托福写作名人名言引用技巧实例分析

1、托福写作名人名言引用技巧实例分析 托福写作名人名言引用技巧实例分析 引经据典要这么写托福独立写作引用写法介绍托福独立写作是议论文题材，引用名人名言或是谚语可使所表达的语言简洁凝练，生动活泼,增添感染力。在论证分论点时，可为自己的观点提供有力的论据,增强说服力。在强调主题时，具有画龙点睛之效,能够启人心智、升华主题。简言之，引经据典有以下三种作用，即 to illuminate the meaning ;to support the arguments ;to inspire and invoke。下面以托福作文题为例，看如何恰如其分地引经据典，旁征博引。例一.do you agree or d

2、isagree with the following statement:parents should allow children to make mistakes and let them learn from their own mistakes.此题按题型来看为利弊类题，按话题来看属于家庭类话题。父母应该让孩子经历风雨的洗礼去成长，还是避免孩子犯错误。若选择同义，认为家长应该让孩子在错误中汲取成长的营养，就可引用与经验教训历练成长相关的名人名言及谚语。1. mistakes are an essential part of education. (bertrand russell, b

3、dritish philosopher)从错误中吸取教训是教育极为重要的一部分。(英国哲学家 罗素 .b.)2. one thorn of experience is worth a whole wilderness of warning. (james russell lowell, british poet and critic)一次痛苦的经验抵得上千百次的告诫。(英国诗人、批评家 洛威尔 .j. r .)3. practical wisdom is only to be learned in the school of experience. (samuel smiles, britis

4、h writer)实用的知识只有通过亲身体验才能学到。(英国作家 斯迈尔斯 . s .)4. as fruit needs not only sunshine but cold nights and chilling showers to ripen it, so character needs not only joy but trial and difficulty to mellow it. (hugh black, american writer)水果不仅需要阳光，也需要凉夜。寒冷的雨水能使其成熟。人的性格陶冶不仅需要欢乐，也需要考验和困难。(美国作家 布莱克 h)5. mishaps

5、 are like knives that either serve us or cut us as we grasp them by the handle or blade.(james russell lowell, american poetess and critic)灾难就像刀子，握住刀柄就可以为我们服务，拿住刀刃则会割破手。(美国女诗人、批评家 洛威尔 j r)6. no pain , no palm; no thorns, no throne ; no gall, no glory; no cross, no crown. (william penn, british admir

6、al)没有播种，何来收获;没有辛劳，何来成功;没有磨难，何来荣耀;没有挫折，何来辉煌。(英国海军上将 佩恩 w)7. the roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet .(aristotle , ancient greek philosopher )教育的根是苦的，但其果实是甜的。(古希腊哲学家 亚里士多德)例二. do you agree or disagree with the following statement:the expression “never, never give up” means to keep tr

7、ying and never stop working for your goals.此题探讨一个人是否应该永不服输。若同义此观点，便可引用与坚持毅力相关的名人名言及谚语。1. our destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity. so let us seize it, not in fear, but in gladness. - r.m. nixon命运给予我们的不是失望之酒，而是机会之杯。因此，让我们毫无畏惧，满心愉悦地把握命运。尼克松2. living without an aim is l

8、ike sailing without a compass. - john ruskin生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。罗斯金3. we must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope. - mattin luther king我们必须接受失望，因为它是有限的，但千万不可失去希望，因为它是无穷的。马丁 路德 金4. a strong man will struggle with the storms of fate. - thomas addison强者能同命运的风暴抗争。爱迪生5. while t

9、here is life, there is hope.有生命就有希望/留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。6. storms make trees take deeper roots.风暴使树木深深扎根。7. nothing is impossible for a willing heart.心之所愿，无所不成。例三. should students be required to take classes in many subjects or to specialize in one subject.此题属于教育类话题，学生应该广而薄地学习多门课程，还是少而精地学习一门课程。若同意此观点，强调背景知识

10、广博的重要性，可引用培根的名言。histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend .(francis bacon , british philosopher)历史使人明智;诗词使人灵秀;数学使人周密;自然哲学使人深刻;伦理使人庄重;逻辑修辞学使人善辨。(英国哲学家 培根. f.)例四. which is most important for an enjoyable jo

11、urney: good food, good location and good friend?此题属于三选一题，建议考生选good friend比较好展开。强调同行者的重要性时就可引经据典。1. two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。2. good company on the road is the shortest cut.行路有良伴就是捷径。托福写作词汇必备1.解决: solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2.损害： damage, hurt, injure

12、, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize3.给与：give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4.培养：develop, cultivate, foster5.优势：advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6.缺陷：disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness7.使迷惑：puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8.重要的：key, crucial, crit

13、ical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative9.认为：think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced10.保护：protect, conserve, preserve11.确保：assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12.有害的： bad, baneful evi

14、l, harmful, detrimental13.要求 ：request, demand, needs, requisition14.消除 ：eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away15.导致： lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate16.因此：so, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, according

15、ly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17.增长至：grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18.降低至：dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to19.保持稳定：level out，do not change，remain stable，remain stil

16、l，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20.急剧地：dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，su

17、rprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably21.平稳地：steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22.宣称：allege, assert, declare, claim23.发生：happen, occur, take place24.原因：reason, factor, cause25.发展：development, advance, progress26.有益的：useful, helpful, benefic

18、ial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous27.影响：influence, impact, effect28.明显的：clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29.占：comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose30.与相比：compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comp

