定语从句专题讲解

1、定语从句专题讲解一、基本概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which ， as关系副词有： when, where, why.二、关系词的用法：（一） 关系代词的用法：

2、1. 作主语用who, which 和 that, 如：He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2作宾语用whom, who, which, that,如：The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week?注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词 who whom, that通常可以省略，

3、但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词 which 和 that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。3. 作定语用 whose, 如：(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词 ”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上 a 句），又能作宾语 （如上 b 句）。 whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可

4、以与 of which结构互换，词序是：“名词 +of which ”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which)He s written a bookthe name of which I ve completely forgotten. (= whose name)4. 作表 只用 that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但 常省略。如：He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dir

5、ty place (that) it used to be.（二） 关系副 的用法：1 when 指 ，在从句中作 状 ，它的先行 通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year等。如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?注： when 常可以省略，特 是在某些句型和某些 状 中。如：Each time he came, he did his best to help us.But

6、help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2where 指地点，在从句中作地点状 。 它的先行 常有： place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country 等。This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived.注： where 有 也可以省略。如：This is the place (where) we met yesterday.3.why 指原因或理由，它的先

7、行 只有reason。如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.注： why 常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason he did it.(三 ) 使用关系副 注意下列几点：1. 三个关系副 在意 上都相当于一定的介 +which 构：when = on (in, at, during ) + which;where = in (at, on ) + which;why = for which.如：I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.The

8、office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.2. 当先行词是表时间的time, day 等和表地点的place, house 等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which 或 that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用 when 或 where，试比较：I ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.I ll never fo

9、rget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3. when 和 where 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而 why 只能引导限制性定语从句。三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1. 限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不

10、可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：This is the telegram which he refers to.Is there anything (that) I can do for you?2. 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.As a boy, he was always making things, most of whic

11、h were electric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when和 where，不可以用that和 why 。另外， 非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.Yesterday I happened to see Joh

12、n, who was eager to have a talk with you.= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.3. 两种定 从句的内涵不同，限制性定 从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定 从句具有唯一性， 在理解和翻 特 注意。 比 ：All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.All the books there that have beautiful pict

13、ures in them were written by him.His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man.（只有一个）His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old.（不止一个）4. 有 ，非限制性定 从句所修 的不是某一个 ，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分， 一般采用 which 或 as 来引 。当整个主句（先行 ）在从句中作主 ，从句的 要用 数。eg: He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.注：（1） as 引

14、 的从句可以放在主句之前，而which 引 的从句只能放在主句之后。They are hollow, which makes them very light.As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（ 2）从意 上 ， which 指前面主句的内容；而 as 指代的是作 一般人都知道的常 性的 西，因此常 成 “就象 那 ”。（ 3）如果定 从句的内容 主句的内容起消极作用或当非限制定 从句 否定 ， 常用which ，而不用as，如：She stole her friend s money, which was disgraceful.He

15、 tore up my photo, which upset me.Tom drinks a lot everyday,which his wife doesn t like at all.5. 在正式文体中， 以 the way 先行 的限制性定 从句通常以in which或that引 ，如：The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.但在非正式文体中，人 通常省略in which 或that :The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious.I don t like t

16、he way (that) you laugh at her.四、关系词的选择1. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who指人， which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom （口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that 代替。2. 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用 whom 指人， which 指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?Do you know the boy (t

17、hat) she was talking to?The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.3.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which 或 that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用 which ：(1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如：All that can be done has been done.In this factor

18、y I saw little / much that was different from ours.(2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：We heard clearly every word that he said.(3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the

19、West Lake.(4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：Is that the best that you can do?That s the most expensive hotel that we ve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.(5) 当先行词被the very, the only, the next, the last 等所修饰时。如：This is the very book that I want to

20、 find.(6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the ChildrenPalace.She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.(7) 当主句是以 which ， who,what 开 的特殊疑 句 。如：Which is the car that killed the boy?Who is the p

21、erson that is making this lecture?4. 用 which 而不用 that 的情况：引 非限制性定 从句；代表整个主句的意思；介 +关系代 。e.g.He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry. 他数学考 没有及格， 使他的父 很生气。This is the room in which my father lived last year. 是父 去年居住 的房子。5. 在限制性定 从句中，当先行 指人 ，关系 可用who(m) 或 that，二者常可互 。但在下列情况中，用wh

22、o(m) ，而不用 that：(1) 当先行 是 one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody 等 。如：Is there anyone who can answer this question?He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.注：在非正式文体中可以 ：Youre the one that knows where to go.)(2) 当先行 是he, they, those,

23、people, person 等 。如：He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.注：在固定 构的 或 中，可用he that 。如：He that promises too much means nothing.(3) 当先行 有 的后置定 修 。如：Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?(4) 在分隔

24、式定 从句中，若先行 指人， 了明确修 关系， 当用 A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.who(m) 。如：There s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited.(5) 两个定 从句同 修 一个指人的先行 ，第二个定 从句常用 She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.who(m

25、) 来引 ，如：6. 在限制性定 从句中，当先行 指人 ，在下列情况中，一般用关系 that:(1) 当主句是以 who 或 which 开 的特殊疑 句 。如：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?Which of us that knows anything does not know this?(2) 当先行 被形容 最高 或序数 所修 。如：He is the greatest man that has ever lived.(3) 当先行 被the only, the very, the last 等 所修 。

26、如：She is the only person that understands me.7. 当先行 被the same所修 ，关系 既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物 ，有 两者有一定的区 。一般 来，表示同一种 多用as，表示同一事物多用that。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 就是我昨天用 的那台 器。This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 台 器跟我昨天用 的那台一 。在抽象概念上，同种 和同一事物是没有 区 的，所以两个 可 用：I ha

27、ve the same opinion as / that you have. 里要注意的是：（1） 使用 as ，它引 的定 从句中的 可以省略，但使用that ，定 从句中的 不可省略。如：Women received the same pay as men.Women received the same pay that men received.(2) 在 “ the same that 构”中， that 只是用来加 气，强调 “相同 ”。that 可以省去而不改 句子原意，甚至 名 前的same 也可以省去。如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.= This is the instrument I used yesterday.但在 “the same as ”构中， same 和 as 都不能省略。(3) 当 “ the same that 构”中的that 作 关系副 用 ，不可以直接与as 互 。如： He lives in the same building that I live.= He