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1、小学名词专题讲义(教师经典整理版)小学名词专题讲义(教师经典整理版) 编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望(小学名词专题讲义(教师经典整理版))的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈,这将是我们进步的源泉,前进的动力。本文可编辑可修改,如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅,最后祝您生活愉快 业绩进步,以下为小学名词专题讲义(教师经典整理版)的全部内容。 名词专题讲义s 一。名词的分类 专有名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,
2、其首字母要大写。如hongkong,china,bill clinton,red cross 个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如student,book名 普 可数名词 词 通 集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family,school, group, people名 词 不可数名词 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton,air,tea 抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如 :work,happiness,news名词集个抽物质,可数6变3特殊;主谓一致看名词,集形复表要具体;名格s/of来代表,共有各有要分清。 二名词的复数 可数名词有单、复数形式,其复数的构成规则如下:1)
3、 绝大多数在词尾加s。如:book,books;bag,bags;cup,cups;face,faces. 注意:german germans属于绝大多数在词尾加s.2)以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的名词加es。 如:watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes; 注意:以o结尾加es的常用名词: negro, hero, volcano,potato,tomato 记忆口诀:黑人 英雄 爱在 火山上吃 土豆 西红柿 下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数:piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo3)以辅
4、音字母y结尾的名词,将y改为i,再加es. 例如:baby,babies;family,families; 4) 以f或fe结尾的名词,先将f或fe改为v,再加es构成复数形式. 常用名词有self, life, thief, wife, knfe, loaf, leaf, shelf, wolf, half 记忆口诀:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在 架子上,把狼劈成两半, 注意:下列以f结尾的名词,是在f后加s构成复数: roof,chief,belief,gulf; 个别的两种方式都可以,如:handkerchief,s, handkerchieves 5)少数名词
5、的复数形式是不规则的,要一一背记: manmen; womanwomen; mousemice footfeet; toothteeth; goosegeese; oxoxen; childchildren; 6) 单复同形。 如:sheep,deer,fish,people,chinese,japanese7)复合名词: a.含man或woman的复合名词,两部分都变为复数形式。 如:two men teachers, four women doctors b。将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式,如: lookers-on旁观者,editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by
6、过路人 c.如果没有主体名词,就在词尾后加s. 如:grown-ups 成年人,gobetweens 中间人 8)以复数形式出现的名词: trousers裤子,glasses眼镜,scales天平,savings储蓄,findings 调查结果, doings行为,surroundings环境,arms武器,fireworks 烟火, remains残余,thanks感谢,riches财富,ashes灰烬 ,stairs 楼梯 9)有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如: take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备,give regards to 问候 s三.名词的
7、所有格 of(一)所有格s1) 名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。其构成多在词尾加上“s”, 如:toms bike, marxs works 以s结尾的专有名词,在词尾后加“或“s”。 如:engels/engelss works 以s结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“”。 如:students homework,a workers night school 一所工人夜校 不以s结尾的复数名词,仍在词尾加“s”。 如:mens clothes男士衣服 childrens books 儿童读物2) 如果一个事物为两个人共有,只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”,如果不是共有,就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s
8、”。 例如:tom and mikes room 汤姆和迈克合住的房间 toms and mikes rooms 汤姆、迈克各自的房间3) 表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格后省去shop,house等名词。 如:the tailors 裁缝店, the barbers理发店, go to the doctors上诊所, at my uncles在我叔叔家4) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,可以在词尾加“s”或“来表示 所有格。 如:todays newspaper, half an hours rest, two weeks work, ten minuteswalk, chi
9、nas population, shanghais industry(二)所有格 of1)表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。 如:the students of their school, the teachers of grade 22)表示所属物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词,常用“of所有格”来表示所属关系。 如:he is an old friend of my fathers。 this is a picture of marys。(3) 双重所有格 1) 名词+of+名词所有格。如:a friend of my father 2) 名词+of+名词性物主代词.如:
10、some friends of mine四。 主谓一致一)主谓一致的种类1语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:the number of the students present is 200. jane and mary look alike. 2意义上一致1)主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数. 如:the crowd were shouting。 单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people, police, cattle等。2) 主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。 如:the news was so su
11、rprising。 形复意单的单词有news和一些以ics结尾的学科名称, 如physics,politics, economics等.3就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。 如用连词or,eitheror, neithernot, not onlybut also等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致. 如:either your students or mr。 wang knows this. (二)主谓一致的应用1名词作主语1)某些集体名词,如family, team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个
12、成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式.如:his family is a happy one. the whole family are watching tv. 这类名词有:audience,class,club,company,crew,enemy,crowd,government,group,party,public,team等.名词population一词的使用情况类似。“a group(crowd) of +复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数,前者强调整体,后者强调各个部分。2)某些集体名词,如people, police, cattle等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。
