定稿1 浅析东、西方神话中的女神形象

1、大连理工大学网络教育学院大学英语1（远程英语1）辅导资料五主 题：复习Unit 1Unit 4的语法内容学习时间：2013年4月29日5月5日内 容：我们这周主要复习Unit 1Unit 4的语法内容。Unit 1Unit 2这两个单元的主要内容是学习动词的总体特点及分类，理解动词的特性，掌握动词数的变化，时态的变化，语态的变化及语气的变化。Unit 3Unit 4这两个单元主要学习句子的类别，通过两种分类方式将句子各分成四种类别，并介绍了各种句子类型的用法以及在写作中的应用。一、学习要求1.了解动词的总体特点和不同种类；2.学习运用基本的动词；3.理解动词的特性，即动词数、时态、语态、语气的

2、变化；4.掌握这八种句子类型的用法；5.了解这几种类型在写作中的应用。二、主要内容（一）动词的种类1.动词分为实意动词和非实意动词，实意动词包括及物动词、不及物动词和系动词。非实意动词包括助动词和情态动词。 及物动词：后面可直接跟名词、代词等，如grab：抓取，强夺 grab ones armannounce：宣布 announce the newsdesign：设计 design a new plan 不及物动词：后面需加上介词才能跟名词或代词。例如这两单元中出现的动词用法：scrub with soap 及物动词+不及物动词：bathe: vt.浸入，弄湿；vi.沐浴，洗澡shower:

3、vt.为洗淋浴；vi.淋浴scrub: vt.擦洗，使净化；vi.搓mount: vt.安装，爬上；vi.增加，上升rinse: vt.冲洗；vi.被漂洗干净freeze: vt.使结冰；vi.冷藏，结冻shoot: vt.射击，射中；vi.喷出，发芽celebrate: vt.庆祝，举行；vi.庆祝，举行宗教仪式 助动词：助动词是语法功能词，自身没有词义，不可单独使用，它没有对应的汉译，主要的助动词有do, be, have等。e.g. He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。 （doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义) 情态动词：它是一种本身有一定的

4、词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能，应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。主要的情态动词有can, could, need, must, may 等。e.g. She may lose her way. He must stay here.We cant carry the heavy box.2.动词的变化动词有数的变化、时态的变化、语态的变化、语气的变化。 动词数的变化动词数的变化主要指的是单复数的变化，根据主语的数的形式决定动词的形式，如果主语是单数（例如 他、她、它或单个名词）那么谓语动词需用单数形式（一

5、般而言即在动词后面直接加s或es,特殊动词需要在动词结尾变换一些形式），如果主语是复数，那么谓语动词直接用原形即可。e.g. He likes playing basketball.The teacher often encourages her students.The cake is yummy. We all pass the final examination. 动词时态的变化动词时态的变化主要指的是某一动作发生的时间，根据时间的不同划分为不同的时态，例如现在时、过去时、将来时等。 现在时：动词根据主语而定，主语是单数时动词加s或es，主语是复数时用动词原形。 过去时：需用动词的过去时

6、态，一般情况下是直接在动词后加ed或d，特殊动词需改变词尾的形式。 将来时：需要使用助动词will，后面跟动词原形，这个和主语的单复数没有关系。e.g. It takes place in the USA on the third Sunday of July every year.(现在时)It was certainly a good month to choose, being in the middle of summer.(过去时) When a woman and a man are hit by his arrows, they will fall in love.(将来时) 动

7、词语态的变化动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态，用哪种语态和主语有关，如果主语是动作的发出者则用主动语态，如果是动作的承受者则用被动语态，主动语态的主语不一定都是人，也可指物，被动语态也可用人作主语。 主动语态：动词根据主语的单复数及时态而定。 被动语态：be + 过去分词，be(am，is，are)动词根据时态和主语单复数的不同而发生变化。e.g. Children often take a bath each night.It celebrates one of the worlds best-loved desserts.It is made of milk and has other

