Chapter7CargoInsurance课件解析

1、Chapter 7 Cargo Transportation Insurance 国际货物运输保险国际货物运输保险 Contents 1 General Introduction Marine Risks and Losses Marine Insurance Coverage Application Issues Procedures of Cargo insurance 2 3 4 5 Contents 1 General Introduction Marine Risks and Losses Marine Insurance Coverage Application Issues Pr

2、ocedures of Cargo insurance 2 3 4 5 1. General Introduction 1.1 Definition 1.2 Parties Involved 1.3 Foundamental Principles in Cargo Insurance ? ? ? 1.1 Definition ? Insurance “the practice of sharing among many persons, risks of life or property that would otherwise be suffered by only a few. ” ? I

3、nternational cargo transportation insurance Refers to the fact that the insured (被保险人) covers insurance for the shipment with the insurer ( 保险人), i.e., the insurance company before shipment. 1.2 Parties Involved ? the insurant / insured/assured 投保人投保人 The party that buys insurance ? the insurer 保险人保

4、险人 The party undertaking to indemnify the insurant against losses or damages ? the claimant 索赔人索赔人 The insurant may not necessarily be the claimant Depending on: who has the insurable interest of the goods when the goods are damaged or lost 1.3 Principles in Insurance ? The Insurable Interest Princi

5、ple 可保利益原则可保利益原则 ? The Utmost Good Faith Principle 最大诚信原则最大诚信原则 ? The Indemnity Principle 赔偿原则赔偿原则 ? The Proximate Principle 近因原则近因原则 ? The Subrogation Principle 代位求偿权原则代位求偿权原则 ? The Share Principle 分担原则分担原则 The Insurable Interest Principle ? 可保利益可保利益 It refers to the financial interest of a person

6、in the subject matter insured ? Forms of insurable interest: Ownership of the goods Charge of insurance Freight ? A policy without insurable interest is invalid ? Proof of insurable interest is required at the time of making a claim, not at the time of effecting an insurance The Utmost Good Faith Pr

7、inciple ? 最大诚信原则最大诚信原则 ? Both parties be faithful and honest in entering into the insurance contract ? The insurant shall expose to the insurer all the important facts that will influence the judgment and evaluation by the insurer to the perils. ? Avoidance of the contract The Indemnity Principle ?

8、赔偿原则赔偿原则 ? Means of effecting indemnity In theory: by replacing the ships or goods lost or damaged In practice: by paying an amount of money equal to the value of the goods lost or damaged ? Extent of indemnity: total indemnification be limited to the insurance amount: 110% of the insured value the

9、actual loss suffered the insurable interest of the claimant The Proximate Cause Principle ? 近因原则近因原则 employed in the judgment of causation between accidents and losses refers to the major and/or effective (not necessary the first or the last, but the dominant) cause that has led to the accident. The

10、 insurer shall only be responsible for the loss resulted from the dominant cause. The Subrogation Principle ? 代位求偿原则代位求偿原则 When the loss of the property insured is caused by a third party, the insurer is automatically entitled to seek compensation from the third party after indemnification has been

11、made to the insurant. ? The amount recovered The amount recovered shall be limited to the amount of the claim paid under the insurance. If the insurer may recover more than the amount paid by him as a claim, he must pass the surplus proceeds to the insured. The Share Principle ? 分担原则分担原则 Under the c

12、ircumstance of double insurance, all the insurers shall bear the loss on the subject matter jointly and share the loss according to their respective insurance proportion. ? Double insurance ? Each insurer is normally only liable, in case of total loss, to pay the insured to the extent of the sum wri

13、tten against his own name (the amount of his subscription) in case of partial loss, some proportion of that sum. Contents 1 General Introduction Marine Risks and Losses Marine Insurance Coverage Application Issues Procedures of Cargo insurance 2 3 4 5 2. Marine Risks and Losses ? Perils 风险风险 Refer t

14、o risks which occur at sea, or at the place where the ocean and land, or the ocean and the inland river, or the ocean and the lighter ( 驳船) are connected. 风险风险 2.1 Marine Risks Natural calamities 自然灾害自然灾害 Perils of the sea 海上风险海上风险 Unexpected accidents/ fortuitous accidents 意外事故意外事故 General risks Ex

15、ternal / Extraneous 一般外来风险一般外来风险 risks 外来风险外来风险 Special risks 特殊外来风险特殊外来风险 Risks 2.1.1 Perils of the sea 海上风险 a) Natural Calamities 自然灾害自然灾害 ?Are caused by the forces resulting from the changes of nature, e.g., vile weather ( 恶劣天气), thunder (雷), lightning ( 闪电), tsunami (海啸), earthquake, flood, etc.

