英语动词25种句型

1、.Verb patternsFor anyone who is learning to speak or write correct English, the most important word in a sentence is the verb. For this reason the compilers of the Dictionary have paid particular attention to verb patterns. These show the learner how to use verbs to form correct sentences.A person l

2、earning English as a foreign language may be tempted to form sentences by analogy. For example, he hears or sees such sentences as Please tell me the meaning and Please show me the way (an indirect object followed by a direct object). By analogy he forms the incorrect sentence *Please explain me the

3、 meaning (instead of Please explain the meaning to me). He hears or sees such sentences as I intend to come, I propose to come, and I want to come, and by analogy he forms the incorrect sentences as *I suggest to come (instead of I suggest that I should come). He hears or sees such sentences as I as

4、ked him to come, I told him to come, and I wanted him to come, and by analogy he forms such incorrect sentences as *I proposed him to come and *I suggested him to come (instead of I proposed/suggested that he should come). He notes that He began to talk about the matter means the same as He began ta

5、lking about the matter and supposes, wrongly, that He stopped to talk about the matter means the same as He stopped talking about the matter.To help the learner to avoid such mistakes, the compilers of the Dictionary have provided a set of tables in which various Verb Patterns are set out with examp

6、les. Each pattern has a numbered code (for example, VP5, VP6A, VP21), and this provides a link between the tables and the verb entries in the Dictionary, because every verb entry has its own code (or several codes if there are several meanings). A few examples will show how the learner can refer fro

7、m the VP codes in entries to the VP tables in the Introduction. One of the patterns given in the Dictionary for congratulate is VP14, and this verb is also used in one of the examples in the VP table for VP14: We congratulated him on his success. The pattern provided for the second meaning of consid

8、er is VP6A. If the learner turns to that table he will find several examples based on that pattern, for example We all enjoyed the film. This will help him to form a correct sentence with consider in VP6A, for example He considered the problem.Sometimes extra information is given in an entry to help

9、 the learner to learn the right pattern. For example, in the entry for absolve, he will find the verb + preposition (from), placed after the codes VP6A,14. This shows that the verb can be used as in absolve a man from a vow. In the entry for accede there are the codes VP2A, 3A, followed by (to), sho

10、wing that the verb may be used as in accede to a proposal.It is important to note that the learner is not expected to memorize these verb patterns. They are a simple reference system, a practical tool to guide the learner who wants to form correct sentences. They are a way of helping the learner who

11、 will benefit from a list of the grammatical rules that underlie the different sorts of example sentences that are given in the entries for verbs.A full treatment of these verb patterns is found in Guide to Patterns and Usage in English, by A.S. Hornby (Oxford University Press).Note: The use of the

12、asterisk * indicates that the phrase or sentence is an example of incorrect usage.VP 1This pattern is for the verb be. The subject complement may be a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, an adjective phrase (eg. a prepositional group). There may be an adverbial adjunct or an infinitive phrase.Subject + B

13、Esubject complement/adjunct1. This is2. This suitcase is3. The children are4. This book is5. This isa book.mine.asleep.for you.where I work.There are variations with introductory there/it.There/It + BEsubject1. There was2. It was impossible3. It was a pitya large crowd.to go further.the weather was

14、so bad. VP 2A组: This pattern is for verbs which may be used without a complement. Such verbs are called complete intransitive verbs. Adjuncts are possible but not essential.Subjectvi.1. We all2. The moon3. A period of political unrestbreathe, drink and eat.rose.followed.There are variations with int

15、roductory there/it.1. There followed2. It doesnt mattera long period of political unrest.whether we start now or later.That-clauses are possible after seem, appear, happen, chance and follow.1. It seemed2. It so chanced/happened3. It doesnt follow(that) the day would never end.(that) we were out whe

16、n she called.(that) they are husband and wife.B组: Verbs in this pattern are used with an adverbial adjunct of distance, duration, weight, cost, etc. For may occur before adverbials of distance and duration. An indirect object may occur after cost, last and take (meaning require).Subject + vi.(for) +

