考研英语阅读理解

1、1995 Passage 1 Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to ne

2、w ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, t

3、he price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament g

4、overn the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy th

5、e inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is

6、 one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely

7、 to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wa

8、nts.51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that _.A he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertisingB everybody knows well that advertising is money consumingC advertising costs money like everything elseD it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which o

9、f the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?A Securing greater fame.B Providing more jobs.C Enhancing living standards.D Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is _.A very precise in passing his judgement on advertisingB interested in not

10、hing but the buyers attentionC correct in telling the difference between persuasion and informationD obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the authors opinion, _.A advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing informationB advertising informs people of new ideas rat

11、her than wins them overC there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyerD the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement重点词汇：know of 知道。I dont know him, but I know of him.我不认识他，但听说过他。live up to 做到；不辜负。subtly /5sQtli/ （精细地；微妙地），形容词形式为subtle。Men always want to

12、 be a womens first love; women have a more subtle instinct; what they like is to be a mans last romance.男人总想成为女人的第一个恋人，女人则具有更微妙的本能，她希望成为男人追求的最后一个对象。难句解析：Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.本句的主干非常简单，就是Money is money。重点在于要看清修饰两个money的定语，特别是后面一个修饰语中的as well as。理解本句的海王星在于

13、了解as well as不是“也”的意思，其中的well就是一个副词表示“好”，修饰过去分词spent，而后面的any指代的是any money。It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.本句的主干是It serves. to assist. distribut

14、ion.，而thereby后面是两个由and连接起来的分词短语作补语，里面又有一个make+it+adj.+to do sth.的结构。本句的阅读重点在于理解这几个动词之间的逻辑关系。Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.本句的主干是no regul

15、ar advertiser dare promote a product，前面是一个apart from引导的介词结构，介词宾语the fact后面又有一个同位语从句。在主句中，a product后面是一个定语从句that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements。注意文中acts指的是“法案”，而live up to表示“实现，兑现”的意思。另外apart from在这里是我们通常所说的“加法”的“除去”。If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the sure

16、st proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.本句是一个条件句，主句的结构比较复杂，注意I know是一个非常短的定语从句，修饰proof，而后面的两个that引导的是两个同位语从句，修饰the surest proof，前面的那个同位语从句中又有一个宾语从句。看清本句的基本结构是阅读的重点。同时注意作者对广告抱完全肯定的态度。If its message were confined merely to information and that in

17、 itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.本句的主句是一个if引导的虚拟语气If its message were confined merely to information, advertising would be so

18、boring that no one would pay any attention。两个破折号中间的部分是一个补充说明成分。看清本句的基本结构是阅读的重点。注意作者使用了虚拟语气，显示了作者认为广告中只出现告知性信息的不可能性。试题解析：51. D 这句话可直译为：将钱花在广告上是我所知道的好的花钱方式之一。意为：将钱花在广告上好或很值(worthwhile)。该句的非比较级形式为：Money spent on advertising is money spent well.在该句中，any指任何一种好的花钱方式(any money spent well)；know of意为：知道，所了解到

19、的。其实，该句所陈述的内容不仅是第一段的主题思想，也是全文旨在说明的问题。在第一段的其他部分，作者就列举了合理的广告带来的诸多方面的益处。A意为：他对广告的价格了如指掌。这显然不对。B意为：众人皆知做广告很费钱(money consuming)，即：做广告很贵。C意为：像做其他事一样，做广告要花钱。52. A secure在此意为：取得，获得。A意为：获得更大知名度。这是原文所未提到的。原文第一段历数了广告所带来的诸多益处。它直接有助于产品以合理价格迅速销出(distribution)，在稳定国内市场(home market)的同时，使产品能以有竞争力(competitive)的价格出口进入国

20、际市场；它给人以新的消费观，从而大大地提高人们的生活标准；它增加了市场需求(demand)，扩大了劳动力(labour)市场，有效地扩大了就业。它使许多公共事业的服务价格低廉，因为，这些服务都可以利用登广告所嫌的钱补贴其经营费用，这使得它们可以降低价格。B与原文内容相符。C意为：提高生活标准。与原文内容相符。D与原文内容相符。53. D 在这一题的提问部分，deem意为：认为。选择项D中partial意为：片面的，不公平的。文章第四段和第五段讨论了一个反对广告的著名电视工作者(television personality)的看法。他反对广告的理由是：广告是劝诱性的(persuade)，而不是客