16、 b) Fortuitous Accidents 意外灾害意外灾害 ?Include accidents resulting from unexpected causes, the carrying conveyance being grounded ( 搁浅), stranded (触礁), or in collision with floating ice ( 和漂冰相撞) or other objects, as well as fire or explosion. 2.1.2 External / Extraneous risks 外来风险 ? General risks 一般外来险一

17、般外来险 Caused by common factors such as theft, fresh water rain, shortage, leakage, clash and breakage, odor, heating and sweating, hook damage, rust, breakage of packing, etc. ? Special risks 特殊外来险特殊外来险 Caused by military factors, political factors, government regulations such as war, striking, confi

18、scation, etc. 2.2 Marine Losses 损失损失 Total loss 全部损失全部损失 部分损失部分损失 Actual total loss 实际全损实际全损 Constructive total loss 推定全损推定全损 General average 共同海损共同海损 Particular average 单独海损单独海损 Losses Partial loss 2.2.1 Marine Losses ? Total Loss : loss of the entire value of the subject matter 全部损失全部损失 Actual tot

19、al loss 实际全损实际全损 ?cargo has been totally lost or has been damaged to the extent that it has lost its original usage Constructive total loss 推定全损推定全损 ?cargo is not totally lost, but the actual total loss shall be unavoidable or the restoration fees together with other miscellaneous expenses will exce

20、ed the anticipated amount of profit. 2.2.2 Marine Losses ? Partial Loss: a partial damage to or the total loss of part of the insured cargo. 部分损失部分损失 General average 共同海损共同海损 Particular average 单独海损单独海损 2.2.2 Marine Losses ? Partial Loss: a partial damage to or the total loss of part of the insured

21、cargo. 部分损失部分损失 General average 共同海损共同海损 ? A partial & deliberate sacrifice of the ship, freight, or cargo, or additional expenses incurred to rescue a ship and its cargo from impeding danger or for the common safety of the adventure under a peril of the sea or some other hazards. 2.2.2 general aver

22、age 共同海损 ? Conditions for general average Danger threatening common safety materially exists, not foreseen. Measures shall be taken deliberately & reasonably for common interest, aiming to remove the common danger of both vessel and cargo Sacrifice shall not be caused by perils directly Sacrifice is

23、 specialized & expenses are additional , not within operation budget, Actions shall be successful in saving the voyage 2.2.2 general average 共同海损 ? G.A. Contribution The party suffering G.A. is entitled to a ratable contribution from the other parties interested. Two kinds of general average loss: ?

24、 Sacrifice of part of the vessel or cargo ? Expenses incurred Loss & expenses shall be shared among carrier, cargo owners in proportion to their respective interested value benefited from the G.A. 2.2.2 general average 共同海损 ? The calculation of G.A. Contribution To identify the total general average

25、 loss. ? Total GA loss = the sum of sacrifices + the extraordinary expenses To identify the total general average contributory value. ? The contributory value refers to the value of property saved as the result of the general average act. ? Total GA contributory value = the actual value of the prope

26、rty saved + GA loss excluding additional expenses 2.2.2 general average 共同海损 ? The calculation of G.A. Contribution To calculate the general average percentage . Total GA Loss GA Percentage = Total GA Contributory Value 100% To specify the individual general average contribution of all parties conce

27、rned. GA Contribution = Contributory Value GA percentage 2.2.2 general average 共同海损 ? Suppose a cargo vessel loaded with cargo of Party A and Party B stranded in transit. To save the vessel as well as the goods on it, the master ordered to throw 1000 cases of goods to the sea. The value of the goods

28、 thrown overboard for Party A is 20% of his goods (the total value of his goods is CNY20000) and that for Party B is 10% of his goods (the total value of his goods is CNY60000). Extra wages for the seamen to perform the act amounted to CNY5000. The value of the vessel is about CNY5000000. Based on t

29、he information above what is the G.A. contribution for each party involved? 2.2.3 Particular Average 单独海损 Particular Average ( 单独海损单独海损) Means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of damage does not reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss, which shall be borne by the

30、owner of this individual consignment. ?A partial loss of the subject matter insured caused directly by a peril insured against, ?No other cargo sacrificed to save the voyage ?The owner who suffered the damage refer to the insurance company provided his policy covers the specific loss . 2.2.3 G.A. V.

