非谓语动词课件

1、非谓语动词的用法,动词不定式的基本形式,to do,to be done,to have done,to have been done,to be doing,to have been doing,分词的基本形式,doing,being done,having done,having been done,done,1.作主语放在句首表示泛指，指具体的行为，特别是将来的行为,谓语用单数,To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (表将来) To do such things is foolish. 为了平衡句子, 通常用it作形式主语,构成句

2、型: Its +n.(adj.)+ for(of) sb. +to do sth. It is foolish to do such things,1)如果表语是不定式，主语必须也是不定式(主语是动词)。 2)主语表示动词但又含有do时，作表语的动词不定式to可以 省略。 To see is to believe. All you have to do is (to) study hard,2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，语法上称为不定式的复合结构.常用于下列句式中。 Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care of the old.

3、 It takes sb +some time +to do How long did it take you to finish the work? It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money,在某些形容词如good ,nice, kind , clever, wise, foolish, silly, careless, right, wrong, rude, impolite, lazy,等词之 后的不定式前，常加of短语,这是对人做某事的赞扬，责备 或感激等,Itbe形容词for sbto do Its ne

4、cessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible, possible, important, necessary, convenient等。 Itbe形容词of sbto do =Sb +be+形容词+to do Its very nice of you to help me. =You are nice. It is foolish of him to do such a t

5、hing,动名词做主语,谓语动词用单数。表示比较抽象的一般行为，具有普遍性。通常表示一件已知的事或经验。 Seeing is believing.一般行为 （在英语中，把这种主语和表语结构相同，对等叫结构对称） Smoking is not allowed here.表示抽象 Climbing hills is interesting.表示经验,动名词与不定式作主语的区别： 1、一般情况下可以换用： It is dangerous playing/to play with fire. 但在口语中用动词-ing形式放在句首比不定式多。 Going shopping is a pleasant t

6、hing. 2、在下列句型中习惯用-ing作主语，不用不定式： 1）It is+ no use, no good, fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore + doing sth. It is no use crying.哭是没有用的。 It is no good cutting down the forest.砍伐森林是不好的。 Its a waste of time trying to persuade him not to smoke,Its worthwhile doing it,2）It is+形容词（ good，boring，f

7、oolish，wonderful，useless，difficult，nice ，worthwhile，tiring等） + doing sth. 注意：形容词important，essential, impossible, necessary等作表语时，只能用动词不定式，不能用动名词。 It is a wonder meeting you here. 3）There be no + doing .（There is no表示“不可能”）意思上相当于“it is impossible to do sth.” There is no telling what he is going to do.

8、 = it is impossible to tell what he is going to do. 说出他要干什么是不可能的,4）在一些成语.谚语中，动词-ing不宜换成动词不定式。 例：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收 5、我们常见的标语牌“禁止”是由“No动名词”构成。 No parking. 禁止停车。No smoking.禁止吸烟,当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是抽象名词idea, wish, task, plan, order, duty, aim, problem, question, sugg

9、estion, advice, dream, purpose, mistake, hope等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例），不定式说明主语的内容,不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别: 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 （动名词和不定式作表语时用法相同。） To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest

10、 is to put off the meeting,Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr. Wang is interesting. 句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving the people is our work,而句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。 不定式做表语时须注意: 一般说来，不定式前面的to不能省略，但当主语部分含有动词do时

11、，to须省略。 What I want is to visit the History Museum now. What he wants to do is go swimming in that river,动名词作表语与进行时态的区别： 动名词作表语，具有名词性质，表示主语的内容。这种用法的动词-ing可以与主语互换位置。Her only hobby is singing.= singing is her only hobby. 有些动词-ing作表语，具有形容词的性质，这类动词-ing实际已经形容词化了，如：worrying, shocking, striking, tiring, mo

12、ving, interesting, surprising, exciting, pleasing, disappointing等。 进行时态中的动词-ing与构成进行时态，表示主语正在进行中的动作。 My favorite sport is playing football. （动词-ing作表语） Im playing football with my teachers. 我和我的老师们正在踢足球。（进行时态） His job is raising pigs.= Raising pigs is his job. 喂猪是他的工作。（做表语，可与主语互换） He is raising pigs

13、.他正在喂猪。（进行时态，表正在进行的动作,2）动词-ing作表语时，主语多为表示抽象意义的名词，如：aim, difficulty, duty, idea, job, motion, purpose, suggestion, task, trouble等。 His aim is making more money .他的目的是为了赚更多的钱,作表语,不定式：具体的，将要发生的动作 动名词：抽象的，习惯性的动作 分词,现在分词：令人的 过去分词：感到的,The situation is encouraging. He felt encouraged by the teachers words.

