4主旨大意类专项练习解析版

1、第四讲 主旨大意类专项练习【分类真题】（2019年全国卷 II ，D）Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms （微生物） from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It

2、 s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA enginee

3、rs. For the past two years, Gordon s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they solution （解决方案） .“ We don t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,says Florence Gold, a project manager.There are no tests, Gordon says. The

4、re is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other thanAre you working towards your goal? Basically, it s I ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA. Engineers come and really do an in- person review, and. it s not a very nice thing attimes. It s a har

5、d business review of your product.Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact（ 影响） on college admissions and practical life skills.These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don t teach. And that annoyingGordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about t

6、he problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A. They are hard to get rid of.B. They lead to air pollution.C. They appear in different forms.D. They damage the instruments.【答案】 .A【解析】推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们对国际空间站的细菌的了解有哪些？

7、根据题干中的关键词 bacteria in the International Space Station 可定位至第一段。根据第一段中 Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.可知，国际空间站的纟田菌1 / 15非常难处理，所以

8、选择A项。B:它们导致空气污染；C:它们以不同的形式出现； D:它们毁坏仪器33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen studentsnicoamtiomnuskills.C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education.【答案】 .D【解析】细节理解题。 本题题干意为： HUN

9、CH 项目的目的是什么？第二段第一句 HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.（HUNCH 的设计目的是将高中教室与 NASA 的工 程师联系在一起。）中的high school classrooms与D选项中的school ed-ucation（学校教育）对应，NASA engineers与D选项中的space technol-ogy（空间技术）对应，故选 D。A:为了加强师生关系； B:为了提 升学生的交流技能； C :为了让学生体验失重34. What do the NASA engi

10、neers do for the students in the program?A. Check their product.B. Guide project designs.C. Adjust work schedules.D. Grade their homework.【答案】 .A【解析】推理判断题。本题题干意为： NASA 的工程师为参加此项目的学生做了些什么？根据题干中的 NASA engineers do 可定位至第三段的 Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and. its not a very nice thi

11、ng at times. Its a hard bus in ess review of your product,句中两次出现 review（检查，审查） ，证明NASA的工程师做的事情就是对学生做出的研究结果进行检查，所以答案是A项。B:指导项目设计；C:调整工作时间表；D:给他们的作业打分。35. What is the best title for the text?A. NASA: The Home of AstronautsB. Space: The Final Homework FrontierC. Nature: An Outdoor ClassroomD. HUNCH: A

12、College Admission Reform【答案】 .B【解析】主旨大意题。本题题干意为：最适合本文的标题是什么？本文主要介绍HUNCH 项目，这个项目是有关太空研究的，而且研究者都是高中生。根据以上要点可知，最佳选项是B项（Space:TheFinal Homework Frontier）,Space对应太空研究，Homework对应高中教育，Frontier（前沿）突出了这个项目的领先性。 A:NASA:The Home of Astronauts, 文章并非重点介绍 NASA;C:Nature:An Outdoor Class-room,Nature 并不聚焦太空领域； D:HUN

13、CH:A College Admission Reform,HUNCH 项目不是大学入 学改革（2018年全国卷 II ，D）Weve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.Whats the problem? Its possible that w

14、e all have compromised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging, or we think its annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble .Experts say its

15、an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease （ 润滑剂 ）for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of t

16、he Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast .Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk, he explains. The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them. ”In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, asso

17、ciate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction（ 互动 ） with its waiter, the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feel

18、ings and a better coffee shop experience. its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband.” says Dunn .But interactions with peripheral缘的members of our social network matterfor our well-be ing also. ”Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly

19、greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. Small talk is the basis of good manners, e say”s.h32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?A. Addiction to smartphonesB .Inappropriate behaviours in public pl

20、acesC. Absence of communication between strangers.D .Impatience with slow service【答案】 .C 【解析】细节理解题。题干句意：第一段描述的是什么现象？根据第一段描述（无论我们身在何处， 在电梯里、在银行排队或者在飞机上，我周围的人或是像我们一样在埋头看智能手机，或是更坏，在和令人不安的沉默做斗争）可知，C项 陌生人之间缺乏交流”和首段描述一致，故答案为 C项。A项 手机控”只是该段描述现象时举的例子项公共场合的不恰当行为”与首段意思不符；D项对缓慢的服务缺乏耐心 ”和第一段的描述无关。33. What is im

21、portant for successful small talk according to Carducci?A. Showing good manners.B. Relating to other people.C. Focusing on a topic.D Making business deals【答案】 .B【解析】细节理解题。题干句意：根据Carducci的说法，对于成功的闲来说什么是重要的？根据第三段最后一句（成功的闲聊的关键是学会如何同他人建立联系而不仅仅是同他们交流）可知，B项能够理解并认同他人”符合题意，故答案为B项。本题干扰项为A “显示好的行为举止”错因在于锁定的句子

22、最后一段最后一句（闲聊是良好举止的基础）”和题干要求不一致，答非所问；D项做生意”受第三段第三句（几乎每一个伟大的爱情故事和每一单大的生意都源于闲聊）的影响，犯了逻辑推理错误；C项聚焦一个话题 ”在文中没有涉及。34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?A. It improves family relationships.B. It raises peoples confidence.C. It matters as much as a formal talk.D. It makes people feel go

