定语从句讲解

1、定语从句【知识简介】名词或代词由一个从句来修饰，该从句即定语从句。定语从句一般后置，但as引导的修饰全句的定语从句可以前置。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as等以及关系副词when, where, why等。关系代词或关系副词放在被修饰的名词或代词（又叫做先行词）和定语从句之间起联系作用，同时又作定语从句中的一个成份。【要点难点】1)that和which的用法区别只用that的情况：先行词由最高级修饰时，如the best work that I can do。先行词由序数词修饰时，如the second book that I bou

2、ght。先行词由the last, the only, the same, the very等修饰时。先行词是不定代词all, anything, everything, little, much, nobody, nothing等时，如anything that he does; all that I can do now等。先行词有any, no, all等限定词时，如all the words that Ive learned。先行词为词组，该词组既含人又含物时，如the city and the people that I visited。只用which的情况：在非限定性定语从句中（定

3、语从句前有逗号）。介词后。请看that和which的使用例句：Its the best film thats ever been made on the subject of madness. 这是以精神病为题材而拍摄的影片中最好的一段。Shakespeare is the greatest poet that England has ever had. 莎士比亚是英国最伟大的诗人。（本句中先行词虽是人，但由于前面也有形容词最高级修饰，仍用that较好）Take the first opportunity that offers. 抓住第一个出现的机会。He is the last perso

4、n that one would suspect. 人们最不可能怀疑他。Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech. 只有人类具有语言的天赋。A fool sees not the same tree that a wise man sees. 一个傻瓜看到的树和一个聪明人看到的树不一样。Those were the very words that he said at the meeting. 这些就是他在会上说的原话。All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的并不都是金子。Anything that yo

5、u have to say had better be said in each others presence. 有话最好当面说。Theres still much that is to be done. 仍然有很多事要做。I have changed my mind. Nothing that you say will change it. 我已经改变了主意，无论你说什么也无法改变它。Nobody that was there could convince her of her mistake. 这那儿没有一个人能使她明白她的错误。Every paper that you read giv

6、es the same story. 你看的每份报纸都报道同样的新闻。I still cant forget the places and the people that I visited during last summer vacation. 我仍然难以忘怀去年暑假我见到的地方和人。2)关系代词（that, which, who, whom等）和关系副词（when, where等）的用法区别关系代词在定语从句作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。分析时主要从动词的及物性或有无介词来考虑。看如下对比例句：This is the factory where my father o

7、nce worked. 这是我父亲曾工作过的工厂。（worked是不及物动词，不接宾语，所以不用which/that。where相当于in the factory）This is the factory which/that my father once worked in.（worked in的宾语是factory，故用关系代词which/that）I will never forget the days which/that I spent in the wood near our village. 我忘不了我在我村边小树林里度过的日子。（the days是spent的宾语）I will

8、never forget the days when I spent my holidays with my grandparents. 我忘不了我和我的祖父母一起度假的日子。（spent的宾语是holidays，不是the days）I will never forget the small village where I spent my holidays. 我忘不了我度假的小村庄。（与上句一样，spent的宾语是my holidays）Is this the school which/that you visited the other day? 这是你几天前参观过的学校吗？（the s

9、chool作visited的宾语）Is this the school where you visited your teacher the other day? 这是你几天前拜访你老师的学校吗？（visited在定语从句中有自己的宾语your teacher，所以不用that/which）3)those who和he who句型两个常用句型。He who常用于谚语中。请看例句：He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。God helps those who help themselves. 上帝帮助自强的人。H

10、e who insists on seeing with perfect clearness before he decides never decides. 坚持一切看清楚之后才做决定的人永远也做不了决定。He was a bold man who first ate an oyster. 第一个吃牡蛎的人是勇敢的人。4)whose的用法whose是关系限定词，既可以指人也可以指物，即既可以说“某人的”，也可以说“某物的”。Fortune never helps the man whose courage fails. 运气永远不会帮助丧失勇气的人。Thats the man whose h

11、ouse has burned down. 那就是那位房屋烧毁的人。Have you noticed the house whose windows are closed now? 你注意到了那家窗户关着的房子吗？Hes written a book whose name I have completely forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我完全忘记了。Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映

12、照在河面上。注：在正式文体中，指物时，whose往往用of which表示。of which可放在被修饰的名词之前或之后，而whose只能放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：The house whose windows/of which the windows/the windows of which are broken is unoccupied.（那间窗户破了的房屋没人居住。）whose前有时有介词。The teacher in whose class my daughter is studying is a kindhearted man. 我女儿所在的那位老师心地善良。Michel Cro