31、S. P.A. ? Differences between GA and PA Causes ?PA is usually caused directly by sea perils, ?GA is caused by intentional measures taken to save the common interest. Indemnification ?PA is often borne by the party whose cargo is damaged ?GA should be proportionally contributed among all parties bene

32、fited from the intentional measures. 2.2.3 G.A. V.S. P.A. 比较项目比较项目 致损致损 原因原因 损失的损失的 承担者承担者 损失的损失的 内容内容 ?A 单独海损单独海损 共同海损共同海损 由所承保的风险直接由所承保的风险直接 导致船、货受损导致船、货受损 受损者自己承担受损者自己承担 为解除或减轻风险，为解除或减轻风险， 人为地有意识地造成人为地有意识地造成 受益各方根据获救利受益各方根据获救利 益的大小按比例分摊益的大小按比例分摊 除保险标的外，还除保险标的外，还 包括支出的特殊费用包括支出的特殊费用 保险标的物保险标的物 2.2.

33、4 Expenses incurred ? Sue or labor expenses施救费用施救费用 所谓施救费用是指被保险货物在遭受承保责任范围内 所谓施救费用是指被保险货物在遭受承保责任范围内 的灾害事故时，被保险人或其代理人或保险单受让人，的灾害事故时，被保险人或其代理人或保险单受让人， 为了避免或减少损失，采取各种措施而支出的合理费为了避免或减少损失，采取各种措施而支出的合理费 用。用。 When the subject matter suffers the risks within insurance coverage the insured takes measures to a

34、vert or minimize the loss or damage to the subject matter insured. The insurer pays sue or labor expenses to the insured 2.2.4 Expenses incurred ? Salvage charge 救助费用救助费用 所谓救助费用是指被保险货物在遭受承保责任 所谓救助费用是指被保险货物在遭受承保责任 范围内的灾害事故时，保险人或被保险人以外范围内的灾害事故时，保险人或被保险人以外 的第三者采取了有效的救助措施的第三者采取了有效的救助措施, 在救助成功在救助成功 后，由被救

35、方付给救助人的一种报酬。后，由被救方付给救助人的一种报酬。 When the subject matter suffers the risks within insurance coverage A third party other than the insured takes measures to save the subject matter If the salvage effective and successful, charges can be recovered. ( “ No-Cure ，No-Pay” principle) Contents 1 General Intro

36、duction Marine Risks and Losses Marine Insurance Coverage Application Issues Procedures of Cargo insurance 2 3 4 5 3. Marine Insurance Coverage ? Insurance Coverage 保险险别保险险别 Basic risks 基本险基本险, main insurance, can be underwritten independently. ?Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.) ? With Particula

37、r Average (W.P.A. or W.A.) ? All Risks Additional risks 附加险附加险: can not be covered independently ? General additional risks 一般附加险一般附加险 ?Special additional risks 特殊附加险特殊附加险 3. Marine Insurance Coverage ? According to “ China Insurance Clauses ” (CIC) 中国保险中国保险 条款条款 基本险别基本险别 Basic Risks 平安险（平安险（FPA） 一切

38、险（一切险（AR） 水渍险（水渍险（WPA/WA） 附加险别附加险别 Additional Risks 一般附加险一般附加险 General Additional Risks 特殊附加险特殊附加险 Special additional Risks 3.1 Basic Insurance Coverage ? FPA 平安险平安险 Non-liability of indemnification to a particular average The most limited scope of coverage ? WPA(WA) 水渍险水渍险 One step further from FPA

39、: the partial loss of the insured goods caused directly by natural calamities WPA = FPA + partial loss due to natural calamities ? AR 一切险一切险 Most comprehensive coverage All risks shall not cover all risks, excluding special additional coverage and exclusions AR = WPA + general additional insurance c

40、overage 3.1.1 FPA 平安险平安险 ? Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.) 平安险平安险 1. Total loss (actual or constructive) of the whole consignment hereby insured caused in the course of transit by natural calamities, such as vile weather, thunder etc. 在运输过程中在运输过程中,由于自然灾害造成被保险货物的由于自然灾害造成被保险货物的 实际全损或推定全损实际全损或推定全