17、 adverbial adjunct1. We walked2. The meeting lasted3. The book cost (me)4. This box weighs(for) five miles.(for) two hours.1.20.five kilos.C组: Many intransitive verbs are used with an adverbial adjunct (including an adverbial particle alone, or an adverbial particle followed by a preposition).Subjec

18、t + vi.adverbial adjunct1. Go2. Please come3. Ill soon catch4. Its getting5. It looksaway!in.up with you.on for midnight.like rain/as if it were going to rain.D组: Verbs in this pattern are followed by an adjective, a noun or, in the case of a reflexive verb, a pronoun. Inchoative verbs (eg. become,

19、come, get) and verbs of the senses (eg. smell, taste, feel) are among the many verbs used in this pattern.Subject + vi.adjective/noun/pronoun1. Her dreams have come2. The fire has burnt3. She married4. He died5. Later he became6. Youre not lookingtrue.low.young.a millionaire.an acrobat.yourself.E组:

20、In this pattern the predicative adjunct is a present participle.Subject + vi.present participle1. She lay2. Do you like to go3. The children camesmiling at me.dancing?running to meet us. VP3A组: Verbs in this pattern are followed by a preposition and its object (which may be a noun, pronoun, gerund,

21、phrase, or clause). The verb and preposition function as a unit.Subject + vi.preposition + noun/pronoun1. You may rely2. Can I count3. What has happenedon that man/his discretion/his being discreet.on your help?to them? An infinitive phrase may follow the noun/pronoun.1. Were waiting2. I rely3. She

22、pleadedfor our new car to be delivered.on you to be discreet.with the judge to have mercy.B组: The preposition is omitted before a that-clause, thus producing the same word order as in VP9 (for transitive verbs).He insisted on his innocence. He insisted that he was innocent.Cf. He declared that he wa

23、s innocent.VP3AVP3BVP9The preposition may be retained if its object is a dependent question, or if a preceding preposition + it construction is used.Subject + vi.(preposition)clause1. I agree2. You must see3. I hesitated4. Have you decided5. Dont worry(to it)(about)(upon)(about)that it was a mistake

24、.that this sort of thing never occurs again.whether to accept your offer.where you will go for your holidays?how the money was lost. VP4A组: In this pattern the verb is followed by a to-infinitive of purpose, outcome, or result.Subject + vi.to-infinitive1. We stopped2. How did you come3. Will he live

25、4. Someone has calledto rest/to have a rest.to know her?to be ninety?to see you.B组: The infinitive may be equivalent to a co-ordinate clause.Subject + vi.to-infinitive1. He awoke2. The good old days have gone3. Electronic music has clearly come4. He looked roundto find the house on fire.never to ret

26、urn.to stay.to see the door slowly opening.C组: The infinitive adjunct is used after some verbs which, in VP3A, are used with prepositions.Dont trouble/bother about that.Dont trouble/bother to meet me.Subject + vi.to-infinitive1. She hesitated2. She was longing3. He agreedto tell anyone.to see her fa

27、mily again.to come at once.D组: The verbs seem and appear are used in this pattern. If the infinitive is be with an adjective or noun as complement, to be may be omitted (unless the adjective is one that is used only predicatively, as in VP4E).Subject + SEEM/APPEAR(to be) + adjective/noun1. He seemed

28、2. This seems3. I seem(to be) surprised at the news.(to be) a serious matter.(to be) unable to enjoy myself.There is a variation of this pattern with introductory it, when the subject is an infinitive or gerund, or a clause.It + SEEM/APPEARadjective/nounsubject1. It seemed2. It seems3. It doesnt see

29、m4. It appearsreasonablea pitymuch useunlikelyto try again.to waste all that food.going on.that well arrive on time.E组: If the adjective after seem/appear is used only predicatively (eg. awake, asleep, afraid), to be is obligatory. Happen and chance are also used in this pattern.Subject + SEEM/APPEA

