虚拟语气(三)

1、A New English Grammar,Vice Professor Gan Daixia 2010.3,虚拟语气 三种语气简介 语气是表示讲话人对说话内容的看法的一种语法范畴。 英语中有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。 陈述语气：谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的， 也就是说把动作或状态当作事实表达出来，或提出一种看法。 Flowers blossom in spring. The yellow leaves are falling in the autumn wind. The moon is peeping through the window at the slee

2、pless girl. Its probably going to snow tomorrow.,祈使语气：表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、 警告禁止等。 Do drop in to see us. Keep off the grass. 虚拟语气：把动作当作一种只存在于讲话人 想象中的“假设 ”或“推断”，而不是当作客观 现实中的真实事件，它表达的是怀疑、忧虑、推测、假设、想象或祝福等。 Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch cold. I wish I were a white cloud. A judicious ma

3、n wouldnt do like that.,虚拟语气在条件句子中的运用 英语中的条件句有2种：真实和非真实条件句。 非真实条件句包括： 虚拟条件句、推测条件句、错综时间条件句。 1 虚拟条件句有2种： 一是叙述与现在事实相反的情况；另一是叙 述与过去事实相反的情况。另外，还有一类用 于推测将来的情况，也称推测条件句。 would有时可以换成 should, could， might。,He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors. I am sorry I am very busy just now, if I had time, I would c

4、ertainly go to the movies with you. If I knew the answers to all your questions, I would be a genius. If wishes wee horses, beggars might ride.,If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful. The flood might have caused great damage to the people if we hadnt b

5、uilt so many reservoirs. Jack would have died if the doctors hadnt operated on him timely.,If he were here this evening, we would play cards. If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy. If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. If it should rain again, what else could I do? she

6、 would tell me if she should know it. If she should have enough money, he would buy it.,比较： If it snowed tomorrow, If it were to snow, If it should snow, I should / would stay at home.,注意： （1）条件句中有were, had, should, could时，可 以省略 if，而把 were, had, should, could放在主 句前，用倒装结构，这种用法多用语书面语中。 Were it necessa

7、ry, I might resign. Had you informed me earlier, I wouldnt have signed the contract. Should I have time, I would call on her. Could you meet Mary, you should not be able to recognize her. Were they to get married, they would be happy. Were he living happily, I would be very much astonished.,（2）虚拟语气中

8、的主句也可以是疑问句、感叹句、祈使句： If she had everything, would she be happy? If he had married Alice, how happy he would have been! If you were man enough, dont give up. If you should need help, please tell me.,(3) 过去分词也可用于虚拟条件句中，这时的could是情态动词，表示“能够”， 相当于“had been able to” If I could have earned enough money, I s

9、hould have traveled over the world. If you could have prevented mistakes, you might have been more successful. (4) 条件从句中不可用would, If he would have come yesterday, I should have told him. If he had come yesterday, I should have told him.,2. 错综时间条件句 / 混合式虚拟语气 Had I taken my umbrella with me when I cam

10、e out this morning, I should not be wet now. If you had spoken to him last time you saw him, you would know what to do now. If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night. If the criminal were honest, he would have made a clean breast of the whole thing long ago.,If they had left home in e

11、arly morning, they would arrive in half an hour. If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future. If I were rich, I would have bought the villa last year. 如果条件句做宾语从句，其动词形式不受主句谓语动词的影响。 I often tell her that if she had made another try, she might have been successful. (过去) I will tell her tha

12、t if she would / were to make another try, she might be successful. （将来） I have told her that if she made another try, she might be successful. （现在）,3 无条件的虚拟语气 表示“无条件”的词有：with, without, but for, or, but, otherwise, even, in case of, what if But for (= if it were not for) your help we couldnt have su

13、cceeded. They wouldnt have reached the agreement so easily without (if it were not for.) that common ground. With better equipment, we could have done it better. Given more time, we would do it better.,4. 含蓄条件句 有时，句子中没有表示虚拟语气的词，短语或从句，但依然要用虚拟语气。这时，要么是省略了表示虚拟语气的部分，要么隐含在上下文中，称之。 I would do anything for

14、 her. (if I could) You might have failed. (if you made less efforts) She should have died. ( if she had taken that bus) Even stones would shed tears. (to hear the sad news.),It would do you no good. (if you should give up the job.) Heaven would cry at their sufferings. (if it were able to see their

15、sufferings) She might have refused to answer. ( if you had asked her.) We could have won the battle, (but we were impatient) We would have made a lot of money. (but we gave up halfway) Such mistakes could have been avoided. ( if one had been more careful),虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用 （1）wish后的宾语从句 与现在事实相反：were / 动