13、z, with whose help, Woolworth climbed to the mountain top, was one of the professional guides. 米歇尔.克罗兹是职业向导之一，在他的帮助下伍德沃斯攀登到了山顶。Then we had a chance to talk with that tall man, from whose accent we at once knew that he came from Hunan Province. 后来我们有机会和那个高个子说话，我们从他的口音迅速知道他是个湖南人。5)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限

14、制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：限制性定语从句是先行词（即被修饰词）不可缺少的定语，限制性定语从句前不用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，先行词所述对象仍很清楚，非限制性定语从句前常用逗号隔开。这里有两个例句及分析：Those who want to go camping please tell the monitor. 想去野营的人请告诉班长。（定语从句who want to go camping在句中不可少，否则先行词those不知道指谁，也就变得无意义，因此它是限制性定语从句。）Football, which is a very interesting g

15、ame, is played all over the world. 足球风靡全世界，它是一项很有趣的运动。（定语从句which is a very interesting game只是对意义已很明确的football作一个补充说明，因此它是非限制性定语从句。）注意，非限制性定语从句可以用关系代词which, who, whom, whose, as及介词+which/whom等引导，也可以用关系副词when, where引导，但不能用that引导。另外，非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词是不能省略的。6)whom的用法只有作定语从句中的宾语时才能用whom；介词后用whom不用who。口

16、语中whom前无介词时可用that或who代替。My brother, whom you met the other day, has gone abroad. 前几天你遇见过的我的那个兄弟，出国去了。I have a few friends whom I could ring to see if they are free. 我有几个朋友，我可以打电话去联系，看看他们是不是有时间。You have many people around you who are kind to you but whom you will soon forget. 你周围有许多对你好的人，但你都会很快忘记他们。T

17、here came a lot of children, most of whom I didnt know. 来了许多孩子，大多数我都不认识。7)介词which/whom引导的定语从句如果关系代词which/whom本身在定语从句中充当一个介词或介词短语的宾语的时候，有时可以将介词直接放在which/whom的前面，这样就产生了“介词关系代词”及“名词或代词介词which/whom”或“复合介词which/whom”等的结构。I know the man to whom you talked just now. 我认识你刚才与之说话的那个人。Life is a flower of which

18、 love is honey. 人生是花朵，爱情是花蜜。He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge. 当在当地的一所中学上学，此后就去上了剑桥大学。Its a family of five children, all of whom are studying music. 这一家有五个孩子，他们都在学音乐。In the attic we found some apples, none of which was fit to eat. 在阁楼里我们发现了一些苹果，其中没有一个能吃

19、的。I have three brothers, all of whom have gone abroad. 我有三个兄弟，他们都出国了。Soon they spotted a mountain, on top of which stood a temple. 不久他们发现了一座山，山顶上有一座庙宇。8)why引导的定语从句关系副词why用在reason之后，只引导限制性定语从句，why在从句中作状语，表示原因。Give me the reason why you should be interested in his affairs. 告诉我你为什么竟对他的事这样感兴趣。The reason

20、 why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。That is the reason why he raised the question. 这就是他所以提出问题的原因。注意：有时reason后不一定是why引导的定语从句。如下列句子中，reason后接的是which/that引导的定语从句，这是因为，reason在定语从句中作主语或宾语。Is this the reason which/that the chairman gave at the meeting? 这就是主席在会上所给的理由吗？I really

21、cant understand the reason that/which he explained. 我实在无法理解他所解释的理由。9)where引导定语从句有时修饰一些具有抽象意义的表示地点的名词，如situation, point, position等等。If you are ever in a situation where someone starts shooting, drop to the ground. 如果你遇到有人要射击的情况就摔倒在地上。But after a few days stay they got to the point where they could re

22、ad each others thoughts. 不过呆了几天之后，他们到了一个彼此能理解相互想法的阶段。It got to the point where I couldnt remember any of the reasons I loved him. 到那时候，我无法记起我爱他的任何理由了。10)the way后的定语从句The way后的定语从句用in which引导，in which可以用that代替，而that又可以省略。所以，表达“某人做某事的方法”有三种形式：1. the way in which somebody does something 2. the way that

23、 somebody does something 3. the way somebody does something.11)which指代前面的句中的内容which的这一用法只能以非限定性定语从句出现。Jenny was late for school a third time during the week, which made her teacher very angry. 詹妮一周内第三次迟到了，这使得她老师很生气。He left early, which was wise. 他早早地离开，那是很明智的。He suddenly became wealthy, which change

