定语从句与宾语从句的区别与联系

1、宾语从句一、宾语从句概说 宾语从句是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句。在谓语动词，介词和某些形容词等后面都可以接宾语从句。同学们要掌握好宾语从句，主要应该注意以下三个关键：1连接词：根据从句类型而定。2语序：用陈述句语序。3时态：根据主句中谓语动词的时态而定。（自然、科学规律及真理可以除外）二、宾语从句的连接词：1 thatthat引导陈述意义的宾语从句，无实际意思，在从句中也不充当任何成分。在口语和非正式文体中that常被省略。She said that she missed us very much.她说她非常想念我们。I think she is right.我认为她是对的（that被省略）2

2、 whether, if：whether与if引导选择意义的宾语从句，意思为是否。I wonder whether/ if she still lives here after so many years.这不知道经过这么之年她是否还住在这里。Have you found out whether/if he is in London?你弄清楚他是否在伦敦了吗？3 what, who, whom, which这是一组连接代词，引导疑问意义的宾语从句。 Can you tell me what bread is made from?你能告诉我面包是由什么制造的吗？I cant remember w

3、ho has come to my office.我不记得谁来过我的办公室了。Tom asked me whom/who they were talking about.汤姆问我他们在谈论谁。I want to know which is better.我想知道哪一个更好些。whom引导宾语从句时一般可由who替换，但如果宾语从句的介词提前，则只能用whom，不能用who。I wonder with who she is angry.（）I wonder with whom she is angry.我不知道她在跟谁生气。4 when, where, why, how这是一组连接副词，引导疑问

4、意义的宾语从句。 Im not sure when he will be back.我不能肯定他何时回来。I cant tell you where he lives.我不能告诉你他住在哪儿。We dont know why he broke the window.我们不知道他为何打破窗户。Would you please tell me how I can get to the nearest bus stop?请告诉我如何才能到达最近的公共汽车站好吗？5某些形容词如afraid, sure, glad, happy等后也可以带宾语从句（也有人认为是状语从句）。Im afraid (that

5、) we cant get there on time.恐怕我们不能准时到达那里了。Hes not sure whether he can find her.他不能肯定他是否能够找到她。三、宾语从句的时态：宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。1 如果主句是现在时态（包括一般现在时，现在进行时和现在完成时），宾语从句可以是实际需要的任何时态。I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已经来了。（现在完成时）Please tell me when well have the meeting.请告诉我什么时候开会。（一般将来时）I do

6、nt know who they are talking about.我不知道他们正在谈论谁。（现在进行时）I have heard the window was broken by John.我已经听说窗户是被约翰打破的。 2 如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），宾语从句必须选用过去的某一时态（即一般过去时，过去将来时，过去进行时或过去完成时等）He said he would kill her.他说他会杀了她。（过去将来时）She told us Lucy had returned home.她告诉我们露茜已经回家去了。（过去完成时）Mary was wondering w

7、ho could answer the question.玛丽想知道谁能回答这一问题。（一般过去时）I didnt tell them where you were having the meeting.我没有告诉他们你们正在哪儿开会。（过去进行时）3 如果宾语从句表示的是科学其理、客观事实或格言警句等，则不管这句是何种时态，从句一律用一般现在时。Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告诉我地球围绕太阳转。She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她说患难朋友才是真正的朋友。四、

8、宾语从句的语序：宾语从句的语序一律使用陈述语序。1 当宾语从句原为陈述句时，用that引导，语序不变。（注意时态的一致）Tom isnt a good student. (The teacher told us)The teacher told us Tom wasnt a good student.老师告诉我们汤姆不是一个好学生。He has given up smoking. (She said)She said he had given up smoking.她说他已经戒烟了。2 当宾语从句原为一般疑问句时，用whether或if连接，语序变为陈述语序。Is Jim a doctor?

9、(I wonder)I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是个医生。Does she dance well? (Can you tell me)Can you tell me if she dances well? 你能告诉我她舞跳的是否好吗？3 当宾语从句原为特殊疑问句时，特殊疑问词即为连接词，语序变为陈述语序。Where are you going? (She asked me)She asked me where you were going.她问我你去哪里。What does he want to do. (She wondered)She

10、wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。五、直接引语与间接引语在学习宾语从句的过程中，有一个重要的知识就是：如何将直接引语变为间接引语。在直接引语变间接引语时，同学们要注意以下事项：1人称代词和物主代词要做相应的调整。He said, Im glad to meet you.- He said that he was glad to meet me.但如果说话者转述自己的话，则不用变人称。I said to them, Ill leave a massage on his desk.- I said to them that Ill leave a me

11、ssage on his desk.2在一些情况下，如果人称代词所指代的名词容易发生混淆，则最好将人称代词改为它所指代的名词。My father thought, Maybe he is right.- My father thought that maybe the man was right.3当直接引语中出现when, while, since等词引导的表示过去的时间状语时，在变间接引语时，只改变主句的时态，不改变该从句的时态。Our teacher told us, Jim has made great progress in Chinese since he came to Chin