14、 She looked disappointed. The news is very disappointing. Our work is serving the people. His hobby is collecting stamps,不定式作宾语,1.在这些动词后接to do作宾语,advise, ask, agree, allow, arrange, believe, choose, cause, decide, desire, demand, determine, elect, expect, fail, happen, help, hesitate, hope, learn, L

15、ong, manage, offer, pretend, promise, plan, prepare, refuse, seek, wish等,2.动词+疑问词( 除why)+to do,We havent decide where to spend our holiday. When to start has not been decided,这类词有: advise, decide, discuss , explain, know, learn , show, tell, teach, understand, discover, find out等之后通常不宜直接跟不定式，但可跟“疑问词

16、 不定式” 。 特殊疑问词+不定式=名词短语 在句中作主语，表语，宾语,特殊疑问词后的主语和主句的主句一致,I cant decide when to go. = I cant decide when I will go,What，which， whom在从句中作宾语；how， when， where， whether在从句中不能作宾语只能作状语。 I didnt know what to do. = I didnt know what I should do. I didnt know how to do it . =I didnt know how I should do it,只要语义允

17、许，我们原则上可以根据需要选用疑问词用于“疑问词+不定式”结构中，但这有一个例外，那就是why 他向我解释了他为什么迟到的原因。 误：He explained to me why to be late. 正：He explained to me why he was late. 疑问词why后面不能接带to的不定式。 Why not try again? 干嘛不再试试呢,你能说明一下蛋糕的做法吗? 误：Can you explain to make a cake? 正：Can you explain how to make a cake,3. cant but不得不 cannot choose

18、 but 不得不，除外别无选择 + do cannot help but不得不 I cant choose but wait. 4. 在but, except, besides等后面，如果这三个词前有实义动词do的某种形式（do， did，does），后面的动词不带to；没有实义动词do的某种形式，就必须带to。即有do无to，有to无do She has no choice but to wait for the news. There was nothing she could do except cry. He had no choice but to wait. He could do

19、 nothing but wait,5. Prefer to do rather do Prefer to do instead of doing Prefer doing to (介词) doing 宁愿而不愿 Prefer 名词 to (介词) 名词 6. 是主要动词的主语，也是不定式逻辑上的宾语。 This house must be comfortable to live in. It must be comfortable to live in this house. 7. 在think, consider, decide, suppose, feel, find, imagine,

20、 prove等后+宾语+to be I imagine himself to be an able man. They consider the answer to be quite right,习惯上要跟动名词作宾语的常见动词有以下51个：acknowledge, admit, appreciate, avoid, burst out, consider, contemplate, delay, defer, deny, detest, dislike, dispute, endure, enjoy, evade, escape, excuse, face, fancy, feel like

21、, finish, forgive, give up, grudge, (cant) help, hinder, imagine, include, involve, keep (on), leave off, mention, mind, miss, necessitate, pardon, postpone, practise, prevent, put off, recall, recollect, repent, resent, resist, risk, (cant) stand, stop, suggest, understand 等,动名词作宾语 1. 在下列动词后需用动名词作宾

22、语,2.介词+doing作宾语： He left without singing goodbye to us. On arriving at the airport, I saw her mother standing in the crowd. 3.在动词词组后+doing go on, give up, put off, cant help doing, cant stand doing insist on , be sure of, be keen on, be fond of, be good at, be tired of, be afraid of, be engaged in(从

23、事于), depend on, feel like, set about, burst out等,有些动词后既可接不定式做宾语，也可接动名词做宾语,两者意义差别不大.这些词有like, hate, begin, start, love, continue等,start, begin后面，一般接不定式和动名词无多大区别。但在下列情况下，多用动词不定式： a主语是物时用to do ： It started to rain. Snow started to melt as spring came. 后接understand, know, realize时用to do ： I began to rea