24、d his whole mode of life. 他忽然变得富有了，这改变了他整个的生活方式。He often helps me with my lessons, which is kind of him. 他经常在功课方面帮助我，真是感谢他。12)which作关系限定词的情况which作为关系限定词时，其本身代替前面所陈述的内容。She asked me to see the doctor, which advice I took at once. 她要我去看医生，我立即采纳了她的建议。He is studying economics, which knowledge is very im

25、portant today. 他正在攻读经济学，这门知识在今天是非常重要的。He believes in students doing more homework, which idea I am quite opposed to. 他相信要让学生做更多的家庭作业，我非常反对这个观点。which的这种用法常伴随介词而用。常见的词组形式有by which means, during which time, in which case, for which mistake, for which reason等等。She may have missed the train, in which cas

26、e (=if this happens) she wont arrive for another hour. 她也许没赶上火车，如果那样的话，她一小时是到不了的。I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize. 我叫错了他的名字，为此我道歉。He didnt feel well that morning, for which reason he didnt attend school. 那天早晨他感到不舒服，因此，他没去上学。Tom spent four years in college, during which t

27、ime he learned French. 汤姆在大学上了四年学，在这段时间里，他学会了法语。13)as用法关系代词as引导定语从句有两种形式。（1）as引导一个非限制性定语从句修饰一个分句，as代表该分句所表达的整个概念或其中一部分的概念。as定语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾；as本身在从句中充当主语、宾语及表语。（2）用于as as, the same as, so as, such as等结构中。as用法的第一种情况：As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun. 众所周知，地球围绕太阳旋转。He must be an Africa

28、n, as may be seen from the colour of his skin. 他准是个非洲人，这可以从他的肤色看得出来。If he comes late, as is usual, for another time, well not receive him. 如果他再一次像以往那样迟到，我们就不接待他了。She is a fine singer, as her mother used to be. 她是个很出色的歌唱家，像她的母亲当年一样。As you will find out, all is now settled. 你会发现，现在一切都解决了。Helen is some

29、what crazy, as everyone could see. 海伦有些神经错乱，这种情况每个人都看得出。注意这一类的as表面上看好像和which代替全句时的用法相似，但as引导的定语从句的最大特点是它的意思多侧重于表达“（正）像、（正）如”及类似的意思。一般说来，当关系代词在从句中作be动词的主语或一般动词的宾语时，which和as可交替使用；当关系代词在从句中作一般动词（非be动词）的主语时，只能用which；as可置于句首、句中，而which则不能。例如：He was late for school, as/which was usual with him. 他上学迟到了，他经常这

30、样。He saw the girl, as/which he had hoped (he would). 他见到了那位姑娘姑娘，正像他希望的那样。He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他见到了那位姑娘，这使得他很开心。（句中的which不能用as代替，因为从句中的delighted是非be动词）As has been said before, grammar is not a set of dead rules. 正如上面所说的那样，语法不是一套死的规则。（句中的As不能用Which代替，因为此定语从句置于句首）as用法的第二种情况：Theres as g

31、ood fish in the sea as ever came out of it. 海里有的是鱼；天涯处处有芳草。Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. 这是一块没人能搬动的大石头。Her manner and attitude toward him were quite the same as they had always been. 她对他的举止和态度和往常是完全相同的。He does not possess such a mind as is necessary to a scientist. 他缺乏科学家所必须具备的头脑。Such f

32、ood as they gave us was scarcely fit to eat. 他们给我们的食物很不适合吃。A man such as he will surely succeed. 像他这样的人是肯定会成功的。I havent much money but you can use such as I have. 我钱不多，可你能用我所有的钱。Such as you see is all we have. 你所见到的就是我们所有的东西。14)介词+whom/which + to do的类定语从句结构的不定式用法This is a useful tool with which to c

33、ut steel. 这是可以用来切割钢材的工具。Can you recommend someone from whom to learn how to use the software? 你能推荐一个可以向他讨教使用这一软件的人吗？Its not a room in which to live comfortably. 这不是可以舒适居住的房间。这一结构的介词位置固定，不可移到动词之后，如第一句中的with which to cut steel不可改成which to cut stell with。15)嵌入式定语从句有一种定语从句，在其从句中的主语和谓语之间有一个插入语如I think。这一

34、种定语从句叫做嵌入式定语从句。嵌入的分句的谓语动词常常是think, believe, guess, imagine, say, suppose, be sure, doubt等等。She offered a suggestion which she said would interest you. 她提出一个她说一定会引起你兴趣的建议。He wrote letters to every person and organization that he believed might be able to help. 他写信给每个人和每个组织，他相信可能有帮助。That is the engine