8、vitamins and minerals.(前半句是被动语态，后半句是主动语态) 动词语气的变化动词语气包括真实语气和虚拟语气两种。真实语气指的是确实发生的或将来能够发生的，虚拟语气表达的是一种假设，是不存在的。e.g. Americans eat more ice cream than anyone else in the world.(真实语气)If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. (虚拟语气)注：虚拟语气是英语中的难点，在以后的章节中我们会详细介绍，现在同学们只要有个大概的印象就可以了。（二）句子的类别1.四种英语句式从语法

9、角度来看，英语句式共有四种，即简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。 简单句英语中，只含有一个主谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子或分句叫做简单句。在简单句中主语和谓语是句子的主干，是句子的核心。 主语+谓语e.g. Things change. (这是最简单的句型，只有一个主语和一个谓语。) 主语+连系动词+表语e.g. He is a teacher. (be 是连系动词，连系动词之后的是表语。) 主语+谓语+宾语e.g. We never beat children. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语e.g. He gave the book to his sister. 主语+谓语

10、+宾语+宾补e.g. I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。（形容词easy作补语） 并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and, but, or, so等。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 表并列关系的,由and, both.and, as well as, not only.but (also),neither.nor等组成。e.g. She not only sings but also dances. 表转折关系的,

11、与but, however(然而),while(然而),still, yet等连用。e.g. He wants to make friends but he does not open up to others. 表选择关系的,由or, either.or.,not.but.,or else(否则)连接。e.g. You should work hard or you will fail. 表因果关系的,与for, so/so that, therefore(因此),because等连用。 e.g. Id better take an umbrella, for it is going to

12、rain. 复合句复合句由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。用疑问词作引导词，主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。根据从句功能的不同，复合句一般可分为：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。e.g. They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as ri

13、ce.All (that) she lacked was training.（that 可以省略）He must be ill, for he is absent today.I am interested in what she is doing.Thats why I want you to work there.He made a promise that he would never come late. 并列复合句并列复合句是指包含复合句的并列句的句子，有并列连词：and、or、but连接。e.g. When I was a child, I liked playing with m

14、y friends and we often had a good time together.She began to open up to others but she found that it was difficult to get on well with them.2.句子的类别 陈述句陈述句(Declarative Sentence)是陈述一个事实或者说话人的看法。它包括肯定句（The Affirmative Sentence）和否定句（The Negative Sentence）两种。陈述句在书写时句末用句号，在朗读时用降调。这里主要介绍一下否定句的用法。 完全否定用not,

15、 no, never, neither, none, nothing等否定。表示“完全不是，完全不”的意思。e.g. Nothing is wrong with me. 半否定在句子里用否定词hardly, scarcely, little, few, seldom, rarely等。e.g. I hardly see anything in the room.=I can see little in the room.“all/both/every/each/+谓语+not”表示概念为“有的是，有的不是”。e.g. All of them are not students.=Some of

16、them are students, some are not. 宾语从句的否定形式 用在think, believe, suppose引导的宾语从句里则否定主句。e.g. I dont think hell come. = He will not come in fact, I think.(注意：主语是I时要进行否定转移，在前面否定。) 疑问句疑问主要有四大句型，一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。 一般疑问句e.g. Have you been living here?Cant he drive? 选择疑问句选择疑问句提出两个或两个以上可能的答案供对方选择。这类疑问句有两种形

17、式：一种是以一般疑问句的结构形式为基础，只是在语调上有所区别。这一类选择疑问句通常都是在前一个供选择的答案用低升调，后一个用降调；如果有两个以上供选择的答案，则在最后一个用降调，其余都用低升调。e.g. Would you like a cup of tea, or coffee, or juice? 特殊疑问句以疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有：what, who, whose, which, when, where, how, why等。e.g. Who is singing in the room？What class are you in? 反义疑问句a

18、.陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。e.g. I wish to have a word with you, may I？b. 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。e.g. Nobody answered this question, did they?c. 陈述部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用didnt +主语或usednt +主语。e.g. He used to take pictures there, didnt he?