21、观地提供信息(inform)，但是，作者认为：作这种区别有些过于细微了(excessively fine)，广告当然要劝诱人们。即使在很小的方面，也很难做到只局限于(confine. to)客观地提供信息，而且，那样的话，广告就失去了吸引力，没人会注意它。由此可见，在作者看来，广告的这两方面很难严格地区别开来，二者是有机地结合在一起的，不能顾此失彼。A意为：准确地表达了他对广告的评价。这里，pass意为：表述，表达，提出。B意为：只关心消费者的注意力。这里，nothing but意为：只有，除之外都不。C意为：区分劝诱与信息提供是有道理的。这里，tell the difference意为：区分

22、，区别。54. C 意为：广告劝诱消费者无可指责。作者认为，毫无疑问，广告会劝诱消费者。它不仅是这样，而且应该是这样，否则，广告便失去了吸引力而没人看了。参阅第53题题解。A是不对的。正如第三段所指出的，广告给社会(community)带来的物质利益(material benefit)比其他形式都大。B意为：广告应给人以新的（消费）观念，而不在于说服人。这里，win over意为：说服，争取；rather than意为：而不是。可见，所表达的内容与原文中作者表达的观点相反。D意为：消费者不关心广告所提供的信息。这与作者的观点也不同，作者仅是说：广告不能仅局限于提供客观信息，否则，就无法吸引消费

23、者。参阅第53题题解。全文翻译：花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别处的钱一样值得。它直接有助于商品以合理的价格销售，由此建立稳固的国内市场，并使商品能以富有竞争力的价格出口。它吸引人们对新观念的注意，极大地提高生活标准。广告有助于增加市场需求，从而确保对劳动力需求的增加，因此是遏制失业的一个有效方法。它降低了多种服务费用，没有广告，每天看的报纸价格会上涨四倍，电视收视费会翻番，公共汽车或地铁票也得提高20以上。也许最重要的是，广告为你购买的商品或服务提高了合理的价值方面的保证。除了国会制定的二十七项法案对广告词加以约束之外，没有哪个专职广告商胆敢推销与广告承诺不符的产品。他们或许能通过误导性的广

24、告暂时愚弄一些人，但时间不会太长，因为庆幸的是，公众有良好的意识，他们不会一而再地去购买劣质商品。如果你看到一种商品不断地打广告，我认为这是最可靠的证明，即此商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。广告给社会带来的物质利益比任何我所能想到的方式都多。我觉得有一点还得谈一谈。最近我听到一位著名电视人宣称他反对广告，因为广告意在劝诱而非提供信息。他把两者区分得过于细微，因为广告不可避免地要劝说消费者。如果广告的内容仅仅限于提供信息（虽说这不是不可能做到的，但它本身也是很难做的，因为哪怕是挑衬衫颜色这样的细节也带有几分劝诱性），那会令人生厌，以致没人再去理会。但也许这就是那位著名电视人所希望看

25、到的。1995 Passage 2 There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreign

26、er who learns a new language all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The proc

27、ess is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to

28、accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may fail at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick

29、and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think were shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think were slow to adapt to ch

30、ange or that were not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and d

31、oubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when _.A he has given up his smoking habitB he has made great efforts in his workC he is keen on learning anything newD he

32、has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the authors eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would _.A succeed in climbing up the social ladderB judge his ability to grow from his own achievementsC face difficulties and take up challengesD aim high and reach his goal each tim

33、e57. When the author says a new way of being (line 2, paragraph 3) he is referring to _.A a new approach to experiencing the worldB a new way of taking risksC a new method of perceiving ourselvesD a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following

34、EXCEPT _.A curiosity about more chancesB promptness in self-adaptationC open-mindedness to new experiencesD avoidance of internal fears and doubts重点词汇：external /eks5tE:nl/ （外部的），反义词为internal（内部的）。Everybody acts not only under external compulsion but also in accordance with inner necessity.每个人的行动都不仅处

