虚拟语气精讲精练及答案.doc

1、虚 拟 语 气 总 览1. 英语中的三种语气 英语共有三种语气，陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气用来讲述事实，有肯定、否定、询问和感叹等形式，谓语动词有人称、时态和数的变化；祈使语气用于提出请求、建议、劝告、命令和警告等，以动词原形起句，否定式句前加Dont；虚拟语气表示说话人所言内容不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令或猜测，有时只是说话者的主观愿望，或表达他/她的强烈情感，谓语动词用特殊形式。2. 非真实条件句的虚拟语气条件从句主句过去had donewould/should/might/could/ought to have done现在did（be用were）would

2、/should/might/could/ought to do将来1、did2、should do3、were to dowould/should/might/could/ought to do 巧计主句中五个虚拟引导词：MS COW(奶牛女士)：might, should, could, ought to, would2.1. 与过去事实相反1). If I had had much money at that time, I would have bought you what you want.2). If you had been more careful, the mistake m

3、ight have been avoided.3). If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have made such a mistake.4). We wouldnt have succeeded if it had not been for their help.5). If you had been here yesterday, you would have met the film star.6). If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped them.7)

4、. If you had got up earlier, you would have caught the train.8). If we had had enough rain last year, we could have gained a good harvest.9). If you had worked a little harder, you could have passed the final examination.10). If they had invited her to the party, she would have attended it.2.2.与现在事实

5、相反1). If I were you, I would go there at once.2). If my classmates were here, they would help me.3). If I were you, I would accept the job.4). If classes were smaller, children would learn more.5). If I were ten years younger, I would start all over again.6). If I had enough money, I would buy a lar

6、ge house.7). If I had time, I would go shopping with you.8). If I knew all the answers to all your questions, I would be a genius.9). If he were here now, we would ask him about it.10). If I had time, I would study French.11). If I knew her number, I could ring her. (可惜我不知道)12). If there were no gra

7、vity, we should not be able to walk. (实际上地球引力始终存在。)13). If I knew the answer, I would tell you. (实际上我确实不知道，所以肯定不能告诉你。)14). If I had money on me, I would lend you some.15). We would not be able to walk if there were no friction.16). If you were in my position, what would you do?17). If they treated m

8、e as a slave, I had to resign.18). If there were no examinations, we should have a much happier time.19). If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. (如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子们都有了坐骑。)20). Life might be too dull if it had no difficulties in it. (倘若生活中没了困难，就会过于平淡。)2.3. 与将来事实相反1). If it rained / should rain / were

9、 to rain tomorrow, we would have a rest.2). If the sun were to rise from the west, I would marry you. (注意：对将来虚拟的条件从句中，在实现的可能性方面过去式did最大，should do中等，were to do最小。如本句太阳没有可能从西方升起，所以本句用were to最恰当。)3). If I were to meet her tomorrow, I would ask her about it.4). If green plants should disappear some day,

10、 there would hardly be any life on the earth.5). If I were to do the work, I would do it in a different way.6). If it should(were to) rain this afternoon, the football match would be put off.7). If you missed the film this evening, you would be sorry for it. (如果今晚错过了这场电影，你会遗憾的。实际上，你不会错过。)8). If I we

11、re to see her tomorrow, I would invite her home.9). If you lived there for several months, you would change your mind about the place.10). If things were to be done twice, all would be wise. (如果事情能被做两次，人人都会变得明智。)2.4. 混合型1). If you had followed the doctors advice, you would be much better now.(过去现在)2

12、). If you had worked hard, you would be a college student now.(过去现在)3). If you had listened to me, you wouldnt be in such trouble now.(过去现在)4). If you had got six more votes yesterday, you would be our chairman now. (过去现在)5). If I had earned much money last summer, I would go on a vacation next mont

13、h. (过去将来)6). If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in future. (现在将来)7). If the doctor had come sooner last night, Tom would be alive today. (过去现在)8). If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. (现在过去)9). If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. (过去现在)10). If you

14、 hadnt lent me some money, I couldnt have bought the new house and most likely I wouldnt be still living in the dangerous house now. (过去过去现在)2.5. if的省略与条件句的倒装1). Were I you, I would have accepted the job.2). Were she here, she would support us.3). Were you to go fishing with me, you would have a muc

15、h happier time. 4). Were men angels, no government would be necessary. (如果人人都是天使，政府就没有必要了。) 5). Were she my daughter, I wouldnt allow her to study abroad.6). Had you come earlier, you would have met my girlfriend.7). Had I time, I would come. (本句中had是实意动词，而非主动词。)8). Had I been informed earlier, I co

16、uld have done something to prevent it from happening.9). Many persons in the worls would have succeeded had they not wasted their valuable time.10). Should it be fine tomorrow, we would go outing.11). Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.12). We would gone to your birthday party had y

17、ou invited us.13. I would go should it be necessary.14). What would have happened had Bob walked farther, as far as the river bank?15). Had it not been for you, I would have lost my way. 16). Were it not for water, no plant could grow. (注：例句8、9知识点见“二6Ba”。)17). Be they common people or high-ranking o

18、fficials, they stand equal before the law. (Whether they be)18). Be the weather what it may, I will leave tomorrow. (Whether the weather be what it may, ) (注：例句13、14知识点见“八5”。)注意：在这一结构中，若条件句为否定句，not应被放在主语之后，而不能缩写成werent, shouldnt或hadnt而置于居首。如例15，16。2.6. 含蓄型：A. with ：“要是有，如果有”，表示与现在事实相反的假设。1). With yo

19、ur help, we would have worked out the problem. (要是有你的帮助，我们早就解出这道题了。实际上你没有帮助我们，我们也没有解出这道题。)2). With a little asssistance, Alexander would have succeeded.3). With better equipment, we could have done it better.B. a. without / but for / if it were not for(were it not for) / if it hadnt been for(had it