24、lize my mistakes. begin, start本身为进行时用to do ： They were starting have dinner when I came in d. begin,start 后接被动只能用动词不定式的被动： The TV tower started to be built several years ago,like , hate, love,prefer, care等 +dong 表示经常性的动作 + to do 表示一次性的，具体的动作,有些动词后既可接动词不定式做宾语有可接动名词做宾语，但意义截然不同,try to do try doing,mean

25、 to do mean doing,forget to do forget doing,remember to do remember doing,stop to do stop doing,尽力去做某事,试一试，试试看,打算做某事,意味着做某事,忘记做过了某事,忘记要做某事,记得要做某事,记得做过了某事,停下（某事）去做某事,把某事停下来,regret to do对马上要或不做的事表示遗憾 regret doing对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔,need, require, want译作“需要”时，跟 v-ing作宾语，主动表被动，相当于to be done,cant help to do不能帮

26、助做某事 cant help doing情不自禁做某事,be considered to have done被认为已经做了 considerto be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事,be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”； be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况.结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕,1.在hope, want, plan, expect, intend, mean, promise, wish之后用不定式的完成式表示要做而未做的事。 即：动词+to have done=had +动

27、词-ed +to do I hope to have met you at the airport yesterday, but I had hoped to meet was too busy. 练习：1. I intended to have called, but 2.We had expected to reach home early, but the bridge had been washed away. 2.would / should like/ love to have+ed 表示本来想 =would/ should have +liked / loved+ to do H

28、ed like to have went to the party, but his wife was ill. = He would have liked to go to the party, but his wife was ill,补 充 内 容,非谓语作宾语补足语的重点,When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. （主动进行）I saw him go to the cinema.（主动，全过程） We heard her singing next door.（主动进行） We heard the song sung by her next d

29、oor.（被动完成） We heard the song being sung next door.（被动进行,1.动词+sb + to do： 这样的动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, help, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, call on, wait for, long for。 如： The teacher advised us to learn through experi

30、ment. They didnt allow us to enter the hall. 他们不允许我们进入大厅,不定式作宾语补足语,2.advise/allow/permit/forbid +sb. +to do advise/allow/permit/forbid +doing The teacher advised us to learn through experiment. The teacher advised learning through experiment,3. 主语+动词+宾语+ to be + 其他 这类动词有：think, consider, find, disco

31、ver, find, guess, imagine, know, prove, show, suppose, understand等有时to be省略，不跟to do。 We all discover him (to be) kind and honest,4.动词+ 宾语+ do 这类动词有： have, let, make, feel, hear, listen to ，notice, see, watch, observe ，look at 但它们变为被动语态时,不定式的to不能省略。 The boss made the workers work over ten hours a day

32、 in the past. The workers were made to work over ten hours a day by the boss. 5.Help + 宾语+ ( to ) do He often comes to help us (to) do some farming work,catch sb. doing sth逮住某人干某事 这类动词有： get, set, send, leave, catch, keep, spend, waste, scold等 I caught the thief stealing something valuable from the

33、shop. We found dozens of trees Lying across the road. Dont waste time persuading me. Can you get the old car going again? What he said set me thinking deeply. make + oneself + done oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系 He raised his voice in order to make himself heard,不定式,分词做宾语补足语的区别,动词+宾语+动词不定式” ask, g

34、et, allow, forbid, prefer, force, announce, press, inspire, request, advise, remind, beg, report, invited, command, show, drive, mean, train, cause, instruct, require, tell, direct, order, warn, enable, need, encourage, want, lead, teach, permit, wish, etc,在被动语态中，不定式则由宾语补足语变成了主语补足语 Teacher asked him

35、 to clean the blackboard. He was asked to clean the blackboard. His boss ordered him to go there at once. He was ordered to go there at once. 在被动语态中不定式一律带to，不存在省略问题,1.表示感觉或心理状态的动词 see / watch / notice /observe / look at , hear / listen to , feel / think / find/ want / like 2.使役动词 have , make , get ,

