,Thomas Carlyle(1795-1881),British historian and e

8、ssayist The French Revolution (1837), On Heroes, Hero Worship and the Heroic in History (1841) and Past and Present (1843).,12,PPT学习交流,法国革命The French Revolution 论英雄、英雄崇拜和历史上的英雄业绩On Heroes and Hero-Worship 过去与现在Past and Present 人生态度：我们没有能力去阻止已经发生的事情，但我们却有能力去改变已经发生的事情对我们现在生活的影响。接受已经发生的，改变可以改变的。,13,PPT

9、学习交流,John Ruskin(1819-1900),artist, scientist, poet, environmentalist, philosopher, and the pre-eminent art critic of his time.,14,PPT学习交流,现代画家IVModern Painers IV(1843年1960年)7 建筑学七灯The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849年)7 拉斐尔前派Pre-Raphaelitism (1851年)7 威尼斯之石The Stones of Venice (1853年)7 建筑与绘画Archite

10、cture and Painting (1854年)7 艺术的政治经济Political Economy of Art (1857年)7 政治经济散文Essays on Political Economy (1862年)7 时间与潮流Time and Tide (1867年),15,PPT学习交流,that logic, far from being a drypassion, and trauma. Metaphor and hyperbole. Its a metaphor comparing logic to a living human being. Logic is not at a

11、ll a dry, learned branch of learning. It is like a living human being, full of beauty, passion and painful emotional shocks.,16,PPT学习交流,Hyperbole,A figure of speech with the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. Eg. Hamlet: I love Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could

12、 not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum. IBM ThinkPad: Where the worlds most innovative people choose to think. (2003 Ad.),17,PPT学习交流,para 1,Keen, calculating, I was all of these. Keen suggests a vigorous and forceful ability to grapple with complex or obscure problems Acute suggests a

13、 fine sensitivity or receptivity to nuances that might escape others. Perspicacious is the most formal of these words; it stresses intensity of perception, Calculating means shrewd or cunning.,18,PPT学习交流,My brain was as powerful as a dynamo,a scalpel. Simile and Hyperbole The narrator use 3 similes

14、to praise himself, which shows he is proud of himself.,19,PPT学习交流,para 2,Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. simile. He and I are the same age and have the same background but he is as stupid as ox. nothing upstairs: empty-headed Fads, negation of reason. I believe following passing crazes

15、 shows a complete lack of sound judgment.,20,PPT学习交流,Raccoon and raccoon coat,21,PPT学习交流,22,PPT学习交流,The position at the start is as follows: Mans left foot behind the right, left toe at the heel of the right, both toes turned outhis partners right foot in front of her left, her right heel at the toe

16、 of her left foot, both toes turned out. The man raises the left foot and at the same time raises on the toe of the right, turn both toes in, twisting on the ball of the right foot. With the feet in this position, both toes are twisted out, with the mans left heel in front of his right toehis partne

17、rs right heel in front at her left toe.,23,PPT学习交流,The man raises his left foot, at the same time rising on the ball of the right foot, and twists both toes in, then puts his left foot behind the right one, and on the balls of both feet twists both toes outhis left toe behind at the right heel. His

18、partner raises her right foot, at the same time rising on the ball of her left foot and twists both toes in, then puts her right foot in front and on the balls of both feet turns both toes outher right toe in front at her left heel. A toddle movement is taken through-out all the Charleston steps, on

19、 the foot on which the weight happens to be.,24,PPT学习交流,para20,She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions. She was beautiful and attractive enough to arouse the desires and passions of men.,25,PPT学习交流,But I was not oneto let my heart rule my head metonymy Im guided in my actions by reason

20、and good sense and not by feelings and emotions. “Heart” stands for “feelings and emotions” and “head” for “reason and good sense”.,26,PPT学习交流,para21,With one omission, Polly fitted the specifications perfectly. Specification: (usu. plural) a statement or enumeration of particulars, as to actual or

