语法ppt之虚拟语气与相应英语专四题ppt课件

1、专四题（虚拟语气）,1. It is necessary that he _ the assignment without delay. A. hand in B. hands in C. must hand in D. has to hand in(2010) Key:A 形容词为necessary ，important，impossible，strange，natural，essential 等时，在“it+be+形容词或过去分词+主语从句”结构中，主语从句用虚拟，should可以省略。,2. If you explained the situation to your solicitor

2、 (s:lisit n.初级律师，事务律师),he _ able to advise you much better than I can. A. would be B. will have been C. was D. were (2005) Key:A,3. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _for that. a. for us to be prepared b. that we are prepared c. of us to be prepared d. our being prepared （200

3、3 ） KEY A it 是形式主语代替真正的主语to be prepared for that放在句首，而不是指us，那个for us 是essential的补语，不影响动词的形式。,4. _for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. a. Had it not been b. Hadnt it been c. Was it not d. Were it not （2002） KEY A 省略if 从句的语序用倒装，但是否定词not不迁移 该题表示与过去事实相反 所以应该用过去完成时,5、I am

4、too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner. A. come B. would come C. came D. have come （答案：C。对将来情况的虚拟时would rather 后面的从句中，动词用过去式。）（2002年46题）,6. “What courses are you going to do next semester?” “I dont know. But its about time _on something.” a. Id decide b. I decided c

5、. I decide d. Im deciding（2002） （KEY B it is (about/high ) sb did sth 表示该做某事了 ),7、Had the weather been good, the children _ out for a walk. A. had gone B. could have gone C. would go D. went （答案：B。与过去的事实相反。当if从句中含有were, had, should这三个词时，if可以省略，主谓倒装。）（2001年57题）,8. All of us would have enjoyed the par

6、ty much more if there _quite such a crowd of people there. a. werent b. hasnt been c. hadnt been d. wouldnt be （2000） (表示对与过去事实相反 所以选择c ),9、Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literature when he was in college。 A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study （答案为C。表示过去没有实现的愿望，动词用过去完成时。）（20

7、00年32题）,10. If your car _any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer. a. shall need b. should need c. would need d. will need (1998) 句子的含义可以看出这是对未来的情况作一假设：如果在未来的12个月内，你的车要检修 对未来的假设用should。后面的主句用祈使句，整个句子我们叫做混合条件句。而would是表示对过去的假设，或者与事实相反的假设.所以应该选B,11. He left orders that

8、nothing _touched until the police arrived here. a. should be b. ought to be c. must be d. would be (1998) 在建议，命令，要求，劝诱，主张及迫切、重要、渴望、等动词、形容词、名词相关的从句中用( suggest, demand, request, require, order） 用should +动词原形 should 可以省略 key A,12. I was to have made a speech if_. a. I was not called away b. nobody woul

9、d have called me away c. I had not been called away d. nobody called me away (1997) 表示与过去事实相反 如果没有人叫我走开的话，我已经做完演讲了 所以选c,13. I _ the party much more if there hadnt been quite such a crowd of people there. a. would enjoy b. will have enjoyed c. would have enjoyed d. will be enjoying (1996) 表示与过去事实相反 K

10、EY C,14. _, he would not have recovered so quickly. a. Hadnt he been taken good care of b. Had he not been taken good care of c. Had not he been taken good care of d. Had he been not taken good care of （1995） 省略if 从句的语序用倒装，但是否定词not不迁移 该题表示与过去事实相反 所以应该用过去完成时 选b,15. _ your timely advice, I would never

11、 have known how to go about the work. a. Unless b. But for c. Except for d. Not for (1994) but for表示“要不是”，可以与动词虚拟语气连用 KEY B,16. It was recommended that passengers _smoke during the flight. a. not b. need not c. could not d. would not (1994) 在建议，命令，要求，劝诱，主张及迫切、重要、渴望、等动词、形容词、名词相关的从句中用( suggest, demand

12、, request, require, order） 用should +动词原形 should 可以省略 key A,17. _you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions. a. If I realized b. Had I realized c. I realized that d. As I realized (1994) 省略if 从句的语序用倒装，该题表示与过去事实相反 所以应该用过去完成时 选b,18、If there were no subjective mood, English ( ) much ea

13、sier to learn. A could have been B would be C will be D would have been (此题应选 B。该题考查与现在事实相反的虚拟语气：此时条件从句的谓语动词用过去式，主句的谓语则要用 would (should，could，might)+动词原形 ),现在虚拟语气（be-型）,、从句中（should do）句型类： 1、通常用在宾语从句中，“坚决要命” 建议：advise,suggest表明,propose,maintain,recommend推荐,insist主张 （不用） 决定：decide,determine 想要：beg,de

