英语语法大全-句子的转换与合并

1、英语语法大全-句子的转换与合并简单句之间的转换1781 句型的转换是指一个句子由一种语法结构变为另一种语法结构，而不改变其原来的意义。这是一种有用的练习，可以学会许多不同的说法，能从几个句子中挑选出最适当的句子形式。A 主动语态与被动语态之间的转换一个句子可以由主动结构变为被动结构，也可从被动结构变为主动结构（参阅12071209）：He has finished his university studiesHis university studies have been finishedThey put him to deathHe was put to deathAn Englishman

2、 teaches him EnglishHe is taught English by an EnglishmenB肯定句与否定句之间的转换一个句子可以由肯定形式变为否定形式，也可由否定形式变为肯定形式：I am doubtful of his honestyI am not sure of his honestyFew understand itNot many understand itHe is sometimes sillyHe is not always cleverIt is tidy It is not untidy He always objectedHe never agre

3、edHe failed to comeHe did not comeShe told the story with tearsShe told the story not without tearsOnly he knows itNobody else knows itHe lacks courageHe is without courageHe is very tiredHe is not a little tiredHe will always remember your kindnessHe will never forget your kindnessC反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换反问

4、型问句（ Rhetorical Questions）可以转变为陈述句：Is that the way to treat your wife？That is not the way to treat your wifeCan I say anything？I cannot say anythingWhere can you ever see a ghost？You can never see a ghost anywhereWho cares about you？Nobody cares about youWhy should I apologize？I should not apologize

5、D不同词类之间的转换几乎任何词类都可以转换为另一词类。可以是：1动词与名词间的转换：Our enemy is strengtheningOur enemy is gaining strengthThey agreed not to criticize each otherThey made an agreement not to criticize each other It smells goodIt has a good smellJohn disgraces our familyJohn is a disgrace to our family2动词与形容词之间的转换：He neglect

6、s my adviceHe is negligent of my adviceHe fears nothingHe is afraid of nothingThis letter expresses his gratitudeThis letter is expressive of his gratitudeThey widened and lengthened the streetThey made the street wide and long3动词与副词间的转换：He succeeded in advising MaryHe advised Mary successfullyThey

7、enjoyed celebrating the festivalThey celebrated the festival joyfullyThis story surpasses others in beautyThis story is surpassingly beautiful4名词与形容词间的转换：He is a man of wealthHe is a wealthy manHe is a husband with no heart，she is a wife with a long tongueHe is a heartless husband， she is a long-ton

8、gued wife “ Here lies the only wile of JohnLee”“ Here lies John Lees only wife”This policy is of great importanceThis policy is very important There was once a monster with three headsThere was once a three-headed monster5名词与副词间的转换：Please handle it with carePlease handle it carefullyIn all probabili

9、ty ，it will rain this evening Most probably，it will rain this evening Our troops entered the city in triumphOur troops entered the city triumphantly6形容词与副词间的转换：After a careful analysis， the food proves poisonousCarefully analysed，the food proves poisonousHe hates hard workHe hates to work hard7介词与连词

10、间的转换：I like him for his unselfishnessI like him because he is unselfishI will wait until his return I will wait until he returns 图解：简单句与复合句之间的转换1782 一个分词、动名词、不定式或介词短语可以转换为复合句，反过来也如此：Sitting down ，he read the letterHe sat down and he read the letterThe guest leaving， I went to bedThe guest left， and

11、then I went to bedBeing tired of life ， he refuses to see any friends or relativesHe is tired of life ， so he refuses to see any friends or relativesHe ran away to avoid punishmentHe ran away，or he would be punishedHe has to work hard to maintain his big familyHe has to work hard，otherwise he cannot

12、 maintain his big familyOut of a desire to please her mother，he sent her things from time to timeHe sent things to her mother from time to time，for he desires to please herBesides selling rice， he teaches arithmetic in the eveningHe sells rice，and besides he teaches arithmetic in the eveningWith all

13、 his efforts ，he failedHe made all efforts， but he failedBy his good manners， he wins her heartHe has good manners， therefore he wins her heartThe boy is rewarded for his braveryThe boy is brave，so he is rewarded图解：简单句与复杂句之间的转换1783 一个词或是短语可以转变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，反过来也如此：A 名词从句I cannot tell the time of hi

14、s arrivalI cannot tell when he will arrive I believe your statementI believe what you stateI insisted on his studying artI insisted that he should study artI was informed of his behaviourI was informed of how he behavedI wish you to be always happyI wish that you will be always happyI think it fit f

15、or you to take over the businessI think it fit that you take over the businessIlearn of his successI learn that he has succeededHis arrival is a great eventThat he has arrived is a great eventHow to get rid of poverty is a big problem It is a big problem how we can get rid ofpoverty图解：B定语从句He is a s

16、elfmade manHe is a man who has succeeded by his own effortsIt has become an independent countryIt has become a country that is no more controlled by anothorI want to live and die in my native village I want to live and die in the village where I was bornShe wears a sea blue skirtShe wears a skirt wh