21、required size, quality, performance, terms, etc. he wanted to sound exactly like somebody talking about a serious business transaction.,27,PPT学习交流,I felt sure that time would supply the lack,Pin-up: a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on wa

22、lls proportion: shapes of the body time will give her a perfect figure. But he deliberately avoids using those explicit words describing female physical attractions.,28,PPT学习交流,She already had the makings. She already had all the physical qualities needed for developing into a very beautiful woman.,

23、29,PPT学习交流,para23,Carriage, bearing, poise “bearing” denotes manner of carrying or conducting oneself and refers to characteristic physical and mental posture. “Carriage” stresses the physical aspects of a persons bearing,30,PPT学习交流,without even getting her fingers moist: (showing her dainty and ref

24、ined table manner) Her fingers didnt even get slightly wet.,31,PPT学习交流,para24,In fact she veered in the opposite direction. In fact, she went in the opposite direction. she was rather stupid.,32,PPT学习交流,para27,I mean are you going steady or anything like that? to go steady: to date someone of the op

25、posite sex regularly and exclusively; be sweethearts I mean are you two sweethearts?,33,PPT学习交流,para37,I said with a mysterious wink A transferred epithet. He said mysteriously with a wink,34,PPT学习交流,35,PPT学习交流,para47,He was a torn man. He was agitated and tormented, not knowing what was the right t

26、hing to do? Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Set his jaw: he put his jaw in a fixed or rigid position. This action shows his fixed, unyielding determination.,36,PPT学习交流,desire waxing, resolution waning thw desire to have the coat is stronger and stronger, while the resolution to keep

27、the girl is disappearing he just stood and stared with mad lust at he coat. Hyperbole. Its an exaggeration to describe his longing for the coat as “mad lust”. He stood there, looking with great longing at the coat.,37,PPT学习交流,para52,Its just been a casual kick-just a few laughs, thats all. Casual ki

28、ck: a casual relationship; a passing affair; not a serious commitment A final reason that eases Peteys conscience. We occasionally went out for a bit of fun, thats all.,38,PPT学习交流,Pollys language,The writer deliberately makes Polly use a lot of exclamatory words like” Gee, O, wow-dow” and clipped vu

29、lgar forms like “delish, marvy, sensaysh”, etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. Pollys language strongly contrasts with that of the narrators, thus increasing the force of satire and irony.,39,PPT学习交流,para58,This loomed as a project of no small dimensions To teach her to

30、 think appeared to be a vey big task, and at first I even thought of giving her back to petey. understatement,40,PPT学习交流,Understatement,a figure of speech with deliberate use of understating a fact, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is mere implied or left unsaid than by bare statem

31、ent.,41,PPT学习交流,But then I got to think about her abundant physical charmsknife and fork The way she entered a room: her carriage and poise of bearing The way she handled a knife and fork: her refined table manners In this sentence, the narrator reconsiders Pollys good points or those qualities whic

32、h made him choose Polly as his prospective wife,42,PPT学习交流,Paras 62-95 the first logic lesson, you would go far to find another so agreeable. Its not that easy to find a girl so agreeable. It will be better if you stop tugging my sleeves I would rather you dont pull my sleeves, showing his disrespec

33、t for Polly.,43,PPT学习交流,I was getting nowhere with this girl. I was making no progress with this girl. This girl simply had a logic-proof head. Polly had a head that was resistant to logic.,44,PPT学习交流,Who knew? He might succeed in teaching Polly some logic. Nobody could tell for sure Maybe somewhere

34、 in the a few embers still smoldered. Metaphor. comparing Pollys mind to the extinct crater of a volcane, and “embers” to some sparks of intelligence. Perhaps there is still some intelligence left in Pollys empty (or stupid) mind.,45,PPT学习交流,Admittedly it was not a prospect fraught with hope. One mu

35、st admit that the outcome does not look very hopeful.,46,PPT学习交流,Paras 96-121 the second logic lesson,it just knocked me out. I was excited and filled with pleasure by the movie That Walter Pidgeon is so dreamy. That well-known actor Walter Pidgeon is so wonderful I mean he fractures me when I see h