35、于外部的推动，也同样依据内在的需要。signpost /5sainpEust/ （路标）sign+post。landmark /5lAndmB:k/ （界标）land+mark。obstacle /5CbstEkl/ （障碍）即ob+st+acle，ob-前缀“阻碍”，st词根=stand，-acle后缀表物，“站在那里阻碍的东西”障碍。Victory is not the end but a phase to the end. It is no more than the removal of obstacles.胜利不是目的而是达到目的的一个阶段。它不过是对障碍的消除。Some minds

36、 seem almost to create themselves, springing up under every disadvantage and working their solitary but irresistible way through a thousand obstacles.有些人仿佛自己创造自己在每次逆境中崛起，穿过重重阻碍，孤独但义无反顾地开辟自己的道路。obstacles things a person sees when they take their mind off their goal 障碍当一个人的大脑脱离自己的目标时所看到的东西。curiosity /

37、7kjuEri5Csiti/ （好奇心；古玩）即curios+ity，curios(=curious)好奇的，-ity名词后缀，“引起好奇的东西”古玩。参curiously，2001年Passage 5。Curiosity is a scholars virtue.好奇心是学者的美德。There are two sorts of curiosity the momentary and the permanent. The momentary is concerned with the odd appearance on the surface of things. The permanent

38、is attracted by the amazing and consecutive life that flows on beneath the surface of things.有两种好奇心一种是短暂的，一种是永久的。短暂的好奇心关注事物表面的奇异外观；永久的好奇心被事物表面之下流动着的令人惊讶并连续的生命所吸引。curiosity the key to creativity a willing, a proud, an eager confession of ignorance the first step to betrayal 好奇心打开创造力的钥匙 心甘情愿地、自豪地、急切地承

39、认自己的无知 背叛的第一步。难句解析：The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.本句破折号前面是三个并列的名词词组，其核心词是the workers，the student和the foreigner，它们后面都有一个定语从句，而破折号后面的部分是一个

40、简单的主系表结构。注意破折号前面的只是一些例子，在看不懂的情况下可以跳过，当然如果能够精确理解它们的意思对理解作者把成长视为一种过程也有帮助。The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.本句主干结构就是not. but，注意but后面的成分较复杂，有四个并列的成分attitudes，feelings

41、，caution，courage，在它们的后面有一个时间状语从句。注意抓not. but结构中but后面的部分，这里是阅读的重点。In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.可以用分号把句子一分为二，后面一半的表语比较复杂，有三个new的东西：new ways，new ideas，new challenges。在此句和此句的上下文中，字面意思的理解可能不成问

42、题，但考生应该真正理解作者在这里把人生的成长视为一种过程而不是一个简单的结果这一事实。In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may fail at first.本句开始的两个不定式是目的状语，主句结构是people need to have a willingness to do sth.，后面又是三个并列的不定式。在读到这一句时

43、我们就应该对此文作者的文风有一个大致把握，本文的作者比较喜欢使用排比结构来使其论述显得更加强有力。If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.第一个句子以两个if引导的条件从句开始，核心在then的后面，后面的句子中注意become后面的过去分词作表语。开始也是排比，比较容易理解，后半句里有

44、一个比喻，shell指的是“自我封闭”，大家理解起来也没有什么问题。试题解析：55. A第一段指出，人们对成长有两种基本看法：有人将之视为结果(product)，有人将之视为一个过程(process)。一般来讲，人倾向于将个人的成长（或发展）看作是一个易于识别和测量的外在的结果，如：工人晋职，学生成绩(grades)好，学会一门外语。这都是他们做出努力(efforts)之后所取得的可衡量的结果。A表达的内容原文虽未提到，但我们可以做一个简单的类推。一旦形成习惯，戒烟是很不易的，是需要决心与毅力的，正像一个学生要取得好成绩必须做出努力一样。B意为：他对工作尽了巨大的心力。但是，这里却未提到尽心尽