30、R/HAPPEN/CHANCEto-infinitive1. The baby seems2. My enquiries seem3. She happened4. We chanced5. There seemsto be asleep/to be sleeping.to have been resented.to be out when I called.to meet in the park.to have been some mistake.F组: The finites of be are used with a to-infinitive to convey a variety o

31、f meanings, 见be4(3)Subject + BEto-infinitive1. Were2. At what time am I3. How am Ito be married in May.to come?to pay my debts? VP5In this pattern the auxiliary verbs or anomalous finites will/would, shall/should, can/could, must, dare, need are followed by a bare infinitive (ie. without to). The ph

32、rases had better, had/would rather and would sooner fit into this pattern.Subject + anomalous finiteinfinitive1. You may2. You neednt3. Youll4. I didnt dare5. Youd betterleave now.wait.find it in that box.tell anyone.start at once. VP6A组: The verbs in this pattern have a noun or pronoun as direct ob

33、ject. Conversion to the passive voice is possible.Subject + vt.noun/pronoun1. Did you enjoy2. We all had3. Everyone likesthe film?a good time.her.B组: The verbs in this pattern have a noun or pronoun as direct object, but conversion to the passive voice is not possible. Have, meaning possess/take/eat

34、/drink, follows this pattern. Reflexive verbs, and verbs with cognate objects, follow this pattern.Subject + vt.noun/pronoun1. Have you had2. She has3. Have you hurt4. She smiled5. He dreamedbreakfast yet?green eyes.yourself?her thanks.a very odd dream.C组: In this pattern the object is a gerund, not

35、 replaceable by a to-infinitive.Subject + vt.gerund1. She enjoys2. Have you finished3. I resentplaying tennis.talking?being spoken to so rudely.D组: In this pattern the object is a gerund. This may be replaced by a to-infinitive. For the difference between like swimming and like to swim, see the note

36、s on VP6D in Guide to Patterns and Usage.Subject + vt.gerund1. She loves2. Ill continue3. He begangoing to the cinema.working while my health is good.talking about his clever children.E组: After need, want ( = need) and wont/wouldnt bear, the gerund is equivalent to a passive infinitive.Subject + NEE

37、D/WANT/BEARgerund1. Hell need2. My shoes want3. His language wouldnt bearlooking after ( = to be looked after).mending ( = to be mended).repeating ( = was too bad to be repeated). VP7A组: In this pattern the object of the verb is a to-infinitive. (For intransitive verbs with the same word order, see

38、VP4.)Subject + vt.(not) + to-infinitive1. Do they want2. He pretended3. We hope/expect/intend4. I forgot/rememberedto go?not to see me.to climb Mount Everest.to post your letters.B组: Ought, and the finites of have in this pattern indicate obligation. In colloquial style have got to is more usual tha

39、n have to.Subject + HAVE/OUGHT(not) + to-infinitive1. Do you often have2. You dont have3. You oughtto work overtime?to leave yet, do you?not to waste your money there. VP8In this pattern the object of the verb is an interrogative pronoun or adverb (except why or whether), followed by a to-infinitive

40、.Subject + errogative pronoun/adverb + to-infinitive1. Do you know/see2. I couldnt decide3. Ive discovered4. You must learnhow to do it?what to do next.where to find him.when to give advice and when to be silent. VP9The object of the verb is a that-clause. That is often omitted, except after m

41、ore formal verbs (eg. decide, intend).Subject + vt.that-clause1. I suppose2. I wish3. Do you think4. The workers decided5. We intendedyoull be leaving soon.you wouldnt interrupt.itll rain?that they would go on strike.that John should be invited. VP10In this pattern the object of the verb is a depend

42、ent clause or question. The clause is introduced by a relative adverb or pronoun, what, or whether/if.Subject + vt.dependent clause/question1. Does anyone know2. Come and see3. I wonder4. She askedhow it happened?what Ive done!whether/if hell come.why I was late. VP11The verb is followed by a noun o