16、词的过去式 与过去事实相反：had + 过去分词 / would / could + have +过去分词 表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望：would / should / could / might + 动词原形 I wish she were / was here. I wish the moon were shining at the moment. I wish you would go with us tomorrow.,I wish she had taken my advice. Sophia wished she hadnt done it. I wish that I

17、had never seen her. I wish you wouldnt be so nervous. He wished she might do better next time.,if only 和 ( I ) would that 后用虚拟语气 表示现在没有实现的愿望： 谓语动词（一般过去式） 表示过去没有实现的愿望： 谓语用过去完成式（had + V.ed）翻译为： “要是就好了”,“但愿” If only she had known where to find you. If only I could speak several foreign languages! Would

18、 that I had seen her before she died. If only he were more cautious. Would that I were young again.,虚拟语气用在suggest, order, demand等后的宾语从句中 如：propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, promise, arrange, ask, recommend, advise, maintain, persist, permit, provide direct, persuade dictate

19、 agree pray legislate sentence object 后用动词原形或should + 动词原形 He determined that she would go at once. They intended that news should be suppressed. I prefer that you not eat the meat.,She insisted that the seats should be booked in advance. The workers demanded that their wages should be raised by 10

20、percent. They requested that he should sing a song. He advised that the doctor should be sent for. The committee decided that no one should be admitted without a ticket. Sometimes she would suggest that I should be saving some of the money. The examination instructions ask that the students should n

21、ot use a red pen. It was arranged that she leave the next week.,虚拟语气用在advice, demand, order 等名词后的主语从句、表语从句和同位语， 常用的词有：advice, demand, order, necessity, resolution, pay, decision, proposal, requirement, suggestion, idea, recommendation, preference, request, plan, motion, desire, sentence后 用动词原形或shoul

22、d + 动词原形,The demand is that manuscripts should be written on one side only. He issued the order that the troops should withdraw at once. It is my desire that all the members of the family should gather once a year. Their desire was that a treaty should be signed. The sentence is that the murderer sh

23、ould be shot.,虚拟语气用在important, necessary等后的从句中 urgent, essential, appropriate, desirable, insistent, obligatory, vital, advisable, better, keen, preferable, fitting, right good proper compulsory careful funny pitiful imperative resolved eager anxious, concerned, ridiculous, unthinkable 可以构成句型“it is

24、+ adj./ n. + that”,有些词 要用“I am + adj. + that”, 用should + be 句型,It is necessary that some immediate effort should be made. It is essential that the program should be loaded into computer. He is careful that nobody should know about the secret. She was anxious that her daughter should be taken good ca

25、re of.,it is (high / about) time句型 这时， 谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了”。 It is high time that we were off. It is time that we went to bed. It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself. 这种句型中的过去式也可以改为should (不能省略)+ 动词原形， 但过去式要更普通一些。 It is about time we should go to bed. It is quite time

26、she should wash her clothes.,7. 在for fear that, in order that, so that, lest 引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气 should / could / might + 动词原形, 在以lest 引导的从句中，谓语动词用(should ) + 动词原形。 He reminded her twice of it lest she should forget. He kept quiet lest he (should) disturb her.,She always studies hard lest she (sh

27、ould) lag behind. I will not make a noise for fear (that) I should / might disturb you. I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper. I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me.,imagine后的虚拟语气 表示现在或将来非现实情况的意想用were型结构，表示对过去非实际情况的意想用 had + 过去分词结构。 Imagi

28、ne that we were on a desolate island now. Imagine that you were laughed at by those shallow people. Imagine that he had not had taken those measures, what would have happened?,以as if / as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气 与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式， 与过去事实相反，用had + 过去分词 表示将来的可能性不大，用 would/ might / could + 动词原形 He t

29、alks as if he knew all about it. She looks as though she were sick. He talks about pyramids as though he has seen them himself. I feel / felt as if we had known each other for years. It looks as if it might rain.,比较： He walks as if he is drunk He walks as if he were drunk.,10. would rather, would so

30、oner, had better, would as soon, just as soon后的句子用虚拟语气 (1) 接动词原形，指现在或将来时间，表示一种主观愿望或选择 I would rather do it today. He would sooner die than surrender. Hed rather not go dancing tonight.,(2) 接不定式完成式，表示过去的某种选择不恰当 I d rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip. Id rather have stayed at home

31、 than went to the dull film.,(3)接从句， 用虚拟语气，表示现在或将来的愿望时，用一般过去式，表示一个过去的愿望时，用过去完成式。 Id rather you paid the money yourself. Id soon you didnt do anything about it for the time being. I would sooner she painted the wall green next time. Id rather she hadnt done that.,11. would rather than / would rather

32、than 后的从句用虚拟语气 用“ should + 动词原形”than 后的that 可以省略。 I would rather die than (that) he should know the secret. He would do anything rather than (that) he should live with such a shameless woman.,(四) 条件句的其他表示法 1. As (so ) long as 真实性条件从句 You may borrow the book so long as you return it in one week. 2. o