14、sire,expect,intend,demand,prefer 要求：ask,require,request,urge,命令：command,order 附加：deserve值得，move动摇，感动，搬，solve，vote，consent同意，赞成 2、主语从句 在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为： should + 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。 句型：(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoy

15、ing / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural that,(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder. that (3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /. that (4) It worries me that 如： It

16、 is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我们先把功课学好很重要。 It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟没有来。 It is a pity that we should not meet last night. 真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。 It worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。,3、表语从句和同位语从句(与上面的名词对应) 常用名词有: “坚决要命”的名词形式加上resolut

17、ion(决心,决议) prayer,preference，plan，idea，necessit , decision Eg: There decision was that the school remain closed.,、用于if，though等引导的分句中: Be-型虚拟式能用于if，though，whatever，lest，so long as 等引导的分句中，表示推测，让步，防备等。 例：Though everyone desert (离弃) you ,I will not. 、用于某些公式化语句中：表祝愿，禁止等 例：So be it.(但愿如此，就这样吧。) God bless

18、 you!,Lest的用法,Lest conj.用于fear, be afraid之后, 等于that所连接的状语从句里常用should或原形动词 以免；生怕；唯恐 例子：Be careful lest you fall from that tree.要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。I was afraid lest he might come too late.我怕他来得太晚。 lest的从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式是“should+动词原形”或省掉should。for fear that和in case从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。 in case+主语+动词可跟在陈述句或命令句后

19、面：lest除在较正式的书面英语中出现外，一般不常用。I obeyed her lest she should be angry. 我得顺着她，免得她生气。,过去虚拟语气（were型）,1、用于某些状语从句中： Were-型虚拟语气常用于由if，if only，as if, as though, though 引导的条件和让步状语从句中，表示非真实的条件或让步。 例： If I were you, I should wait till next week. He spoke to me as if I were deaf.,2、用于wish，would rather，had rather, w

20、ould sooner suppose，imagine之后的that-分句中，表示一种臆想的（通常是不可能发生的）情况：,虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的用法,(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。 (2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。 (3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如： If I

21、 had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。,从句省略连词if的虚拟语气,在书面语中使用虚拟语气的条件状语从句中的连词if可以省略，这时要把be动词were或助动词should / had提到从句主语的前面(（从句倒装，主句不变） )。 1. be 动词were/was提前到从句主语的前面。如 1). 原句：If she were younger, she would do it.去If：Were she younger, she would do it. 2). 原句：If he had

22、tried it, he could have done it.去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.,2. 动词should/had提前到从句主语的前面。(只有在对过去和将来时才用这两个)如： .Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了 Should it rain next week ，the farmers would have a good harvest.要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成

23、了。,3、在“开放式条件句”(通常表示一个极可能发生的事情)和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装。 如：、If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.,、Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my

24、unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.,注意：如果条件从句为否定式，注意要将not置于主语之后，而不置于主语之前。 例如： 要不是我亲眼所见，我都不会相信了。 误：Hadnt I seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believed it. 正：Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believed it.,As th

25、ough 和as if,1、as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为：,例如： They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。 He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。,2、as though和as if没有什么区别。as if用得普遍些，却可引导表语 从句，其从句谓语常用虚拟语气。 eg：It looks as if its going t

26、o rain 看样子天要下雨了。 It seems as if Im the first one here 看起来我是第一个到这里的。,would rather, had rather, would sooner等,例如： Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。 Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。 Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那儿。,请注意 1） 如果谈到过去的动作，也就是表示过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主

27、句一般为I had rather ,其（that）从句则用过去完成时。 例 : Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。,2）如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather之后不接that从句而接have done结构。 例: I would rather have gone to the theatre than stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。 He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods

28、他宁可穷也不愿意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。,would rather (than)的用法,一、would rather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式 其否定形式是would rather not do sth。would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。,“would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。 例： If youd rather be

29、alone, well all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。 Hed rather work in the countryside. 他宁可到农村去工作。,二、如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿而不愿，与其宁可”的意思时，则可用would ratherthan或wouldrather than的句型 例： I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。 The children would walk there rather than take a bus. 孩子们宁

30、愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。,请注意 : 1） would ratherthan/wouldrather than也可以颠倒为：rather thanwould。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than 后的动词可以省略。 例: I would rather have noodles than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。 Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。,2)使用would ratherthan句型时要注意“

31、平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。 例: I would rather go to work by bike than by bus. 我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。 I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。,三、在疑问句式中，would rather 与would ratherthan中的would要放在主语之前 例 Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意呆在这里，还是

32、回家？ Which would you rather have, apples or bananas? 你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？ Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗？,四、would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别 :would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。 例: Tom would rather/sooner read than talk 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。 Tom prefers read