36、 keep 3. with +宾语宾补,do (完成) doing(进行) done(被动,to do doing done,但当以上的动词用于被动式，to要还原： They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree. The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree,不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语时，要省略to,需要注意have, make的用法,I wont have him cheat me.“允许,让,使” I have a lot of work to do.“有” His story ma

37、de us laugh.“使” Father made a kite for his son to fly. “制造, 做,have, get后接三种形式做宾补时,表示”使,让,叫” have sth. done= get sth. done让某人做某事 Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow. 此外，have sth. done还表示“使遭受” Tom had his leg broken while playing football. Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on ho

38、liday,have sth. to do 有事要做 I have some clothes to wash,have sb./ sth. doing让/使某人/物持续地做某事 get sb./sth. doing使某人开始行动起来 The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time. The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short time. have sb. do sth. get（ask） sb. to do st

39、h. 请/让/叫某人去做某事. Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. I cant get him to stop smoking. He wont listen to me,have,have sb do sth . doing sth,have sth to do done,make,make sb. do sth . make sth. done make oneself done,get sb. to do sth. get sth. done,get,Its wrong of you to leave the machine

40、running. (主动，进行） The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious.(被动，完成） He left ,leaving me to do all the rest work . (主动，将来） We hurriedly ended our meeting. Leaving many problems to be settled. (被动，将来,Leave sb. doing sth.让某人一直做某事 （宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系，表示一种状态） Leave sb. to

41、do sth.留下某人做某事。 （宾语和不定式之间是主谓关系，表示未发生的行为） Leave sth. to be done.留下某事要做 （宾语和不定式之间是动宾关系，表示将来的行为,注：有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider, see, view等 We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲,能用现在分词做宾补的动词不多，主要有以下两类： 1).feel, hear, look at

42、, listen to, notice, observe, sense, see, watch 等表示感官或感觉的动词。 She could sense danger approaching. 她能感觉到危险已迫近。 Listen to the birds singing. 听那些鸟儿歌唱。 2). catch, discover, find, get, have, keep, leave, send, set, start等常用动词。 He discovered her sitting near the fire, reading a book. He had the light burni

43、ng all night. 他让灯亮了一整夜。 The sound of the gun sent the birds flying away. 枪声把鸟吓飞了,能用过去分词做宾补的动词有have, get, see, hear, find, make, want, feel, keep等 You should make yourself heard (understood). Youd better get your mistakes corrected,总结： 动词不定式作宾语补足语时,表示动作已经发生,动作的全过程已经结束;现在分词表示动作正在进行;过去分词表示动作被做。 I heard

44、 him knock at the door three times. =I heard he knocked at the door three times (动作的全过程已经结束) I heard him knocking at the door. = I heard he was knocking at the door.(动作正在进行) I heard the door knocked three times. =I heard that the door was knocked three times,非谓语作定语,不定式作定语,不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则

45、表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave. 不定式作定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,表示即将发生的动作。 We have much work to do. 我们有很多事情要做。 I have a letter to answer. 我有一封信要回复,1.当名词被 first , last，next, only .序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作定语，而不管动作是否已完成 He is the only person to know the truth. She

46、is always the first to come and the last to leave. I dont think he is the best person to do the job,2.不定代词something, nothing, anything， little, much, a lot等习惯上用不定式做定语 I have nothing to do but wait. Do you have anything to say? I have something to do.我有事要做。 3. 不定式常修饰“得到”.“有”等意思的动词。 Tom has a large fa

47、mily to support. She gave me much to think about. She has a lot of work to do in the morning,4. 中心词与不定式的关系： 主谓关系：被修饰的名词或代词实际上是不定式的逻辑主语。 We need someone to help with the work. （someone will help with the work） B. 动宾关系：被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语。 I have many letters to write. （to write many letters） Do you

48、have anything to do now? C.状语关系:被修饰的名词实际上表示动词不定式动作的方式、时间等。这些名词多是抽象名词。 Thats the way to do it. 那样做才对。 I have no time to go there. 我没有时间去那儿,特别注意： 不定式与其所修饰的词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，而该不定式不及物动词时，其后须加上适当的介词，构成及物动词短语。 如： I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一间屋子住。 I need a piece of paper to write on. 我需要一张写字用的纸。 The