12、a.- Our teacher told us that Jim had made great progress in Chinese since he came to China.4直接引语变间接引语时，如果报告动词用say，则不必加间接宾语。如果要加的话，say后就一定要加介词to.The old man said, Its going to rain.- The old man said that it was going to rain.- The old man said to us that it was going to rain.5直接引语的报告动词是say to sb时，在变

13、间接引语时，常改成tell sb.The policeman said to the woman, You should turn right at the first crossing.- The policeman told the woman that she should turn right at the first crossing.6如果报告动词在句末，在变为直接引语时，应该把它移到句首。Is it the right address? he wondered.- He wondered whether it was the right address.7在疑问句变为直接引语时，

14、应该注意原来的直接引语中的问号要变成句号，疑问语序要变成陈述语序，直接引语中的助动词do等要去掉，动词做相应的变化。The girl asked me, How did you finish the work so well?- The girl asked me that how I finished the work so well.8如果直接引语是祈使句，我们经常不提出说话的对象；但是在变间接引语时，说话的对象必须出现。The angry man said, Shut up!- The angry man ordered us to shut up.9如果是以Lets开头的祈使句来变间接

15、引语，我们通常用Suggest +动名词（或从句）结构。The twins said happily, Lets go scuba diving this afternoon.- The twins suggested happily that they can go scuba diving that afternoon.10如果直接引语是两个或两个以上不同类型的句子，可分别将各部分转换为间接引语，并用and连接。The manager said, You did a very nice job. What are you thinking about now?- The manager s

16、aid to the young man that he did a very nice job and asked him what he was thinking about at that time.11如果直接引语是反意疑问句或是选择疑问句，变间接引语时与一般疑问句一样，在从句前加连词if或whether。He asked me, There is lots of rice in the bag, isnt there?- He asked me whether/ if there was lots of rice in the bag.六、宾语从句中的否定前移当主句的主语为第一人称，

17、而谓语动词又是think, believe, feel等时，宾语从句的否定词往往前移至主句，即否定的前移。该句型变为反意疑问句时尤其应注意使附加问句与从句相对应。He isnt a thief. （I think） I dont think he is a thief.我认为他不是小偷。I dont think he is a thief, is he？我认为他不是小偷，（他）是吗？Jack doesnt study hard. （I believe） I dont believe Jack studies hard. 我相信杰克学习不努力。I dont believe Jack studie

18、s hard, does he? 我相信杰克学习不努力，是吗？七、同步练习单项选择1. Do you know_ daughter she is?A. whose B. whom C. what D. who2. They wondered if the teacher_ them some English songs the next week.A. would teach B. had taught C. will teach D. taught3. He asked_ picture was Johns.A. whose B. who C. whom D. which4. He told

19、 me _ Paris is the capital of France.A. which B. the C. that D. what5. He asked me_ during the summer holiday.A. where I had gone B. where I had beenC. where had I gone D. where had I been6. Can you tell us _ ?A. if your father does B. what does your father doC. your father does what D. what your fa

20、ther does7. He asked me if I knew_ .A. whose pen was it B. whose pen it wasC. whose pen it is D. whose pen is it8. Do you know _ ?A. what are you listening B. what you are listeningC. what you are listening to D. what are you listening to9. -Do you know _ ?-Yes. He is a teacher.A, whom he is B. whom

21、 is he C. what is he D. what he is10. Im not sure whether _ tomorrow.A. they will arrive B. will they arrive C. they arrive D. they have arrived 用适当的连词填空1. Do you remember_ China sent up her first man-made satellite?2. I asked him _ he knew Mary.3. I am sure _ you said is true.4. We know_ there is n

22、o air on the moon.5. He asked me_ she would come or not.6. Can you tell me_ I can get there?7. Do you know _ it is a bird or not?8. Do you know_ way we should take to get to the hospital?9. She knew _ to do it.10. I dont think _ he was wrong.八、同步练习答案及讲解单项选择1. A 谁的应该用whose.2. A 从句的时态原本应该用一般将来时（因为时间状语

23、是next week），但是由于主句的时态是一般过去时，因此从句的时态应该改为过去将来时，即would +动词原形。 3. D 哪幅画是约翰的应该是which picture. 4. C 本题应该用是否 (whether)。 5. B 首先，从句应该用陈述句语序，因此只能考虑A或B。然后根据题目的意思，他问我去了哪里，证明我已经回来的，问的是曾经去了哪里，因此用been to.6. D 首先确定该题的引导词是what，然后应该用陈述句语序，因此选D. 7. B 首先通过从句应该是陈述句语序这一点来排除A和D，然后由于主句的时态是过去时，因此从句也要用过去的时态，故选B. 8. C 只有B和C的

24、从句语序是陈述句语序；listen是一个不及物动词，因此不能丢掉介词to， 故答案为C. 9 D 从回答来看，询问的是职业，因此只能考虑由what来引导；然后发现D是陈述句语序，因此选C.10. A 该题中的A, C, D都是陈述句语序，都可以考虑；但是只有A符合从句时态的要求，故选A.用适当的连词填空1. when2. if/ whether3. what4. that5. whether6. how7. whether8. which9. how10. that定语从句专题一、什么是定语从句？定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,

