2021英语诗歌的欣赏

1、英语诗歌的欣赏英语诗歌的欣赏英诗浩瀚，篇幅长短不一，长至成集，短至几句。本文从实用角度阐述英诗的欣赏：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。一、诗的格律“格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用“”或“”标示，非重读音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“”标示，音步之间可用“”隔开。以下是五种常见格式：1. 抑扬格（轻重格）Ia

2、mbus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass，So deep / in luve / am I ：And I / will luve / thee still，/ my dear，Till a / the seas / gang dry：Robert Burns（1759-1796）：My Luve Is like a Red，Red Rose注；art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a=all gang=go上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：（）2.扬抑格

3、（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：Tyger！/ Tyger！/ burning / brightIn the / forests / of the / nightWilliam Blake：The Tyger3. 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaestic foot：每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如：三音步抑抑扬格Like a child / from the womb，Like a ghost / from the tomb，I arise / and unbuild / it again.4.

4、 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot：每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如：两音步扬抑抑格Touch her not / scornfully，Think of her / mournfully.- Thomas Hood5. 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。O hush thee / my babie / thy sire was / a knight.在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。二、诗的

5、押韵押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。1. 尾韵：最常见，最重要的押韵方式。1）联韵：aabb型。I shot an arrow into the air，It fell to earth，I knew not where；For，so swiftly it flew，the sightCould not follow it in its flight.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow：The Arrow and the Song2）交叉韵：abab型。Sunset and evening star，And one clear call for m

6、e！And may there be no moaning of the bar，When I put out to sea，Alfred Tennyson（1809-1892）：Crossing the Bar3）同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。如下例就共用i：p为韵脚。The woods are lovely，dark and deep，But I have promises to keep，And miles to go before I sleep，And miles to go before I sleep.Robert Frost （1874-1963）

7、：Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening2. 头韵：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。下例中运用f、b与s头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。The fair breeze blew，the white foam flew，The furrow followed free，We were the first that ever burstInto that silent sea.T.S. Coleridge：Rime of the Acient Mariner3.内韵（同元音）：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。下面一节诗中i及i重复照应

8、，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。Spring，the sweet spring，is the years pleasant king；Then blooms each thing，then maids dance in a ring，Cold dath not sting，the pretty birds do sing：Cuckoo，jug-jug，pu-we，to-witta-woo！Thomas Nashe（1567-1601）：Spring，the Sweet Spring三、诗的体式有的诗分成几节（stanza），每节由若干诗行组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见

9、的诗体有：1. 十四行诗（Sonnet），源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba，abba，cdcdcd （cdecde）。前八行提问，后六行回答.后来，怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt，1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行，前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser，1552-1599）用韵脚abab，bcbc，cdcd，ee.莎士比亚（William Shakespeare，1564-1616）用韵脚abab，cdcd，

10、dfdf，gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。举例见本文第四部分。2. 打油诗（Limericks）：通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有幽默讽刺性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。1）There was a young lady of NiggerWho smiled as she rode on a tiger；They returned from the rideWith the lady inside，And the smile on the face of the tiger.2）A tutor who taught o

11、n the fluteTried to teach two tooters to toot，“Is it harder to toot，orSaid the two to the tutor，To tutor two tooters to toot？“3. 无韵体（Blank Verse）：五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。Across the watery bale ，and shout again，Responsive to his call，- with quivering peals，And long halloos，and screams，and echoes loud.Redoubled

12、and redoubled：concourse wildOf jocund din！William Wordsworth：There Was a Boy4. 自由诗（Free Verse）：现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman的（Leaves of Grass）中，就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。四、诗的评判对一首诗，个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅，语言精炼，联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻，一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗，只能是下乘的诗。二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体，接近口语，可谓大胆创新，大

13、概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。1. That Time of YearThat time of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow leaves，or none，or few，do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold，Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang，In me thou seest the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the

14、 west，When by and by black night doth take away，Deaths second self，that seals up all in rest.In me thou seest the glowing of such fire，That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.As the deathbed whereon it must expire，Consumed with that which it was nourished by.This you perceivest，which makes thy love

15、more strong，To love that well which thou must leave ere long.Notes：mayst：may behold：see late：no long ago thou：you seest：seefadeth：fades doth：does seals up all at rest：彻底埋葬thy：your perceivest：perceive ere long：before long此诗是莎士比亚（William Shakespeare，1564-1616）的一首十四行诗。作为英国文学巨匠，他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。此

16、诗为五音步抑扬格，每个诗行格律为：。全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。前十二行：通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零，曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛，联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方，被黑夜吞没；自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息，被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中choirs（歌坛），deathbed（灵床）使用暗喻手法，同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后两行：点题，人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。2. The DaffodilsI wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high oer vales and hills，When all

17、 at once I saw a crowd，A host of golden daffodils；Beside the lake，beneath the trees，Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the Milky Way，They stretched in never-ending lineAlong the margin of a bay：Ten thousand saw I at a glance，Tossing their heads in s