23、od.【答案】 .D【解析】推理判断题。题干句意：关于闲聊，咖啡店调研表明了什么？据第四段中的内容（结果表明 那些同服务生闲聊的人明显有更高的积极情感和较好的咖啡店体验。不是同服务生交谈比和你的丈夫 交谈更好，而是同社交网络的边缘人员的互动也对我们的健康和幸福很重要）可知，D项它使得人们感觉良好”与题意相符，故答案为项。A项 它改善家庭关系”、B项 它提升人们的自信”和C项它和正式交谈一样重要 ”在文章中没有涉及，属于主观意断。35. What is the best title for the text?A. Conversation CountsB. Ways of Making Smal

24、l TalkC. Benefits of Small TalkD. Uncomfortable Silence【答案】 .C 【解析】主旨大意题。题干句意：文章最好的标题是什么？根据第二段最后一句（专家说闲聊是一种 可带来巨大益处的极有价值的社交行为）以及最后一段最后一句（闲聊是良好举止的基础）可知， C 项 闲聊益处”与题干要求一致，故答案为C项。A项 会话很重要”为干扰项，错在偷换概念，conversation（会话，交谈）和small talk（闲谈）不是一个概念；文章没有就闲聊的方式或方法做具体的 解释，故排除B 进行闲聊的方式”；D项 令人不安的沉默”只是第一段提到的现象之一，而不是

25、文章的 主旨。（2018年全国卷 II ，C）Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives, and ind

26、icates how parents might help encourage more reading.Accord ing to the reports key findin gs, he proportion（比例） who say they hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent o-fy1e3ar-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”The report data shows th

27、at pleasure reading levels for younger children. ages 2-8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.When it comes to technology and readin，g the report does little to counsel （建议 ）

28、parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and imp

29、ortant guides for their kids when it comes to reading, Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.As the end of school

30、approaches, and school vacati on read ing lists loom逼近） ahead ,parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?A. Children s reading habits.B. Quality of child

31、rens books.C. Children s -acfltaesrs activities.D. parent-child relationships.【答案】 .A 【解析】主旨大意题。本题题干意为： “常识媒体 ”所做的这个报告可能是关于什么的？本文为说明文， 第一段为本文的主旨段。根据第一段（根据周一出版的 “常识媒体 ”的一个报告，十几岁的孩子和更小的孩子进行趣味阅读的量少多了。）可知该报告主要讲的是孩子们的阅读习惯的变化，故答案为A项。B项（儿童图书的质量）、C项（孩子们的课外活动）和 D项（父母与孩子间的关系）均不是该报告的内容，故全被排除。29. Where can you

32、find the data that best supports“children are reading a lot less for funA. In paragraph 2.B. In paragraph 3.C. In paragraph 4D. In paragraph 5.【答案】 .B【解析】 细节理解题。 本题题干意为： 你在哪里可以找到最能支撑 “孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越少 ” 这一说法的数据？本文第一段提出了本文主题，即孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越少。然后在第三段 通过数据（ .has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9

33、percent of17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and27 perce nt respectively today.支撑这一说法，故答案为 B 项。30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?A. E-books are of poor quality.B. It could be a waste of time.C. It may harm childrens health.D. E-readers are expensive.答案】 .C【解析】细节理解题。本题题干意为：为什么许多家长限制电子阅

34、读？根据第五段最后一句（ 多家长仍然限制电子阅读，主要是因为他们担心那会增加孩子面对屏幕的时间。）可知家长限制电子 阅读的原因是担心孩子们的健康，故答案为C项。A:电子图书质量差；B:那可能会浪费时间；D:电子阅读器很昂贵。以上三项均未被提及，故全部排除。31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?A. Act as role models for themB. Ask them to write book reportsC Set up reading groups for themD. Talk with the

35、ir reading class teachers【答案】 .A 【解析】细节理解题。本题题干意为：家长应该如何鼓励他们的孩子多阅读？根据第六段第一句（报 告中分享的最给人以希望的数据清楚地证明了家长给孩子们做出榜样并在阅读上进行重要的指导。） 可知答案为A项（为他们树立榜样）。B：要求他们写读书报告；C：为他们建立读书小组：D.和他们的阅读老师谈话。以上三项均未被提及，故全部排除。（2019年全国卷 I. D）During the rosy years of elementary school （小学） , I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, whic

36、h allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is

37、 a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tap

38、ped early, are employed ever after in life and work.Then there s the kind of popularity that appears inadolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Thwho were highest in status in high

39、 school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, aremost likelyto engage （从事）in dangerous and risky behavior.In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked,the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys （调查研究

40、） . We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.Dr. Prinstein has also found tha

41、t the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research ，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive l

42、ife outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, he said.32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. G

43、enerous. D. Cool. 【答案】 .C【解析】推理判断题。 本题题干意为： 作者在上小学的低年级时是什么样的女孩？根据题干中的 early years of elementary school 可定位到第一段第一句中的During the rosy years of elementary school,Ienjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes（喜欢分享玩偶和笑话），因此可以推断作者是大方的，故选C项。A:不友善的；B:孤独的；D:酷的。33. What is the second paragraph mainly about ？A. The class