33、ing to talking 汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。,请注意 : 1）would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词。 例: He prefers wine to beer= He would rather drink wine than beer 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。 I prefer tennis to golf= Id rather play tennis than golf 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。,2）某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rathe

34、r完全确切地表达出来： 例： He prefers dogs to cats（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）和 He would rather have dogs than cats（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。） 很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。,3） would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。 例： Id rather fly than go by sea=Id prefer to fly 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。 这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样：例 ：Would you like some gin？ Id prefer a coffee=Id

35、 rather have coffee than gin 您想喝点杜松子酒吗？ 我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。,4）would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。 例 ： We went by sea but Id rather have gone by air=Id prefer to have gone by air 我们是乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。（我愿意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。） 这和 would like+不定式的完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望。,rather

36、 than 的用法,. rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“是而不是；与其不如”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。现分述如下：,(1) 连接两个名词或代词 He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。 You rather than I are going to go camping. 是你而不是我要去要野营。 注意：rather than 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保

37、持一致。,(2) 连接两个形容词 The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。 (3)连接两个分句 We should help him rather than he should help us. 是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。,(4) 连接两个介词(短语)或动名词 We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall. 我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。 She enjoys singi

38、ng rather than dancing. 她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。,(5) 连接两个不定式 I decided to write rather than (to) telephone. 我决定写信而不打电话。 注意：rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to, 如上句。但rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to 的不定式。 如：Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price. 他唯恐蔬菜烂掉，把它们以半价卖掉了。,(6) 连接两个动词 He ran rat

39、her than walked. 他是跑来的，而不是走来的。 注意：这里rather than 后用了walked，而没有用walk，表示客观事实，而不是主观愿望。如果换成walk，则作“宁愿而不愿 ”解。,wish,wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。,例如： I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已学好了英语。 I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。 He wishes we could go and play games with him

40、. 他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。,错综时间虚拟条件句,一、什么叫错综时间条件句 所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来,Eg： 1）If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。 2）You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。,3）If he had taken care of himself, he would not be

41、 sick now. 如果他能照顾好自己，现在他就不会生病了。 4）If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be quite all right now. 如果你昨天吃了药的话，现在就已经痊愈了。(从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句则表示与现在事实相反。),5）If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldnt be smiling now. 你摔倒时如果我不是在楼梯下接你，现在时你就不会笑了。 6）Had it not been fo

42、r the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is. 如果不是及时得到大众投资，咱们的公司就无法生存了。,注意：条件从句用 if I were时，既可指现在也可指过去： If I were you, I would stay. 我要是你我就会留下。 If I were not busy, I would have come. 假若我不忙，我早就来了。 也可用 if I had been you也表示过去： If I had been you，Id have

43、taken the job. 我要是你，我就接受那份工作了,让步状语从句中的虚拟语气,（1） 在even if， even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如： Even if he were here himself， he should not know what to do. 即是他亲自来也不知该怎么办。 Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 及时华佗再世也就不了他。,（2） 在whatever， whichever，whenever，wh

44、oever， wherever，however， no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形（指现在或将来）。如： We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。 We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。, may +完成式（指过去） ，主句结构不限。如： You mustnt be proud whatever / no

45、matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲（from ）。 We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。,（3） 在though， although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如： Although / Though he should often be late， he is a good student. 尽管他

46、经常迟到，他还是个好学生。 Although / Though he should be secretary， he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。,Its time,It is time 后的定语从句用虚拟语气,从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来，有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见，且should不能省略)，其意为“(早)该干某事了”。如： I think its time you went to bed. 我想你该睡觉了。 Its time we went were going, should go. 我们该走了。,注：tim

47、e前有时有about和high修饰： I think its high time that she made up her mind. 我想她该拿定主意了。 与其他的虚拟结构不同，该结构不能在该用 was 时而用 were。如： Its time I was in bed. 我该上床睡了。(不用were),比较if only与only if,一.If only “如果，要是”一般用虚拟语气，表示愿望 比如 If only I could fly. 意思和How I wish I could fly.差不多 。,1、在if only这个短语中，中心词是从属连接词i而副词only只是加强if的语气

48、的，因此，if only仅仅是if的一种强化形式，不仅能表达说话人的愿望，而且能表达条件。因此，它同if一样，也能引出条件状语从句。 例： If only they were here now, we would be able to celebrate their wedding anniversary.如果他们现在在这里，我们就能庆祝他们的结婚纪念日了。,2. if only常常用来表达强烈的愿望或遗憾，因此，主要用在虚拟语气中，用以表达强烈的愿望或非真实条件。常被译为“但愿”、“要是该多好啊”等。 例如： If only she could have lived a little longer. 要是她能活得再长一些，那该多好啊！,二.Only if 是“只