33、n condition that “在条件下”，陈述语气或虚拟语气均可。 The guards allow the tourists to go into the woods on condition that they do / should do no harm to the animals. 3. given that 真实条件，用陈述语气 Given that he doesnt agree to do it, we shall go it alone.,4. if it were not for“如果没有”,表示与现在事实相反，主句用should 型虚拟语气。 If it were

34、not for the rain, the crops should / would become withered. If it had not been for “如果当时没有”,表示与过去事实相反。 If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt. 5. assuming that 真实条件，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气。 Assuming (that) we cant get loan, what shall we do? 6. in the event that 同上 In the event tha

35、t Harry rejects the proposal, what will she do?.,7. suppose that 既可以表示真实条件，用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气，表示对现在或将来的假设。 Suppose / supposing that it rains , we wont go out. Suppose / supposing that it rained, we shouldnt go out. Suppose / supposing that there were no gravitational force, objects would not fall to the

36、 ground when dropped,8Provide that/ providing that表示真实条件 She was prepared to come, provided / providing that she might bring her children. He was willing to give the job to me provided that I could assure him I could do it well. 比较： You will be criticized provided that () / if you are as careless as

37、 before. Children were permitted into the hall for the film provided (that) / = if they did not make any trouble.,9 Unless 既可以做真实性条件，= if not.也可以做非真实性条件句，= butif 或except on condition that I couldnt get a grant unless I had five years teaching experience. Unless you had done it earlier, you would hav

38、e failed. I couldnt have bought it unless I had had enough money.,10. in case 引导的句子既可以用陈述语气，又可以用 虚拟语气，由should构成，should可以省略。 The games will be postponed in case it snows. (可能性更大) The games will be postponed in case it (should) snow. （可能性小）,11. and表示条件的三种结构形式 (1) 祈使句(相当于条件状语从句) + and + 陈述句（既可以用表示真实条件，

39、也可以表示非真实条件）如：Care for others and others will love you. One more step forward and you will touch it. One more step forward and you would have touched it.,(2) 祈使句(相当于条件状语从句) + and （可以省略）+ 祈使句 Light come, light go. 来得容易去得快。 Marry in haste, repent at leisure. 草率结婚，事后后悔。 Spare the rod and spoil the child

40、. 孩子不打不成器。 Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。,（3）名词词组 + and + 陈述句 （表示真实条件或虚拟语气） One more effort, and you will gain your goal. A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous novelist.,12. or 表示条件的结构形式：祈使句+ or + 祈使句, or 表示一个否定概念，即第一个祈使句相当于Ifnot Make more effort, or you will fail. 用or else, otherwise

41、, or otherwise, else来强调or. He cant be so irresponsible, or they wouldnt have allowed him to do that. I didnt know that he was a liar, or else I wouldnt have believed him.,13. 独立条件句中的虚拟语气 有时候，主句可以省略，条件句可以独立存在，表示“但愿”，“怎么办”等意。 If I were young again! If I succeeded. Oh, if I could see you. Oh, if I had

42、another chance! Oh, had I not given up!.,3. neverbut 意为:when always It never rains but it pours. I never see the picture but I think of my college years.,not such but, so but 或否定主语 + be + so + but 句型中but 相当于that not He is not such a fool but he knows it. No task is so hard but (/ but that) he can ac

43、complish it.,I do not doubt but (/ but that) I do not deny but (/ but that) It is not impossible but (but that)句型 He didnt doubt but that snow would shortly fall. I do not deny but that it is a wise decision. There is no doubt but that he is guilty.,and yet和 but yet是 yet的变体：indeedbut, it is truebut，

44、To be sure but, on the contrary, on the other hand. She is vain, and yet people like her. I have given him all he asked for, but yet he is still not satisfied. Its true she is beautiful, but she is rather selfish.,To be sure hes a nice person, but he is not very clever. Indeed she tried hard, but sh

45、e did not succeed. He loves her indeed, but he dare not propose marriage to her.,while, whereas He likes sports, while Id rather collect stamps. Wise men seek after truth while / whereas fools despise knowledge. You can wear out iron shoes in fruitless search, whereas you may hit on what you need wi

46、thout even looking for it.,or Wear your coat or youll catch cold. Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it. Shes a student or something. He left the key in the classroom or somewhere. It costs a hundred dollars or so. Money or no money, she has made up her mind to do the experiment.,as well as 做

47、并列连词 = not onlybut also, no less than 比较: He is a statesman as well as a scholar. He is no less a statesman than a scholar. He is not only a scholar but also a statesman. He has experience as well as skill. He has no less experience than skill. He has not only skill but also experience. As well as = and as well (侧重后项),比较： He needs to develop his reading, and his writing as well. He needs to