17、ich is as blue as the seaWe need an atom smashing machineWe need a machine that can smash atomsI have nothing to sayI have nothing that I wish to sayThe evil done lives after the doersThe evil that men do lives after them图解：C状语从句The children quarrelled over the property on the death of their fatherT

18、he children quarrelled over the property as soon as their father diedAfter 20 years of service，he retiredWhen he had served 20 years，he retiredHe died in his native placeHe died where he was bornHe stayed at home because of illnessHe stayed at home because he was illIn spite of my advice，he persiste

19、d in going out with herAlthough I advised him ，he persisted in going out with herYou may drink to your hearts contentYou may drink as much as you likeWithout any water，this plant cannot liveUnless it gets some water， this plant cannot liveHe is too tired to work any moreHe is so tired that he cannot

20、 work any moreI will inform the police to punish him I will inform the police so that he may be punished注： 1782 中大部分短语不仅可以变为并列的分句，也可以变为状语从句。图解：复杂句与复合句之间的转换1784 He gained a lot of money in gambling and he wished to gamble againAfter he gained a lot of money in gambling，he wished to gamble againHe may

21、 be interested in art and in that case he should go to some fine arts schoolIf he is interested in art， he should go to some fine arts schoolRecede one step and they will proceed threeIf you recede one step，they will proceed threeHe is poor，but he is proudAlthough he is poor，he is proudHe has failed

22、， yet he has done his bestAlthough he has failed，he has done his bestWe must keep silent or father will get angryWe must keep silent lest father should get angryHe must live a regular life，otherwise he will fall ill Unless he lives a regular life，he will fall ill He is a very good teacher， so the st

23、udents like himThe students like him， because he is a good teacherThey have said all they wish to say，therefore they understand each other thoroughlyAs they have said all they wish to say，they understand each other thoroughly图解：直接引语和间接引语之间的转换1785 说话人讲的话可以用两种方式来引用。如果引用他的原话，就称作直接引语。因此 He said，“I am ve

24、ry ill ”为直接引语。如果按引用人的观点来引用，则称为间接引语。因此 He said that he was very ill为间接引语。 Said 这样的动词称为引话动词，它前面的主语，例如he，可称为第一主语。引语中的主语，如I 及 he，称为第二主语。引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词。当直接引语转换为间接引语，或间接引语转换为直接引语时，有几个问题需要注意。A 大写与标点直接引语放在引号之内，第一个字母要大写，引号前加逗号（间或用冒号），引语末加句号、问号或感叹号，但在间接引语中却不加这些。 间接引语必须由that，whether（ if ）或疑问词（ who， why，when 等）

25、开头，末尾要加句号。此外，在直接引语中问句可能有倒装语序（助动词放在主语前面），但在间接引语中，问句则需变为自然语序：I say，“ He will come”I say that he will comeI say：“ When will he come？”I ask when he will comeB引话动词与第二动词引话动词可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con- firm ；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce； beg， urge，suggest， request， demand

26、；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write ，cable，phone， telex； shout， laugh， sneer等等。若引话动词是现在时或将来时，则当引语由直接变为间接时，第二动词照旧不变。但若引话动词是过去时，则间接引语中的第二动词，就要由现在时变为过去时，由过去时变为过去完成时等。I say（or will say ） to him，“ John arrives（ or will arrive ，arrived）on Sunday ”I say（o

27、r will say ） to him that John arrives（or will arrive ， arrived） on SundayI said to him，“ John arrives（or will arrive ，arrived）on SundayI said to him that John arrived（or would arrive， had arrived） on SundayC引话动词与连词1如果间接引语为陈述句， 它前面通常都有： say that，know that，tell him that，statethat，2如果它是问句，它前面通常有： ask（

28、him ）whether（or if ），inquire（of him ） whether，demand（ of him）whether，wonder whether， want to know whether；或 ask（him）W （即疑问词，如who，whom，when，why， which）， inquire（ of him ） W，3如果它是感叹句，它前面通常有：exclaim that，cry out with joy that ，4如果间接引语为祈使句， 它前面通常有： demand that， ask that，request that，advisethat，order tha

29、t， 且里面包含助动词should此外间接引语还可以转换为不定式短语，这时引话动词需要改为宾补动词：1 I said，“ You are a nice boy”I said that he was a nice boyI thought，“ You will fail again”I thought that he would fail again2 I said，“ Are you a nice boy？”I asked whether he was a nice boyI thought to myself，“ Will he fail again？”I asked myself whet

30、her he would fail againI enquired of him， “ Who knows ？it”I enquired of him who knew it 3 I said，“ What a nice boy you are！”I exclaimed that he was indeed a nice boyI said，“ Hurrah！We have won the battle ”I cried with joy that we had won the battleHe said，“ Curse ！itYou are a fool”He exclaimed with