25、词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。初中阶段我们仅仅要求学生能够认识，并且正确翻译由关系代词that, which, who等引导的定语从句。请观察下面的句子：This is the mountain village which I visited last year.在这句话中，mountain village为先行词，which为关系代词，关系代词其实就是先行词的化身，它在从句中充当主语或者宾语。所以以上的句子可以被翻译

26、成：这是我去年访问过的山村。这句话的主干是“This is the mountain village.”这是那个小山村。从句部分是 “which I visited last year”，看上去这句话是缺少宾语的，实际上关系代词which就是宾语，它既是从句的引导词，又是宾语。请看下面的句子：He is the person who helped me with my homework last week. 翻译成：他是上周帮助我做功课的那个人。主句部分是“He is the person”从句部分是“who helped me with my homework last week”看上去，这

27、个从句是缺少主语的，实际上，从句的主语就是who，他跟在先行词后面，代表先行词，在从句中充当主语。二、关系代词：that, which, who.1. 首先：在定语从句中所有的关系代词和关系副词都是先行词的化身，在翻译的时候，不参照他们本身疑问副词，疑问代词的意思，如：I am looking for the photos which you took in Australia. 我正在找你在澳大利亚拍的照片。这里的which代表照片，并不翻译成“哪一个”，再如He is the photographer who won the photo competition last time.他就是那

28、个赢得上次摄影比赛冠军的摄影师。这里的who代表photographer，也不翻译成“谁”2. 其次：（1）who前面的先行词一定是人物：I got some great shots of the boy who plays the guitar on the left.我给左边弹吉他的男孩照了一些不错的相片。 这里的先行词是the boy，是人，所以关系代词用who，当然用that也可以（2）which 前面的先行词一定是事物：It is a band which gets everyone dancing.这是一支能让每个人都舞动起来的乐队。这句话的先行词是a band，不是人，是乐队，所

29、以用which,也可以用that.（3）that前面的先行词既可以是人，也可以是物.注意：这并不代表that是万能的关系代词，到高中的时候我们就会学到，在某些定语从句，尤其是非限定性定语从句中，我们是不能使用that的，但是我们在初中阶段并不要求。3. 定语从句关系代词的省略：与许多其它从句一样，定语从句的引导词 关系代词也是可以省略的，但是省略是需要条件的，就是当关系代词在从句中充当宾语的时候，关系代词可以省略。重点有两个：第一就是从句中，所以我们要分清什么是主句，什么是从句，如：Ill never forget the days which I spent in the countrysi

30、de.我永远都忘不了我在乡下的日子。在这句话里，I will never forget the days.是主句，which I spent in the countryside是从句，再看：Please show me the book which you bought yesterday.请给我看一眼你昨天买的书。在这句话里面，Please show me the book是主句，which you bought yesterday是从句。第二个重点就是充当宾语：He is the person who talked to me last time. 他是上次和我说话的那个人。在这句话中，

31、关系代词who作为the person的化身，在从句中充当主语。He is the person who I met last time. 他是我上次遇见的那个人。在这句话中，关系代词who作为the person的化身在从句中充当宾语，这个who可以省略。判断关系代词充当主语还是宾语可以看它后面是否紧跟谓语动词，如果紧跟谓语动词（如第一句），则关系代词为主语，不能省略；若反之，其后没有紧跟谓语动词，而是名词（从句的主语），则关系代词在从句中作宾语，可以省略关系代词。三、定语从句与宾语从句的区别：顾名思义，定语从句是从句充当定语的复合句，宾语从句是从句充当宾语的复合句，二者迥然不同，但是在使用

32、中，同学们总是容易混淆这两个句型。请从以下几点区分：（1）通过从句的位置：定语从句的位置在名词代词的后面（先行词一般是由名词或者代词充当的）。宾语从句的位置一般在动词或者介词短语之后，因为宾语一般都在动词或者介词短语之后。请判断下面句子是定语从句还是宾语从句：I dont know what you are talking about.He is angry with what you said.The tall boy who you met just now is my brother.经过判断，前两句是宾语从句，第三句是定语从句。（2）通过引导词：定语从句的关系代词只有that, who

33、, which, whom,whose关系副词也只有when, where, why，所以如果有的句子是whether, if, how, what等词引导的，肯定不是定语从句。（3）通过从句的成分：都是that引导的从句，宾语从句和定语从句也有的区别，我们可以通过that在从句中充当的句子成分判断，如：I know that you are right. 我知道你是对的。这是一个宾语从句，that 引导的宾语从句，that只是连接词，不充当任何成分，所以that后面的句子you are right是一个主语谓语完全的句子。He is the person that I am looking

34、for.这是一个定语从句，that在从句中充当look for的宾语，所以看上去look for是没有宾语的。四、练习题：1. This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday.A. that B. who C. whom D. this2. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher.A. whom B. which C. who D. /3. The girl _ you saw in the street is Mary.A. that B. whose C. which D. as4. Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday?A. the one B. which C. who D. who