41、损 3.1.1 FPA 平安险平安险 ? Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.) 平安险平安险 2. Total loss caused by fortuitous accidents, such as the carrying vessel being grounded, stranded, sunk, etc. 由于运输工具遭遇搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞与 由于运输工具遭遇搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞与 流冰或其他物体碰撞以及失火、爆炸等意外事流冰或其他物体碰撞以及失火、爆炸等意外事 故造成被保险货物的故造成被保险货物的全部损失全部损失。 3.1.1 FPA 平安

42、险平安险 ? Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.) 平安险平安险 3. Partial loss caused by vile weather, lightning and/or Tsunami, etc. where the conveyance has been grounded, stranded, sunk or burnt, irrespective of whether the event or events take place before or after such accidents 只要运输工具曾经发生搁浅、触礁、沉没、焚毁等意只要运

43、输工具曾经发生搁浅、触礁、沉没、焚毁等意 外事故，不论这意外事故发生之前或者以后曾在海上外事故，不论这意外事故发生之前或者以后曾在海上 遭遇恶劣气候、雷电、海啸等自然灾害造成的被保险遭遇恶劣气候、雷电、海啸等自然灾害造成的被保险 货物的部分损失。货物的部分损失。 3.1.1 FPA 平安险平安险 ? Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.) 平安险平安险 4. Sacrifice in and contribution to general average, and salvage charges resulting from the above mentio

44、ned accidents as well as other reasonable expenses in salvaging the cargoes from perils. 共同海损的牺牲、分摊和救助费用。被保险人共同海损的牺牲、分摊和救助费用。被保险人 对遭受承保责任内危险的货物采取抢救、防止对遭受承保责任内危险的货物采取抢救、防止 或减少货损措施支付的合理费用，但以不超过或减少货损措施支付的合理费用，但以不超过 该批被救货物的保险金额为限。该批被救货物的保险金额为限。 3.1.2 水渍险（水渍险（WPA/WA） ? With Particular Average (W.P.A. or

45、W.A.) 水渍险 It covers partial loss due to vile weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/or flood as well as the risks covered under F.P.A. condition as mentioned above. 水渍险的责任范围除了包括上列 水渍险的责任范围除了包括上列“ 平安险平安险” 的各的各 项责任外，还负责被保险货物由于恶劣气候、项责任外，还负责被保险货物由于恶劣气候、 雷电、海啸、地震、洪水等自然灾害所造成的雷电、海啸、地震、洪水等自然灾害所造成的 部分损失

46、部分损失。 3.1.3 一切险（AR） ? All Risks 一切险一切险 Aside from the risks covered under the F.P.A. and W.A. conditions as above, this insurance also covers all risks of losses or damage to the insured goods whether partial or total, arising from external causes in the course of transit. 一切险的承保范围，除平安险和水渍险的各项 一切险的承

47、保范围，除平安险和水渍险的各项 责任外，还负责被保货物在运输途中由于一般责任外，还负责被保货物在运输途中由于一般 外来原因所造成的全部或部分损失。外来原因所造成的全部或部分损失。 3.2 Additional Risks 附加险附加险 ? General additional risks 一般附加险一般附加险 ? Special Additional Risks 特殊附加险特殊附加险 3.2 Additional Risks 附加险附加险 ? General additional insurance coverage (11 types) TPND (Theft, Pilferage and

48、Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险 Fresh Water Rain Damage Risk of Shortage 淡水雨淋险 短量险 Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂沾污险 Risk of Leakage 渗漏险 3.2 Additional Risks 附加险附加险 ? General additional insurance coverage (11 types) Risk of Clash and Breakage Risk of Odor 碰损破碎险 串味险 受热受潮险 Damage caused by Heating an

49、d Sweating Hook Damage Risk of Rust 勾损险 生锈险 Loss for Damage Caused by Breakage of Packing 包装破裂险 3.2 Additional Risks 附加险附加险 ? Special additional coverage (8 types ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? War Risk 战争险 Strikes, Riots & Commotions (S.R.C.C.) 罢工民变险 Failure to Delivery Risk 交货不到险 Import Duty Risk 进口关税险 On Deck