49、re is nothing for us to worry about.没什么可担心的。 (=We have nothing to worry about.) Will you please bring me a chair to sit on? 但是如果不定式前面所修饰的名词是time， place， way时，后面的介词一般要省略。 He had no money and no place to live. 他没有钱也没有地方住,5. There be 引起的句子中，主语的不定式定语在逻辑主语不出现时，用主动形式。如果出现主语就用不定式的被动形式。 There isnt much work

50、 to do. There isnt much work to be done by them,分词做定语: -ing表示主动和进行。-ed做定语表示被动和完成： 分词前置： We can see the rising sun. He is a retired worker. 分词后置： There is a door leading to the garden. 有一座门通往花园。 There were some children swimming in the river. This is the question given. There is nothing interesting,单

51、个的分词做定语,分词短语，个别分词如given, left以及修饰不定代词something等时要后置,1.现在分词短语作定语 1 ）表示正在进行的动作（相当于一个进行时态的定语从句）。如： The man standing （ = who is standing ） at the door is our new maths teacher. 2 ）表示经常性的动作或现在的状态，相当于一个一般时态的定语从句。如： They visited the museum lying( = which lies ) nearby. 2.过去分词短语作定语 1 ）表示过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作

52、之前发生。如： Is this the book written by the young man? （ written = which was written, was 表过去is 表现在） 2 ）没有一定的时间性。如： I dont like to see letters written in pencil,2现在分词与过去分词的区别 (1)在时间上(2)主被动的区别,the boiling water the boiled water a developing country发展中国家 a developed country发达国家,动名词与分词做定语的区别：动名词作定语往往表示所修饰的

53、名词的功能/用途,现在分词作定语强调分词结构中的动作正在进行通常可转换成一个定语从句,a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping (现分) a sleeping car= a car for sleeping(动名词) The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills. 医生叫我不要服安眠药,作状语（动词不定式与分词,He came here （in order / so as）to attend an important meeting. =In order to attend an important meetin

54、g, he came here. =He came here in order that he could attend an important meeting. (目的) He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.（结果） She was very surprised to hear the news.（原因） I hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. (结果,动词不定式作状语：大部分表示目的和结果。常常用In order to或 so a

55、s to ，so(such)as to(如此以便) ，only to (结果却，表示与谓语动词相反的结果,不定式用作结果状语时，还可以用: (主动表被动) “so as to/suchas to(如此以致于)” Jim got up so early as to catch the first bus. “too + adj./ adv.(原形) to do” The maths problem is too difficult for us to work out. “adj./adv./n. + enough to do The boy is old enough to go to sch

56、ool,Weshallbehappytoco-operatewithyouinthework.I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. Im very pleased to meet you. 会见你我很高兴。 Im proud to be your friend. 当你的朋友我感到骄傲,在表示情绪或情感反应的形容词(如 happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprised, frightened, delighted, disappointed)后，可接不定式短语表示原因,不定式的否定形式： not to do,动词不定式短语： to

57、 tell you the truth(实话说) to be honest/frank(老实说，坦白说) to be more exact(更确切地说)， to begin with( 首先) to make things worse (更糟的是)， not to mention(更不用说)， needless to say(不用说) to make a long story short (长话短说,不定式符号的省略,1.在had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than, cannot but, why (not)等

58、结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。 youd better tell her the truth. 你最好告诉她真相。 2. 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词do或它的其它形式时,不定式符号to通常被省略。what do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳,你还喜欢干什么? my mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive. 妈妈只好等着医生的到来。 now he had given himself no choice but to t

59、ell her. (本句中不定式符号to不可省略) 当时他毫无选择的余地,只好告诉她了,3.由and，or和than连接两个或多个不定式短语，第二个不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略。 She told the child to stay there and （to）wait till she came back. 她让孩子待在那里等她回来。 4.在某些感官动词或使役动词(如 hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, make等)之后充当宾语补足语的不定式中,不定式符号to总是被省略,但在被动语态的句子中,不定式符号to通常要保留。 They

60、 made that man work all the morning.他们让那个人干了一个早晨。 That man was made to work all the morning.那个人被要求干了一个早晨,不定式的保留,1. 为了避免重复,在hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略。 Ms king lied to us b