18、prightly dance.The waves beside them danced；but theyOutdid the sparkling waves in glee：A poet could not but be gay，In such a jocund company：I gazed - and gazed - but little thoughtWhat wealth the show to me had brought：For oft，when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood，They flash upon that i

19、nward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude；Ans then my heart with pleasure fills，And dances with the daffodils.Notes：a crowd，a host of：many sprightly：happy glee：joyjocund：happy bliss：complete happiness pensive：sadly thoughtful华兹华斯（William Wordsworth，1770-1850），十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”（浪漫主义）之一。此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好

20、的自然景象，同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。黄水仙据说是威尔士国花（1282年，威尔士归顺英格兰，被封公国），在英国广泛栽种，春季开花，花期不长。有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌，这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。全诗语言精炼，通俗易懂，四音步抑扬格，分四节（stanza），每节6行，每节押韵均为ababcc.第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步，偶遇水仙；第二节写水仙争相开放，千姿百态；第三节，诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常；第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时，回想当时情景，又让他心中充满了欢乐，随着水仙跳起舞来。3. Song of MyselfI celebrate myself，and sing myself，And what I

21、 assume you shall assume，For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul，I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.My tongue，every atom of my blood，formd from this soil，this air，Born ere of parents born here from parents the same，and their parent

22、s the same，I，now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin，Hoping to cease not till death.Creeds and schools in abeyance，Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are，but never forgotten.I harbor for good or bad，I permit to speak at every hazard.Nature without check with original energy.Notes

23、：a spear of：a piece of school：学说，流派hazard：chanceabeyance：the condition of not being in use for a certain time惠特曼（Walt Whitman，1819-1892），美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著。本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分，采用自由诗体，语言接近当时的美国口语。文中I指作者，you指读者，这种写法使读者身临其境，进入作者描写的世界。作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的，同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。从上看出，诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及，关键要抓住诗中的意象，

24、了解其语义，以便把握诗的大意。纵然每个人的读后感会有不同，但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣。Self-AwarenessVirginia Woolf/The man who is aware of himself is henceforth independent; and he is never bored, and life isonly too short, and he is steeped through and through with profound yet temperate happiness. Healone lives, while other

25、people, slaves of ceremony, let life slip past time in a kind of dream. Onceconform ,once do what other people do finer than they do it, and a lethargy steals over all the finernerves and faculties of the soul, He becomes all outer show and inward emptiness; dull, callous,and indifferent.凡是意识到自我的人从今

26、往后才是独立的；他永远不知疲倦，他明白生命苦短，所以完全沉浸于深深的而又适度的幸福之中。他独立生活，而别人是繁文缛节的奴隶，在醉生梦死之中听从生命悄然流逝。一旦循规蹈矩，一旦人为亦为，呆滞就笼罩着灵魂中一切灵敏的神经和官能。灵魂变得徒有其表，其中空空；迟钝，木然、冷漠。Love Your Life-Henry David Thoreau/享利.大卫.梭罗However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it hard names. It is not so bad as you are.It look

27、s poorest when you are richest. The fault-finder will find faults in paradise. Love your life,poor as it is.You may perhaps have somepleasant,thrilling,glorious hourss,even in a poor-house.The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as brightly as from the rich mans abode;the sno

28、w melts before its door as early in the spring.I do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there,and have as cheering thoughts,as in a palace.The towns poor seem to me often to live the most independent lives of any.May be they are simply great enough to receive without misgiving.Most thin

29、k that they are above being supported by the town;but it oftenhappens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest means.which should be more disreputable.Cultivate poverty like a garden herb,like sage.Do not trouble yourself much to get new things,whether clothes or friends,Turn the o

30、ld,return to them.Things do not change;we change.Sell your clothes and keep your thoughts.不论你的生活如何卑贱，你要面对它生活，不要躲避它，更别用恶言咒骂它。它不像你那样坏。你最富有的时候，倒是看似最穷。爱找缺点的人就是到天堂里也能找到缺点。你要爱你的生活，尽管它贫穷。甚至在一个济贫院里，你也还有愉快、高兴、光荣的时候。夕阳反射在济贫院的窗上，像身在富户人家窗上一样光亮；在那门前，积雪同在早春融化。我只看到，一个从容的人，在哪里也像在皇宫中一样，生活得心满意足而富有愉快的思想。城镇中的穷人，我看，倒往往是过着最独立不羁的生活。也许因为他们很伟大，所以受之无愧。大多数人以为他们是超然的，不靠城镇来支援他们；可是事实上他们是往往利用了不正当的手段来对付生活，他们是毫不超脱的，毋宁是不体面的。视贫穷如园中之花而像圣人一样耕植它吧！不要找新的花样，无论是新的朋友或新的衣服，来麻烦你自己。找旧的，回到那里去。万物不变，是我们在变。你的衣服可以卖掉，