50、 Risk 舱面风险 Rejection Risk 拒收险 Aflatoxin Risk 黄曲霉素险 Fire risk extension clause for storage of cargo at destination Hongkong, including Lowloon or Macao 出口货物到香港（包 括九龙在内）或澳门在存仓火险责任扩张险 Contents 1 General Introduction Marine Risks and Losses Marine Insurance Coverage Application Issues Procedures of Carg

51、o insurance 2 3 4 5 4.1 Exclusions 除外责任除外责任 ? Exclusions 除外责任除外责任 Refers to losses and expenses for which the insurance company declares clearly not to be responsible. 除外责任指保险不予负责的损失或费用 除外责任指保险不予负责的损失或费用 4.1 Exclusions 除外责任除外责任 ? Exclusions usu. include: Loss or damage caused by intentional act or f

52、ault of the insured 被保险人的故意行为或过失所造成的损失 被保险人的故意行为或过失所造成的损失 Loss or damage due to the responsibility of the consignor 属于发货人责任引起的损失属于发货人责任引起的损失 Inferior quality or shortage in quantity before the commencement of the insurance duty 在保险责任开始在保险责任开始 前，被保险货物已存在的品质不良或数量短差所造成前，被保险货物已存在的品质不良或数量短差所造成 的损失的损失 4.1

53、 Exclusions 除外责任除外责任 ? Exclusions usu. include: Natural loss, inherent vice or nature of the insured goods 被被 保险货物的自然损耗、本质缺陷、特性所造成的损失保险货物的自然损耗、本质缺陷、特性所造成的损失 和费用；和费用； Loss of the market price of the insured goods 被保险货物被保险货物 的市价跌落所造成的损失和费用；的市价跌落所造成的损失和费用； Loss due to delay in transportation and any ex

54、penses arising therefrom. 运输延迟所造成的损失和费用；运输延迟所造成的损失和费用； 4.2 Duration of Insurance ? Commencement and Termination of Insurance Duty 保险保险 责任的起讫责任的起讫 ? the period throughout which the insurance company undertakes an insurance liability. Basic Insurance: “ W/W ” clause “ 仓至仓条款仓至仓条款” Cover pre-shipment an

55、d post-shipment risks “ W/W ” clause: “ 仓至仓条款仓至仓条款” An overriding time limit of sixty days after the completion of discharge of the insured goods from the seagoing vessel at the final port of discharge. 4.2 Duration of Insurance ? Commencement and Termination of Insurance Duty 保险责任的起讫保险责任的起讫 ? 仓至仓：仓

56、至仓： 保险责任自被保险货物运离保险单所载明的起运地仓 保险责任自被保险货物运离保险单所载明的起运地仓 库或储存处所开始运输时生效。包括正常运输过程中库或储存处所开始运输时生效。包括正常运输过程中 的海上，陆上，内河和驳船运输在内，直到该项货物的海上，陆上，内河和驳船运输在内，直到该项货物 到达保险单所载明目的地收货人的最后仓库或储存处到达保险单所载明目的地收货人的最后仓库或储存处 所为止。所为止。 但被保险的货物在最后到达卸载港卸离海轮后，保险 但被保险的货物在最后到达卸载港卸离海轮后，保险 责任以责任以60天为限。天为限。 4.2 Duration of Insurance ? Comme

57、ncement and Termination of Insurance Duty 保险责任的起讫保险责任的起讫 ? War Risk W/W Clause not suitable for W.R. From the time the goods insured loaded on board the vessel named in the Policy for the commencement of the transit Until the insured goods are unloaded from the named vessel at the port of destinatio

58、n named in the Policy If not unloaded, limited to 15 days after the midnight of the day when the vessel arrive at the port of destination 4.3 Insurance Clauses ? London Institute Cargo Clauses (ICC) 伦敦保险协会伦敦保险协会 海运货物保险条款海运货物保险条款 Institute Cargo Clauses (A) ICC (A) Institute Cargo Clauses (B) ICC (B)

59、 Institute Cargo Clauses (C) ICC (C) Institute War Clauses Cargo Institute Strike Clauses Cargo Malicious Damage Clauses 4.4 Other types of cargo insurance ? Two types of overland insurance Overland Transportation Risk WPA Overland transportation All Risks A.R. Duration of insurance: W/W clause ? Tw

60、o types of air insurance Air transportation Risk WPA Air transportation All Risks A.R. Duration of insurance: W/W clause, but the insurance shall be limited to 30 days after completion of discharge of the insured goods from the aircraft at the final airport of discharge. Contents 1 General Introduct