36、is tragic fate, he breaks my heart,47,PPT学习交流,There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. There is a limit to what any human being can bear. I watched her closely as she knit in concentration. I watched her as she thought very hard.,48,PPT学习交流,a glimmer of intelligence came into her eyes From

37、 her eyes I could see that for the first time she was beginning to understand the problem. with an airy wave of her hand She waved her hand in a happy manner. she was pleased with the praise she received from her boyfriend.,49,PPT学习交流,Over and over and over again I without let-up. Over and over agai

38、n I gave examples and pointed out the logical mistakes involved. I kept emphasizing all this without stopping.,50,PPT学习交流,I had made a logician out of Polly. I had turned Polly into a logician. She was a fit wife for mefor my well-heeled children. He describes the role, which he thinks, a wife shoul

39、d play. First she should be a proper hostess of a rich man who owns many mansions. Second, she should be a good mother and properly look after his rich and rosperous children.,51,PPT学习交流,para122-,proposal for a marriage,52,PPT学习交流,Pygmalion,Pygmalion, in Roman mythology, sculptor of Cyprus. Pygmalio

40、n hated women and resolved never to marry. He worked, however, for many months on a statue of a beautiful woman, and eventually fell madly in love with it. Disconsolate because the statue remained lifeless and could not respond to his caresses, Pygmalion prayed to Venus, goddess of love, to send him

41、 a maiden like his statue. Venus answered his prayer by endowing the statue with life. The maiden, whom Pygmalion called Galatea, returned his love and bore him a son, Paphos, from whom the city sacred to Venus received its name.,53,PPT学习交流,Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw,Based on classical myth, Bernard

42、Shaws Pygmalion plays on the complex business of human relationships in a social world. Phonetics Professor Henry Higgins tutors the very Cockney Eliza Doolittle, not only in the refinement of speech, but also in the refinement of her manner. When the end result produces a very ladylike Miss Doolitt

43、le, the lessons learned become much more far reaching. The successful musical My Fair Lady was based on this Bernard Shaw classic.,54,PPT学习交流,para129,I beg your pardon. He uses this polite formula to express his surprise and disbelief. He did not know how to respond to Pollys answer. The dear child

44、had learned her lessons well. he was very proud of his hard work teaching Polly about Logic. patting her hand in a tolerant manner He patted her hand in such a way as to show that he was ready to ignore something he did not quite like.,55,PPT学习交流,frankenstein,Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft (1797-1851)

45、, English novelist. Wife of poet Percy Bysshe Shelley 主人公弗兰肯斯坦是一位从事人的生命科学研究的学者，他力图用人工创造出生命。在他的实验室里，通过无数次的探索，他创造了一个面目可憎，奇丑无比的怪物。 开始时，这人造的怪物秉性善良，对人充满了善意和感恩之情。他要求他的创造者和人们给予他人生的种种权利，甚至要求为他创造一个配偶。 但是，当他处处受到他的创造者和人们的嫌恶和岐视时，他感到非常痛苦。他憎恨一切，他想毁灭一切。 他杀害了弗兰肯斯坦的弟弟威廉，他又谋害弗兰肯斯坦的未婚妻伊丽莎白。弗兰肯斯坦怀着满腔怒火追捕他所创造的恶魔般的怪物。 最后

46、，在搏斗中，弗兰肯斯坦去世，怪物很懊悔，最后跳海自杀。,56,PPT学习交流,Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me. Desperately I tried to stop the feeling fo panic that was overwhelming me.,57,PPT学习交流,“Polly” I croaked, “you mustnt take all these things so literally his feelings turn from exasperation to desper

47、ation. He is making attempt to win Pollys love. Polly, you mustnt take all the logical fallacies I taught you seriously,58,PPT学习交流,I mean this is just classroom stuff. I mean that all the fallacies I taught you are just things taught in a classroom. Implying they have no real use, that they are fool