45、力后带来什么样的结果，也许是徒劳无益呢？C意为：他热衷于学习新东西。be keen on意为：热衷于，想要。与B一样，这里也未提及结果：他是否学会新东西？D意为：他想看看（或确立一下）自己在发展的道路(journey)上走到哪儿了。这更没道理了。56. C 意为：面对困难，接受挑战。在第二段，作者指出，将发展看作是一个过程的人关心的不是结果，他们更多地是注重人面对新的体验(experiences)与不期而至的障碍时所表现出的态度与感受：是谨慎还是表示出勇气。发展永无止境，对外部世界的体验不止一种，总是有新的思路需要检验，新的挑战(challenges)去接受。另请参阅第三段第一句。A意为：成功

46、地爬上了社会阶梯（即：成功地进入社会上层）。这是一个结果，而不是一个过程，因此，是不正确的，而且，原文并未提到这一点。B意为：从他自己的成就来判断其发展（潜）力。这显然是从结果的角度来看待人的发展。D意为：确立高的（发展）目标(aim high)，而且每次都实现自己的目标。原文并未提及“目标”的确立，而且该选择项的后半部分(reach his goal each time)显然又是在谈结果。57. A在该句中，being在此意为：生存，存在，第三段第二句指出，当我们用新的方式生存（或体验世界）时，我们对自己的看法对我们能否发展至关重要。下文举了几个例子来阐述这一观点。如果我们认为自己行动敏捷，

47、喜欢刨根问底，在实际的行动上，我们就会倾向于冒险(take more chances)，更欢迎(be more open to)新的体验。如果我们自认为天生怯懦并优柔寡断，我们就会遇事犹豫不前，行动迟缓，只有感到安全可靠时才会挪动一步。如果我们自认为适应变化很慢或不够精明，无法对付新的挑战，那么，我们很可能做事被动或干脆不做。可见，我们的态度决定了我们的生活方式。A意为：体验世界（即：生活）的新方式（或方法）。B意为：新的冒险(take risk)方法。这有些片面。C意为：认识自我的新方法。这是指态度方面，而不是指实际行为方面。D意为：适应变化的新方法(system)。这也失之片面。58. D

48、意为：避免内心的恐惧感与（自我）怀疑。在最后一段，作者指出，不安全感与自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的(unavoidable)，而且是必要的，否则，我们就无法变化、发展。关键是要敢于面对(confront)并克服这种心理，如果我们一味地求安全，就不会有所长进，就等于是作茧自缚(We become trapped inside a shell of our own making)。A意为：对更多的冒险（指：做新的事情）持好奇态度。即：总希望尝试新的事情。B意为：自我调节快。即：适应新事物快。C意为：对新的体验持欢迎态度。对选择项A、C、D的理解请参阅第57题题解。全文翻译：人们对成长有两种基本看法：一

49、是将其视作结果；一是将其视为过程。人们通常把个人成长看做是易于识别和测量的外在结果。工人得到升迁，学生成绩提高，外国人学会了一门新的语言这些都可表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可衡量的成绩。相比之下，对成长过程的测定就难多了，因为从定义上讲，它是一次旅行，不是沿途上的某个路标或界标。成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未曾预料的坎坷时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。在这个过程中，旅行永远不会真的结束；总会有新的方法去体验世界，新的思想去尝试，新的挑战去面对。要想成长，要想探索新的道路，人们就得乐于冒险，乐于面对未知世界，并敢于接受初次尝试便失败的可能性。我们在尝试新的生存方式时如何

50、看待自己对我们能力的培养是至关重要的。自以为行动敏捷而又好奇吗？如果这样，我们就会去抓住更多机会，更加勇于面对陌生的体验。自以为害羞而优柔寡断吗？那么这种恐惧感便会使我们犹豫不决，行动迟缓，而且在确保安全无虞后才前进一步。自以为适应变化的速度很慢，不够精明，无法应付新挑战吗？那么我们就可能采取消极姿态，或根本不去尝试。如果我们要变化、要成长，那么这种不安全感、自我怀疑则是不可避免的，而且也是必要的。如果我们不能去正视并克服这些内在的恐惧和疑虑，如果我们过于自我保护，那么我们就会停止成长，陷进自己营造的壳里面。1995 Passage 3In such a changing, complex s

51、ociety formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert adv

52、ice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War . As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of informati