13、如:the police are searching for the thief. 3)单、复数同形的名词主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如:a sheep is over there。 some sheep are over there。 4) 名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等,作主语时,动词一般用单数。 如:the doctors is across the street. my uncles is not far from here。 常见的省略名词有:the bakers, the barbers, the carpenters, the zhan
14、gs等。表示店铺的名词,一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。 如:richardsons have a lot of goods to sell。 5) 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数形式。 如:three years has passed since then. 6)不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema。 7
15、)如果主语有more than one或many a构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:more than one student has read the book。 many a girl has been there. 但是,“more +复数名词+than one结构之后,谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如:more members than one are against your plan。 8)一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式,例如:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses
16、, chopsticks, scissors等.但如果主语用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等加名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如:a pair of shoes was on the desk。 9)this kind of book =a book of this kind(这种书),其谓语动词用单数;短语this kind of men =men of this kind =these kind of men(口语)(这一类人),但this kind of men的谓语动词用单数,men of this kind和these kind of m
17、en的谓语动词用复数,all kinds of后跟复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。如:this kind of men is dangerous. men of this kind are dangerous。10)复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致原则,作用单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数。这类名词有:means(方法),works(工厂),species(种类),chinese,japanese等.如:the (this) glass works was set up in 1980. (这家玻璃厂建于1980年。)the(these)glass works are ne
18、ar the railway station。 当它们前面有a, such a , this, that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all, such, these, those修饰时,谓语用复数,但means, no means, the means等词前没有以上修饰词时,可用作单数,也可用作复数。11)如果名词词组中心词是all,most, half, rest等词语,所指的复数意义,谓语动词用复数形式;反之,用单数。如:all of my classmates like music.all of the water is gone。12)在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:
19、between the two windows hangs a picture.2由连接词连接的名词作主语1)用and或bothand连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。如:plastics and rubber never rot.walking and riding are good exercises.但是,并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。如:truth and honesty is the best policy。the girls teacher and friend is a young doctor.to lo
20、ve and to be loved is great happiness。going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.a knife and fork is on the table。2)当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数而定。如:the
21、teacher as well as the students was reading in the library。)以or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等连接的名词(代词)作主语时,谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如:tom or his brothers are waiting in the room。either you or he is to go.3代词作主语1)名词性物主代词作主语时,既可以用作单数,也可以用作复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数.如:ours (our party) is a great party. y
22、our shoes are black, and mine(=my shoes) are brown。 2)such, the same起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如:such is our plan。 such are his words. 3)关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:those who want to go please put up your hands. some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun。 4)疑问代
23、词who, what, which作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如:who lives next door ? it is xiao liu。 who live next door ? it is zhang and liu. what produce(s) heat ? 5)不定代词any, either, neither, none, all some, more等作主语时,有以下两种情况:单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词用单数或复数形式,例如:now all has been changed。 all are present. either, neithe
24、r单独作主语时,谓语通常用单数.但后接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,动词当然用单数形式,若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数,在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用。如:do(es) any of you know his address ?none of them has(have)seen the film.4分数、量词作主语1)“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of +名词构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短
25、语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语,例如:lots of damage was caused by fire.about threefourths of the earths surface is covered with water。 threefifths of the workers here are women。和这种情况类似的还有“a number of+名词复数,但是,“the number of +名词”的中心词却是number, 试比较:a number of students have gone home.the nu
26、mber of pages in this book is two hundred。 注意:(large)quantities of修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数,例如:quantities of food(nuts) were on the table.短语in quantity, in large quantities意为“大量;in small quantities意为“少量”。2)a great deal of , a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;large amounts of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语