48、ish or worthless ideas.,59,PPT学习交流,That did it. That was the final straw. That made me finally lose my patience completely. that” refers to Pollys last answer and “it” to his loss of temper.,60,PPT学习交流,I reeled back, overcome with the infamy of it. I was astonished and stepped back by such shameful

49、act of Pollys.,61,PPT学习交流,V. Exercises and explanation,I. 1. The writer humorously uses words like “limp”, “flaccid” and “spogny” to describe his essay. Naturally he doesnt believe his essay to be bad or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well known for h

50、is humor. 2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing thing, full of b

51、eauty, passion, and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.,62,PPT学习交流,V. Exercises and explanation,3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Peteys worst fault is that h

52、e is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along. 4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary quali

53、ties her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the “logical fallacies” she had been taught to reject his offer. 5. Students choice.,63,PPT学习交流,V. Exercises and explanation,IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or “a dicto sim

54、pliciter ad dictum secundum quid” (see notes to the text, point 7) 2. The fallacy of Hasty Generaliztion 3. The fallacy of “post hoc, ergo propter hoc” (see notes to the text, point 8) 4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact 5. The fallacy of “post hoc, ergo propter hoc” 6. The fallacy of ad m

55、isericordiam (see notes to the text, point 9) 7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or “a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid” (see notes to the text, point 7) 8. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization,64,PPT学习交流,V. Exercises and explanation,V. 145 我把额上的汗珠摔掉。“波利”，我声音嘶哑地说道，“不要那么死板地去接受这些东西。我

56、是说那只是在课堂上讲讲的。你要知道学校里学的东西跟现实生活毫不相关”。 “缺少理由的判断”，她说道，嬉戏地向我摇指头。 这一下可炸了。我猛地跳起来，象一头公牛似的吼叫着。“你想还是不想跟我确定关系？” “我不想”， 她答道。 “为什么不想”？我追问道。 “因为今天下午我答应皮特. 伯奇，我愿意跟他把关系定下来”。,65,PPT学习交流,V. Exercises and explanation,这种背信弃义的丑事把我气得倒退了好几步。皮特答应了我。跟我达成了协议，跟我握了手，完了又去干这种事。 “这个出卖朋友的家伙！”我尖着嗓子大叫，把一块块草皮给踢了起来。“你不能跟他，波利。他谎话连篇，他是个

57、骗子， 他是个出卖朋友的家伙”。 “井里下毒”，波利说道。“你别大叫大嚷了。我认为大叫大嚷一定也是一种误。” 我以及大的意志力把语气缓和下来。“好吧”，我道。“你是一个逻辑学家。那就让我们从逻辑上来分析一下这件事。你怎么会看中皮特，而不是我呢？你瞧我一个出色的学生，一个了不起的知识分子，一个前途有绝对保障的 再看看人。再看看皮特一个笨蛋，一个感情无常的人，一个吃了上顿不知有没有下顿的家伙。你能提出一个合乎逻辑的理由来说明为什么要跟皮特相好吗？” “我当然能”，波利道。“他有一件浣熊毛皮大衣。”,66,PPT学习交流,V. Exercises and explanation,VII. 1. Fa

58、shion is the prevailing custom in dress, manners, speech, etc. of a particular place or time, especially as established by the dominant section of society or the leaders in the fields of art, literature, etc. Fad stresses the impulsive enthusiasm with which a fashion is taken up for a short time. 2.

59、 Incredulous shows a persons unwillingness or inability to believe. Incredible generally describes something that is too unusual or improbable to be possible, something unbelievable. 3. Passion usually implies a strong emotion that has an overpowering or compelling effect, connoting especially sexual love or intense anger. 4. Eagerness: implies great enthusiasm, zeal, or sometimes impatience in the desire for or pursuit of something.,67,PPT学习交流,V. Exercises and explanation,5. Feeling, when unqualified in the context, refers to any of the subjective reactions,