19、/ usednt he？d. 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this,疑问部分主语用it。e.g. Everything is ready, isnt it？e. 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况： 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。 e.g. Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he？ 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：e

20、.g. He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he？He said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he？ 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose ,imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。e.g. I dont think he is bright, is he？We believe she can do it better, cant she？f. 省去主语的祈使句的反义疑问句，疑问部分用will you。e.g. Dont do that

21、again, will you? Go with me, will you / wont you? 注意：Lets开头的祈使句，后用Shall we，Let us开头的祈使句，后用will you。e.g. Lets go and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you? 祈使句用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表达命令，因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称，所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，句末则使用

22、句号来表示结束。e.g. Be quiet, please.（Please be quiet.）Watch your steps.No parking. “let”带头的祈使句由“let”带头的祈使句(Imperative Sentences)是个常见的动词句型，它的主要用法有下列三种： 表示“建议”。 这个句型里的“let”后头紧跟着一个第一人称的代词宾语。e.g. Let me go and look for it.Lets not disturb him. 表示“间接命令”或“愿望”。 这句型里的动词宾语是第三人称名词或代词。e.g. Let Robert take charge of

23、the marketing department.Let her join our choir. 表示“警告”、“蔑视”、“威胁”等。这种祈使句里的宾语也是第三人称为主。除了口气凶悍之外，有时还语带讽刺。e.g. Let him try and he will expose his inability to work on his own.Let the invaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time. 感叹句 由感叹词what引导的感叹句。what修饰名词或名词短语，有以下两种形式：a. What a(an)+

24、（形容词）+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！或是：What+名词词组+主语+谓语！e.g. What a fine day it is! b. What+(形容词)+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！e.g. What kind women they are! What nice music it is! 由how引导的感叹句。how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。其结构是：How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语！e.g. How hard the workers are working! How clever the girl is! How quickly the boy is writing! 注

25、意：当how修饰动词时，动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。 How fast the runner runs!what与how引导的感叹句，一般情况下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。e.g. What an interesting story it is!= How interesting the story is! What a beautiful building it is!= How beautiful the building is!三、重要考点（一）选择题1. Last year, Lihua, a college student, _ to work for the Olympic G

26、ames.第12页 共12页A. is choosingB. is chosenC. was choosingD. was chosen2. The woman and her husband _ in the same office.A. workB. worksC. is workingD. has worked3. I am sorry that John is out. Please ask him to call me as soon as he _.A. returnedB. returnsC. will returnD. is returning4. His family _ t

27、he zoo last week.A. visitB. am visitingC. visitedD. will visit5. How often _ your school sports meeting _? Once a year. A. does; holdB. was; holdC. is; heldD. did; hold6. Visitors _ not to touch the exhibits.A. will requestB. requestC. are requestingD. are requested7. When she was 22 years old, her

28、dream to be a teacher _.A. came trueB. come trueC. came realD. come real8. A talk on Chinese history _ in the school hall next week.A. be givenB. has been givenC. will be givenD. will give 9. Your parents will _ your progress. A. be proud ofB. is proud ofC. was proud ofD. being proud of10. He _ peop

29、le with arrows of love.A. shootB. shootingC. shootsD. was shot11. That the best way we should think of _ the dying soldier.A. helpingB. savingC. to savingD. to save12. My sister has two shirts. One is yellow, _ is black.A. otherB. the otherC. othersD. another13. Is this museum _ the exhibition was h

30、eld?A. whereB. thatC. whatD. the one14. _ he said at the meeting disappointed everyone.A. WhichB. WhenC. WhatD. That15. _ was the story the boy told the reporter. A. WhatB. All thatC. SuchD. So16. Do you know _ they are getting on well with the project?A. whetherB. whyC. howD. what17. How much _ she looked without her glasses!A. we