35、er who I think is the right man chosen for the job. 那位就是我认为适合被选派做这项工作的工程师。定语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。位置：先行词之后 关系词常有3个作用： 连接作用，引导定语从句。 代替先行词。 在定语从句中担当一个成分。 注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语（where）时间状语（whe

36、n），原因状语（why）。 定语定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词表示的）汉语中常用“的”表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如“The man”、“The book”。 关系代词引导的定语从句举例关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主词保持一致。

37、1,who, whom, that这些词代替指人，“whom”作宾语指人，“that”既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所起作用如下： （1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） （2）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） （3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 你刚刚

38、说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。 2,Which 用来指人或物(用作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略），例如： （1）Prosperitywhich / that had neppearsin te. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语） （2）The package (which / that) you are carryingis about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。（which / that在从句中作宾语） whose(只用作定语) “whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西） 例：A child whose par

39、ents are dead is called an arphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。（“whose”表示那个孩子的双亲） He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。（“whose”表示那个房子的窗户） 关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语。 1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，“which”代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，“which”在从省略。eg：This is the book （which）you want. 2. 不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语代词“w

40、h”放在它原来的位置。 3. 代表物时多这时的that常被省略； c）被形容词最高级修饰时；既有人又有物时； e）整个句中前面已有“which”，“wh”行 关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配） when=during/ on/ in/ which（介词同先行词搭配） 1. “where”是关系代词，当然也不用“that”引导。 By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦

41、的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。 I still remember where I met her for the first time. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。 Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 他每次出差都带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他东西。 3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something,

42、anything, everything或nothing时，常用“there is”开头。 There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 这里有人要和你说话。 分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。 关系副词的用法及说明关系副词why关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如： We dont know the reason why he didnt show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。 She didnt tell me th

43、e reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。 与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如： Thats one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。 另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如： 他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。 误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.

44、 正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank. 关系副词where关系副词where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如： This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。 Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。 Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得

45、坐公共汽车去上班。 与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如： He works in a factory that which makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。 关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。 另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如： We have reached a po

46、int where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。 He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。 I dont want a job where Im chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。 关系副词when关

47、系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如： There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。 Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。 Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。 注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副

48、词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如： Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。 关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。 编辑本段非限制性定语从句意义： 非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若将非a lovely

49、 garden.我去年买的的房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。 3. 非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation

50、. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 4. 有时as也可用作关系 5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关在从句中做主语 （1）The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。 （2）Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人。 whom指人注意：关系代词“whom”在口语和非正式语体中常用“who”代替，可省略。 如果在从句中做宾语，就用“whom”或“who”。 He is the man who has an English b

51、ook. 他就是那个有英语书的男人。 You just met the person who was my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友。 which that 通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做定语，表所有。 （1）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生。 （2）I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子中。 “whose”指物时通常以以下结构来代替： （3）What is the color.Football is th

52、e game which is liked by most boys. 颜色是什么。足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏。 （4）This is the pen（which）he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔。 that指人时相当于“who”或者“whom”；指物时，相当于“which”当前头有最高级序数词“all”不定代词时必须用“that”。 在定语从句中做主语、表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 （5）The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

53、每年来这座城市观光的游客数目上升了100万。 （6）Where is the man this morning? 今天早上这个男人在哪？ when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用。 （1）(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语。 （1）Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. （2）I dont know th

54、e reason why he lookswhen/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 编辑本段介词和关系代词1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 2）“that”前“Do you”作介词的宾语，且可以省略。例如： （1）The school（that/which）he once studied in is very famous.“that/which”可以省略。 = The school I which hied is very famous.“which”不可省略。

55、（2）Tomorrow I will bring here 用，如：look for, look after, take care of等。 T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.（T=正确） F This is the watch for which I am looking.（F=错误） 2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用“whom”，不可用“who”或者“that”；指物时用“which”，不能用“that”；关系代词是所有格时用“whose” （1）The man with whom you talked is my

56、friend.（T） The man famous. （2）I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun. 关系代词关系代词（一般情况下）“that”可用在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语。 “which”指物，在从句句中作主语； “whom”在从句中作宾语； “why”在从句中修语，先行词通常是“the reason”； 有时“why”也可用“for+which”代替。 例：A doctor who looks after peoples health. 主语 谓语 先行词 定语从句修饰先行词 判断介词和关系代词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 判断改错: （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错） I will never forge