44、ification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolescents.C. The importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.【答案】 .A【解析】主旨大意题。本题题干意为：第二段的主要内容是什么？根据第二段第二句MitchPrinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the sta

45、tus seekers可知，本段对受欢迎的人进行分类，故选A项。B:青少年的特点；C:人际交往技巧的重要性；D:不光彩行为的原因。34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?A. They appeared to be aggressive.B. They tended to be more adaptable.C. They enjoyed the highest status.D. They performed well academically.【答案】 .B【解析】细节理解题。本题题干意为：Prins

46、tein 博士的研究中针对最受喜欢的小孩的发现是什么？根据题干中的 study和the most liked kids可定位到第四段中的 It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.healthy adjustment（调整，适应）对应 B项中的adaptable（能适应的），故答案为B项。A:他们显得有侵 略性；C:他们喜欢最高的地位；D:他们学习成绩很好。35. What is the best t

47、itle for the text?A. Be Nice You Wont Finish LastB. The Higher the Status， the BetterC. Be the BestYou Can Make ItD. More Self-Control， Less Aggressiveness【答案】 .A【解析】主旨大意题。本题题干意为：本文最好的标题是什么？文章将受欢迎的人分成两类讨人喜欢的人和追逐高地位的人。根据对这两种人的介绍可以总结出整篇文章都是在引导读者做讨人喜 欢的人，对人友善、学会分享、敞开心扉，因此答案为A项。B:地位越高越好；C:做到最好一一你可以做到； D

48、: 自制力越强，侵略性越小。【模拟优题】（2019辽宁抚顺一模，B）On November 7， Lewis Pugh completed a one-kilometer swim in the freezing waters of King Edward Cove， off South Georgia in Antarctica. He was wearing only his swimming glasses， cap and Speedos!Pugh is an advocate for our oceans and seas， working to protect these ecos

49、ystems with their large diversity of marine life.When asked why he doesnt wear a wetsuit， Lewis says， I ask world leaders to do everything they can to protect our oceans.Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. If Im asking them to be courageous， I must also be.Swimming in

50、a wetsuit would not send the right message.It took Pugh about 18 minutes to complete the one-kilometer swim in Antarctica where the water averaged about minus 1.7 degrees Celsius. He says that his body can onl tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters before it starts shutting down. As he swi

51、ms, his body temperature steadily drops, which in turn causes his muscle control to drop, slowing him down. When he is done with his swim, his support team rushes him to a hot shower and it takes almost an hour for his body temperature to return to normal.Doctors and Pugh caution that one must recei

52、ve months of training to swim in such cold waters. Even expert swimmers who are unused to freezing water can drown within minutes because of the physical shock experienced by the body. Pugh says he trained for six months before this swim.This is not the first time that Lewis has swum in dangerous co

53、nditions. In 2007, he swam one kilometer in the North Pole to draw attention to the melting Arctic ice due to climate change. In2015,he swam in the Bay of Whales in Antarcticas Ross Sea as part of his successful campaign to help set up a marine reserve there.1. Why did Lewis Pugh swim without a wets

54、uit?A. To swim faster.B. To show his bravery.C. To build up his body.D. To win public attention.【答案】 .B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. IfIm asking them to be courageous, I must also be. 可知，有时候采取保护海洋的措施很艰难，也不受欢迎， 如果建议他人大胆地去保护海洋，自己也必须要勇敢些，因此在不穿潜水衣的情况下

55、游泳是为了表现 自己的勇敢。2. What does the underlined word it in Paragraph 3 refer to?A. His body.B. The water.C. His body temperature.D. The water temperature.【答案】 .A【解析】 词义猜测题。 根据第三段的 He says that his body can only tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters before it starts shutting down. 可以得知在冰冷的水域中他的身

56、体只能承受大约20 分钟，之后就停止工作，由此可知 it 指代 his body。3 . Whats Pughs advice about swimming in freezing watersA. One must be fully prepared.B. One should be expert at swimming.C. One should be ready to take on challenges.D. One must be used to long-distance swimming.【答案】 .A【解析】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的 Doctors and Pugh ca

57、ution that one must receive months of training to swim in such cold waters. 可知，医生和皮尤提醒大家，在如此冰冷的水中游泳前，必须接受 几个月的训练，也就是说要做好充分的准备，故 A 项正确。4 . What may be the best title for the text ?A. Lewis Pugh:swimming for a causeB. How to survive a swim in cold watersC. How to prepare for extreme swimmingD. Lewis P

58、ugh:achieving the impossible【答案】 .A【解析】 主旨大意题。由全文可知，文章主要叙述了皮尤在南极冰冷的海水中游泳的事件，他想以此 鼓励各国领导人大胆采取措施保护海洋，故 A 项符合语境。（2019辽宁抚顺一模重庆九校联盟联考，C）The audiences of the UK will have an opportunity to enjoy a feast of Chinese culture when the China National Peking Opera Company returns to the country for the fourth time for a series of workshops and performances. Events will be held at t