31、an oath that I was a foolHe said，“ Bravo！You have done something wonder ful ” He applauded me， saying that I had done something wonderful4 I said to him，“ Be a nice boy” I advised that he should be a nice boyI advised him to be a nice boyI said to him，“ See me at the station”I requested that he shou

32、ld see me at the stationI requested him to see me at the stationD代词此外还要注意，把直接引语变为间接引语时，代词需作改变。如果在直接引语中代词为第一人称，在变为间接引语时，将变为与第一主语一致的代词。I said，“ I can do it”I said that I could do itHe said，“ I must go”He said that he must goYou said，“ I know ”You said that you knewWe said， “ We can doit”We said that w

33、e could do itThey said， “ We must go ”They said that they must goI said“ We can do ”itI said that we could do it（ We 中包括 I）如果在直接引语中，代词为第二人称，在间接引语中它将变成与引话动词的宾语一致的人称：I told him ， “ You are right”I told him that he was rightI told you ，“ You are right”I told you that you were rightHe told me，“ You are

34、right”He told me that I was rightHe told us， “ You are right ”He told us that we were rightWe told them， “ You are right”We told them that they were right”To somebody 也可看作是宾语：He said to me（ =told me）， “ You are right ”He said to me that I was rightHe explained to them， “ You have gone the wrong way

35、”He explained to them that they had gone the wrong way引话动词的宾语有时可以省略，但它在间接引语中可能需要说出来：They asked me when I would get marriedI said，“ You will learn it very soon” I said that they would learn it very soon如果在直接引语中代词为第三人称，在间接引语中，它可以保持不变：I told you ，“ He is crazy”I told you that he is crazyHe told me，“ Sh

36、e is crazy”He told me that she was crazyWe told him ，“ They are crazy ”We told him that they were crazyHe told me，“ He is crazy”（这两个 he 代表两个不同的人）He told me that a certain person was crazy还需指出，上述代词，在直接或间接引语中，可以为任何“格 ”，而不仅仅是主格：He told me，“ I will ask my brother to take me tohet pictures ”He told me th

37、at he would ask his brother to take him to the picturesHe declared“ We must urge them to return our territory ！to ”usHe declared that we must urge them to return our territory to usE时间副词（短语）间接引语中的时间副词（短语）可能和直接引语中的时间副词（短语）不同，这是因为原来说话人提到的时间可能与现在引话人提到的时间不同：He said，“ Mary is very busy now”He said that M

38、ary was very busy thenHe said，“ Mary came yesterday ”He said that Mary had come the day before（or the previous day）He said，“ Mary came five days ago ”He said that Mary had come five days before（or five days earlier）He said，“ Mary will come tomorrow”He said that Mary would come the following day（or t

39、he next day）He said，“ Mary will come in five days！”He said that Mary would come five days afterwards（ or later）F第一主语及引话动词的位置在新闻报导中第一主语有时放在引话动词的后面：Said Stevens，“”Comments DrLee，“”Boasted Asia Bank president John Bush，“”第一主语及引话动词，除了放在直接引语前面外，还可放在其他位置：He said，“ Oh！ I have done my best”“ Oh！ ” he said，“

40、 I have done my best ”（但不说 said he） “ Oh！ I have done my best，” he said（但不说 said he）“ Oh！ I have done my best”（如果大家都清楚这话是谁说的，第一主语及引话动词也可不必说出。）在第一主语及引话动词放在其他位置时，要注意标点符号：He said，“ Oh，I have done my best； I have made every effortBut all in vain ”“ Oh， ” he said，“ I have done my best； I have made every

41、effortBut all in vain ” “ Oh， I have done my best，” he said；“ I have made every effort，But all in vain ” 如果引话动词有较长的修饰语，最好把它放在主语及引话动词前面，如果主语及引话动词在直接引语后面，长修饰语最好放在引话动词后面：After a short space of silence he said， “ Ill consider this problem ”“ Ill consider this problem，” he said after a shortspace of sile

42、nce如果主语和引话动词放在直接引语的中间或后面，作主语的名词可以放在引话动词的后面或前面（若主语是人称代词，只能放在动词后面）：“ I think so，” he said（ or Leo said， said Leo）（很少说 said he）“ Everything is OK！” she says（or Amy says，says Amy）（很少说says she）简单句的合并1786 两个或更多简单句可以合并成一个比较复杂的句子，这种练习对学习写作的人很有好处。两个或更多简单句可借助并列连词合并成一个复合句：He saw JohnHe greeted himHe saw John a

43、nd he greeted himI called on Mary Mary was ill I called on Mary ，but Mary was ill He has not a single pennyHe has to begHe will be starvedHe has not a single penny，so he has to beg， otherwise he will be starved两个或更多简单句，可以加上从属连词，把一个或更多句子变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，这样来合并成为一个复杂句。1变成名词从句：He has arrivedI know it I know that he has arrivedHe may have an accident I am afraidI am afraid that he may have an accidentHow many were killed ？I am not sureI am not sure how many were killedHow d