27、时,谓语动词通常用复数,例如:a large amount of(a great deal of)damage was done in a very short time.large amounts of money were spent on the bridge。3)表示数量的one and a half后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,例如:one and a half bananas is left on the table。4) half of, (a) part of修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数,修饰可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复数。5名
28、词化的形容词作主语如果主语由“the+形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数,这类词有:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等;但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用单数。如:the blind study in special schools.the departed was a well-known
29、engineer。这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时,就要与名词man, person或表示人的单数连和,如:an old man, a rich person, the(a)wounded soldier6从句作主语1)由what引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式,例如:what we need is more time。what we need are doctors.2)在“one of+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one,因此,从句中的动
30、词应该是复数形式。如:this is one of the most interesting stories that have been told.但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时,关系代词的先行词是one,而不是靠近它的复数名词,因此从句的动词应是单数形式。如:she was the only one of the girls who was late。考点分析1 he gained his _by printing _of famous writers a。wealth; work b.wealths; works c。weaths;work d.wealth ;works析
31、:因为wealth 是不可数名词故可排除b、c两个选项;work既可作不可数名词表“工作”意,又可作可数名词表“作品”意,常用复数形式.根据题目意思,此处work应作可数名词用,于是又可排除。 2。many people agree that_ knowledge of english is a must in _ international trade today. a。a; b。the ; an c.the ;the d.;the 析:knowledge 是抽象名词,一般不与不定冠词连用,但指具体“一门学问”或“一门学问的掌握了解”可与不定冠词连用,这可称之为抽象名词具体化。类例如:a s
32、trong character 坚强的性格;a bright future 光明前途;a waste of time 浪费时间;a pressure on sb.对某人的压力;have a good time玩得痛快;he is a failure /a success as a leader 他当领导不行/很出色。抽象名词不与冠词连用是泛指一般概念、意义.如:what fun! fine weather ;common knowledge 常识;knowledge begins with practice。foreign trade。因此international trade前不用冠词。3。
33、oh, john _you gave us ! a.how a great surprise b。how pleasant surprise c.what a pleasant surprise d.what pleasant surprise析:“a/an形容词抽象名词”是抽象名词具体化的常见形式。又如:an advanced culture 一种先进文化;a great interest 极大的兴趣;do him a good kindness帮了他一个大忙. 4。 she broke a _ while she was washing up 。 a.glass wine b.wine g
34、lass c.wines glass d。glass of wine 析:根据broke一词及四个选项,可确定空白处应选“酒杯”故可排除a、d;c不是表达“酒杯的正确形式,只有b才是正确答案。英语中用名词作定语修饰名词的情况很多,这些作定语用的名词可表分类意义表时间、地点、称呼表目的、手段、原料、来源、所属等意义。 例: woman driver ,telephone number ,school education ,research work ,coffee cup ,english teacher ,air pollution 例:book store ,winter sleep ,co
35、untry life ,college student ,south china 例:milk bottle ,steam boat ,goat skin ,stone wall ,gas station ,lunch room ,tooth brush5._terrible weather weve been having these days! a。what b.what a c。how d。how a 析:这是一个感叹句,how修饰形容词,副词或动词,what修饰名词.weather是不可数名词,其前不可加不定冠词a。6.shortly after the accident ,two _
36、police were sent to the spot to keep order 。 a.dozens of b。dozens c.dozens of d。dozen析:dozen, score ,hundred, thousand ,million等名词前面有数词或many ,several等词,且表示具体数目时,这些名词一般不用复数形式,但在下列短语中却加s,并与of连用:dozens of (许多的),scores of (好几十的),hundreds of (成百的),thousands of (上千的),millions of (数百万的)7。ill look into the
37、matter as soon as possible .just have a little _。 a.wait b。time c.patience d.rest析:由题干第一句意“我会尽快调查那件事”,可知下句是要对方不要着急.这是由情景,语境确定答案题目。8。if by any chance someone comes to see me ,ask them to leave a _. a。message b。letter c.sentence d。notice析:道理同第7题。 专题练习1。_from beijing to london!a.how long way it is b.wh
38、at a long way is it c。how long way is it d.what a long way it is 2.weve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into_. a。fact b.practice c.reality d.deed 3.electrcity , like other forms of _ ,has greatly increased in price. a.pressure b.force c。strength d。energy4that fellow is clever ; he has _.
39、 a.brain b.a brain c。the brain d.brains5。julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes。 a。shoes store b。shoes store c.shoe store d。shoes store 6.those _ took lots of _ in the summer palace. a。germen; photoes b.germen; photos c。germans; photos d。germans; photoes7.all possible means _ to save the hero. a
40、.has tried b.have tried c。has been tried d。have been tried8.whose car is it ? its_. a.tom and mary b.toms and marys c.toms and mary d。tom and marys9。there are 5_ in th fields。 a。heads of cattles b。heads of cattle c.head of cattles d。head of cattle 10。he is the very thief the police _ looking for 。 a
41、.is b。are c.has d。have11。all but jack _ here just now 。 a.is b.are c.was d。were 12.he knows almost everything .so we say he is a man of many _。 a.knowleges b.presents c。gifts d.rewards13。carelessness is the usual _ of fire。 a。way b.excuse c.cause d。reason14。the girl is quite _to her mother now 。 a。a help b。helps c。help d.helpness15。_is coming to give us a lecture . a。a manager and an expert b。a manager and expert c.manager and expert d.manager and an expert16.most of the bridges over the river are made of _. a.stone b.the stone c。a stone d。the ston
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