19、arison to，by comparison with，by comparison to31.对比而言：by contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely32.展示：show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33.大约：approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly34.波动：fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a

20、fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35.事实上：practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36.换言之：namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle.托

21、福独立写作高分小技巧rhetorical questions如果说参加托福考试时在综合写作中还可以适当使用“模板”的话，那么独立写作里“模板”的使用往往会被并标以“pre-prepared”，因此考生想通过这种“捷径”提高得分的结果不会特别理想。独立写作提高得分的关键还是“实力说话”。尽管“模板”效果有限，但短期提高得分的技巧还是很多，如活用“万能理由”和巧用“论证方法”等。*主要介绍在独立写作中很多考生没有注意的一个加分“小”技巧rhetorical question的使用。在托福写作实战中，rhetorical question的使用能够起到很好的加分作用。为了说明rhetorical q

22、uestion的加分作用，请看托福official guide评卷人对一篇题为dishonesty kills reliability的满分作文的点评。下面是点评中关于language的comment：the writers language is fluent, accurate, and varied enough to effectively support the progression and connection of ideas. there is a variety of sentence structures, including rhetorical questions.评

23、卷人把rhetorical questions看做加分点!从上面的点评中，我们可以清楚的得出这个结论至少评卷人把上述段落中的反问句视作一种“句型变化”而加以肯定和褒扬。那么，何谓rhetorical question?rhetorical question会不会很难?我们先来看在托福official guide里备受评卷人赞誉的rhetorical question实例。在原文第四段中，为了说明honesty的重要性作者是这样写的：in any relationship of mine, i would wish that first of all, the person im dealing

24、 with is honest.even though s/he thinks that s/he did something wrong that i wouldnt like,s/hed better tell me the truth and not lie about it. later on if i find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else, thatd be much more unpleasant. in that case how can i ever believe or trust that pers

25、on again?how can i ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there.提问而不需对方回答，提问只是为了表明并强调作者的立场。这不就是汉语中的“反问”吗?维基百科对反问句的定义是：a rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question thatis asked to make a point rathe

26、r than to elicit an answer. though a rhetorical question does not require a direct answer, in many cases it may beintended to start a discussion or at least draw an acknowledgement that thelistener understands the intended message.还有学者对反问的定义更加清楚：a rhetorical question is asked just for effect or to l

27、ay emphasison some point discussed when no real answer is expected.那么，rhetorical question为什么能够收到评卷人的赞誉而得到加分?这就要从托福作文的评分标准说起了。托福official guide里面对于高分作文的要求(scoring rubic)描述如下：.ffectively addresses the topicand task.s well organized and well developed, appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and / o

28、r details.isplay unity, progression, and coherence.isplay consistent use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity从上面的评分标准可以清楚看出，rhetorical question能够帮助我们满足实现评分标准第四条中的“demonstrating syntactic variety”。这也正是官方指南中评卷人的点评。其实，除了体现“句型变化”，合理使用rhetorical question还

29、能帮助我们满足评分标准第一条的要求“effectively addresses the topic and task”。事实上，rhetorical question不仅能够有效的回应主题，还能强调作者的观点从而获得读者的认同。rhetorical question的这种强调作用最著名的范例可能算是雪莱西风颂ode to the west wind的结尾了：“o wind,if winter comes,can spring be far behind?”另外，问句，尤其是设问的合理使用还能起到很好的衔接作用，也就是评分标准的第三条“display unity, progression, an

30、d coherence”。因此，有学者把rhetorical question的篇章作用总结如下：? emphasize a point? persuade powerfully? influence subtly? provoke thinking? help smooth transition限于篇幅，对这些作用就不一一举例了。顺便说一下，rhetorical question后面的标点并不一定总是question mark，有时也可以是句号或感叹号。下面，*作者提供一篇自己写的样文，请大家分析问句在开头、中间和结尾段中的使用。some people prefer to ask other

31、s for help; others prefer to solve the problem with their own knowledge. which is your choice?such is human nature that everyone longs for happiness in our life. unfortunately, on the path to pursue happiness, we are likely to face various problems. how to solve them? should we rely on ourselves to

32、remove the obstacle or turn toothers for a cure?from my perspective, it is more reasonable to ask others for help.admittedly, always hinging on others to solve problems might be irrational in some cases. for example, if you ask an acquaintance with whom you havent a close tie to lend you a hand, he

33、might be reluctant, because most of us have our own care and concern. besides,some people are unwilling to shoulder the responsibility for the advice they offer. its not a rare case when we ask our friend for advice on what major to choose only to get a reply: “well, its really hard to say. who know

34、s what your real interest is? who knows what major will be popular when you graduate?”in spite of the points mentioned above, i still cling to the idea that we should depend on others for the following reasons.first of all, asking others for help can save us much valuable time, time that we can use

35、for other purposes. as is known to all, most people in contemporary society are always burdened with endless stress and strain. to be admitted to prestigious universities, schoolchildren have to burn midnight oil to out do their peers in exams; likewise,university students can do nothing but to work

36、 against the clock to lend themselves an edge over others in the talent market so that they can land adecent job. given the quickening pace of life, how can we expect us to remove all the obstacles only by ourselves?in addition, turning to others for help is an efficient way for us to enlarge our circle of friends. it is not a rare case that friendship might be formed after we ask others for help. take myself as an example. after helping me find a cure for my personal health problem, one of my colleagues has become my best f