43、r pronoun and a that-clause.Subject + vt.noun/pronounthat-clause1. He warned2. I convinced3. We satisfiedusthe policemanourselvesthat the roads were icy.that I was innocent.that the plan would work. VP12A组: The verb is followed by an indirect object (IO) and a direct object (DO). The indirect object

44、 is equivalent to a prepositional object with to, as in VP13A.Subject + vt.IODO1. Wont you lend2. He doesnt owe3. He denied/grudgedhimmeheryour car?anything.nothing.B组: In this pattern the indirect object is equivalent to a prepositional object with for, as in VP13B.Subject + vt.IODO1. She made2. Wi

45、ll you do3. She cookedherselfmeher husbanda new dress.a favor?some sausages.C组: Verbs in this pattern are rarely or never convertible to VP13. The labels IO and DO are not used.Subject + vt.noun/pronounnoun/pronoun1. Ask2. I envy3. He struckhimyouthe doorhis name.your fine garden.a heavy blow. VP13A

46、组: In this pattern the verb is followed by a direct object, the preposition to, and the prepositional object. It is convertible to VP12A.Subject + vt.DOto + noun/pronoun1. She told2. He sold3. Ive sentthe newshis old carpresentsto everyone in the village.to one of his neighbors.to everyone in my fam

47、ily.B组: In this pattern the preposition is for. It is convertible to VP12B.Subject + vt.DOfor + noun/pronoun1. She made2. Will you do3. Can you casha new dressa favorthis chequefor her daughter.for a friend of mine?for me? VP14In this pattern the verb is followed by a direct object and a preposition

48、 and its object. This pattern is not convertible to VP12, as are VP13A and VP13B, Give something to somebody VP12A may be converted to Give somebody something VP13A. Explain something to somebody cannot be converted to *Explain somebody something.The preposition is linked to the verb and they must b

49、e learnt together, eg congratulate somebody on something, compare one thing to/with another. In VP15 however the prepositional phrase is variable, eg put something on/under the table, in the drawer.Subject + vt.DOprepnoun1. We congratulated2. Compare3. He compared4. I explainedhimthe copythe heartmy

50、 difficultyonwithtotohis success.the original.a pump.him.Variations are possible. If the DO is long, the prepositional phrase may precede it. Introductory it may be used when there is an infinitive phrase or a clause.Subject + vt.prep + nounDO1. I explained2. I must leave itto himto your own judgmen

51、tthe impossibility of granting his request.to decide whether you should offer your resignation.Compare:Subject + vt.DOprep + noun1. I explained2. I must leavethe problemthe decisionto him.to you. VP15A组: In VP15A the DO is followed by an adverbial phrase of place, duration, distance, etc which is ob

52、ligatory. I read the book VP6 is a complete sentence, but *I put the book is not. Put needs an adjunct, eg I put the book down/away/on the shelf. With verbs marked VP15A the adverbial is a prepositional phrase, which is variable (unlike VP14).Subject + vt.DOadverbial phrase1. Dont let the child put2

53、. The secretary showed3. Please puthis headmethese papersout of the car window/into the plastic bag.to the door/into the reception room.on that desk/in that file/in my briefcase.B组: In this pattern adverbial particles are used. When the DO is a personal pronoun, the adverbial particle follows. When

54、the DO is a noun or noun phrase, the adverbial particle may either follow or precede. If the DO is long, the adverbial particle usually precedes.Subject + vt.DOadverbial participle1. Take2. Dont throw3. Did you windthem/your shoesit/that old hatit/the clockoff.away.up?Subject + vt.adverbial particip

55、leDO1. Lock2. She gave3. Dont forget to switchupawayoffall your valuables.all her old clothes.the lights in all the rooms downstairs. VP16A组: In this pattern there is an adverbial adjunct which is an infinitive phrase. This may be introduced by in order to or so as to. VP16A is to be distinguished from VP17 (with the same word order).Cf:I sentTomto buy some fruit.VP16AI wantTomto buy some fruit.VP17In VP16A the infinitive is one of purpose or intended result. In