第一课-英语语法基础词性及-成分

1、英语词性的分类及用法词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun（缩写为n.）表示人或事物的名称party政党 people 人类 China中国tennis网球代词Pronoun (pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他 we我们 hers她的that那what什么数词Numeral (num.)表示数量或顺序one一 six六first第一形容词Adjective（adj.）用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的特性、性质safe安全的 happy快乐的great伟大的busy忙碌的副词Adverb (adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作或形状的特性hard艰苦地 too也 only仅仅地

2、always永远，一直 here这里 not非（不）冠词Article (art.)用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an，a，the动词Verb (v.)表示人或事物的动作或状态eat吃 be动词（am，is，are）实意动词（do） have有love爱，喜欢介词Preposition (prep.)用在名词、代词等前面，说明句子中词与词之间的关系under在下in在里of属于关于连词Conjunction (conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和or或者so所以but但是when当时候感叹词Interjection (interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气Hello喂well好的

3、why呃，嘿二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表, 数 单数复数人称一二三一二三形物 myyourhis/her/ its ouryourtheir名 物 mineyourshis/hers /itsoursyourstheirs Eg. I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there. This is your picture. And that is mine. 1._(我) am a worker. _(你) are a doctor. _(

4、她) is a teacher. 2.This is_ (他的 )shirt. 3. This is _(我的)pen. 4._(他们的) trousers are there. 5. I like this picture. Please give _(它) to_(我). These are _(我们的) shoes. Can _(我们) wear _(它们).句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述

5、的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasur

6、e. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. （三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由

7、情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours? The weat

8、her has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one? His job is to teach English. His hobby（爱好）is playing football. The machine must be out of order. Time is up. The class is over. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to

9、see an exhibition（展览）yesterday. The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. He pretended not to see me. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 宾语种类：（

10、1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.They painted their boat white.Let the fresh air i

11、n.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.

12、 There are thirty women teachers is our school. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语

13、。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly. He has lived in the city for ten years. He is in the room making a model plane. Wait a minute. Once you begin, you must continue.状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six? Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. I shall go there if it doesn

14、t rain. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. She works very hard though she is old. I am taller than h

15、e is. 句子的基本句型 由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等句子成分，按不同方式可组合成五种基本句型：(句子成分的表示方法：S: Subject主语；V: Verb动词；O: Object宾语；P: Predica tive表语；OC: Object Complement宾语补足语；InO: Indirect Object间接宾语；DO：Dir ect Object 直接宾语)第一种：S+V(主语+谓语动词)The boy sleeps. 第二种：S+V+O(主语+谓语动词+宾语)He plays the violin. 第三种：S+V+P(主语+连系动词+表语)She is a d

16、octor. 第四种：S+V+InO+DO(主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)I gave her a present.第五种：S+V+O+OC(主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语)We call him Jack1 第一种句型：主语+不及物动词(S+V)该句型所用动词都是不及物动词，其后当然不能接宾语，但是可以用状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子。He runs fast in the street.The meeting begins at nine. 2 第二种句型：主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+O)该句型所用动词都是及物动词，可作宾语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词或短语及从句。We attend

17、ed the meeting. She stopped him. She wants to ask a question. They enjoy listening to the classic music. 3 第三种句型：主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)连系动词的后面必须接表语，说明主语的情况和状态。通常可作表语的是名词或形容词。She became a lawyer last year. He is honest. It is getting colder and colder. It tastes delicious. It sounds reasonable. 注意：下列动词在表示

18、状态的存在和变化时，也可以作连系动词使用 ：look 看起来；smell 闻起来；sound 听起来；taste 尝起来；feel 感觉；keep 保持； grow/go/get/turn变得。4 第四种句型：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+InO+DO)(1)宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，但某些动词，除直接宾语外，还要求一个间接宾语，以表示该动词所表示的动作所及的人或物，通常由名词或代词 的宾格担任。She gave me a ticket for that film. Please pass me the salt. (2)通常情况下，间接宾语位于直接

19、宾语的前面，但有时根据强调需要，间接宾语位于直接 宾语之后，这时要在间接宾语前加to或for。I will bring the book to you next time. =I will bring you the book next time.He promised a motorbike to her. =He promised her a motorbike.Mother bought a new bag for him. =Mother bought him a new bag.She sang several songs for them. =She sang them sever

20、al songs.（间接宾语放在句尾为了强调是给我而不是给别人。）要求双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的动词，直接宾语提前，动词后加to或for，现归纳如下。后面加to的动词：give ；tell ；bring ；send ；hand ；read ；pass ；return ；lend ；throw ；leave ；promise 等等后面加for的动词：get ；make ；buy ；do ；play ；order ；sing ；pay等等 简单句的五种基本句型口诀英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。句型种类为动词，后接什么是关键；vt.又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见；还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。注

21、意：带特殊疑问词的不定式短语作直接宾语是一种很常 用的形式，基本句型是：S+V+O(间接)+疑问词+不定式主语+及物动词+间接宾语+疑问词+不定式She told me how to understand the article.They wanted to know where to solve the problem.5 第五种句型：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语(S+V(及物动词)+O+OC) (1)有些及物动词，只接一个宾语不能表达完整的意思，还需要再加一个宾语的补语加以说明使意思完整。这样的宾语和宾语补足语又称为复合宾语，可以由名词、形容词和不定式来担任。可以用于这种句式的动词主要有

22、:They named the girl Susan. He found her frustrated. I saw them perform on the stage.let / have / make sb. do sth.ask / want / tell / allow / wish / get / expect / encourage / invite / teach sb. to do sth.find / see / hear / watch / notice / feel sb. do sth./sb. doing sth.help sb. (to) do sth.(2)一些使

23、役性动词如make, let, have和一些表示感官的动词如see, watch, look at, hea r, listen to, feel等，用不定式作宾语补语时，要省去“to”。但用于被动语态时，还要 加上“to”。We all made him play the violin.被动：He was made to play the violin by us all.比较：双宾语句型与复合宾语句型的区别它们之间最主要的区别是：复合宾语中的宾语和它的补足语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，但双宾 语则没有这种逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：We call him Jack.He bought her a bike. practice划分以下句子成分I saw them getting on the bus. His face turned red. He tells us funny stories. They talked for half an hour. The little boy needs a blue pen.I want to have a cup of tea. The trouble is that they are sh