20、not been for) / in the absence of + Sb. /Sth.b. but that + 句子； 注意: a.b. 都表示“要不是，若非，如果没有,如果不是”, 表示与现在事实相反的假设。1). Without your help, I wouldnt have made such rapid progress.2). Without the programmer(程序编制人员), the computer would be useless. 3). Without sunshine, nothing could grow on earth.4). Without

21、water or air, nothing could live.5). Without contradiction nothing could exist. (没有矛盾，就没有世界)6). Without him, we would have failed.7). Without the difficulies we would not know great mens toughness. (如果没有困难， 我们就不会了解伟人的坚韧性格。)8). I would never make it without the havits of order and diligence. (假如没有按部就

22、班和勤奋的习惯，我就不会成功。)9). Without challenges, Obama would never have been President of the United States.10). Without steel, there would be no modern industry. (没有钢，就没有现代工业。)11). But for the rain, we should have had a pleasant journey.12). But for your timely rescue, the boy would have drowned.13). But fo

23、r friction, people could neither walk, nor even stand up. (注：以上例句1-13without, but for都可互换，并可替换为in the absence of; 若是对现在或将来的虚拟，可用If it were not for替换；若是对过去的虚拟则可用If it had not been for来替换。)14). But that he saw it, he could not have believed it.15). The little girl would have fallen into the river but

24、that the PLA man caught her.16). But that you didnt let me take that cup of tea I would have been posioned to death.17). She would have come to see you that day but that she was ill. (=But for her illness)18). But that it snowed heavily, they could have arrived there earlier. (=But for the heavy sno

25、w, )19). She would have bought the book but that she had no money then. 20). If it werent for my job, I would come with you.21). If it were not for his wifes money he would never be a mayor. 22). If it hadnt been for the doctors care, I should not be speaking to you now.23). If it had not been for y

26、ou, I could not have worked out the problem.C. or, or else, otherwise；1). I didnt catch the bus, otherwise I wouldnt have missed the film.2). I got up too late, otherwise I wouldnt have been late for the meeting.3). She wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.4)

27、. I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the parade(游行).5). I am busy now. Otherwise, I would help you.6). He cant have written to me, otherwise I would have got his letter by now.7). He told me of your arrival, or I would have known nothing about it.8). The soldier fled away, or h

28、e would have been killed.9). I didnt know that he was a liar, or else I wouldnt have believed him.D. 通过上下文推断，没有引导词，真正的含蓄。1). Born in better times, he would have been a scholar(学者).2). I would do so in your position.3). Given more time, we would do it better.4). Unless you had done it earlier, you wo

29、uld have failed.2.7. suppose(that), supposing(that); provided (that); assuming (that); on condition that; given that1). Suppose/supposing that there were no gravity, objects would not fall to ground when dropped. =If there were no gravity, objects would not fall to ground when dropped.2). Supposing

30、you couldnt write, what would you do?3). Children were permitted into the hall for the film provided (that) they did not make any trouble.4). The guards allow the tourists to go into the woods on condition that they (should)do no harm to the animals.(on condition that = only if, 它所引导从句的谓语动词的语气可陈述，可虚

31、拟，但均表示一个真实条件。)5). Given that he doesnt agree to do it, we shall do it alone.(given that表示一个真实条件，其从句谓语动词用陈述语气。)3. 宾语从句的虚拟语气3.1. wishwish that had done 表示对过去已发事情的虚拟wish that did/were 表示对现在正发事情的虚拟wish that were to/should/could/might/would do 表示对将来要发事情的虚拟 1). I wish I were a bird.2). The ugly girl wishe

32、s she were better looking.3). Sometimes I wish I were living in a different time and a different place.4). How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden!5). I have never been to New York, but how I wish I had.6). I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day.7). How we wi

33、sh we could have a rest tomorrow!8). I wish I could stand on a busy street corner, hat in hand, and beg people to throw me all their wasted hours. (我希望自己站在熙熙攘攘的大街上，手里拿着帽子，乞求人们把废弃的时光扔给我。)9). I wish I had never met him.10). I wish you hadnt spent so much money. 3.2. would rather (that) 本结构从句是一般过去时时，表示

34、一个对现在或将来的愿望；是过去完成时时，表示对过去已发事件的一种妄想，表明说话者宁愿某人做或没有做某事，实际上却恰恰相反。具有相同用法的结构还有would sooner, would as soon, would just as soon，它们可替换would rather。 1). I would rather you were home now.2). Id sooner you painted the wall green next time. 3). I would rather you had been there with me. (实际上不是你，是别人) 4). Id rathe

35、r you had more health than wealth.5). Id rather you hadnt done that. (实际上已做) 6). I would rather that I had stayed at home yesterday. (实际上并没有) 7). I would just as soon that John hadnt spoken rudely to me. 8). Id rather you had told me the truth.9). Id rather everyting hadnt happened between us. 试比较：

36、1)、would rather后接动词原形，表示对现在或将来某种行为的一种主观愿望或选择，为陈述语气。 1). I would rather stay at home than go to the cinema. 2). The brave soldiers would tather die than surrender to the enemy. 3). Id rather not go to the cinema tonight. 2)、would rather后接不定式完成时表示对已发生事件的后悔。 4). Id rather not have told her the news. Sh

37、e is such a gossip. 5). The film was terrible. Id rather not have gone to the cinema last night. 6). -Did you blame him for his mistakes? -Yes, but Id rather not have done it.3.3. 表示愿望、建议、请求、命令等含义的动词3.3.1. 这类动词的宾语从句的谓语形式为should + 动词原形，should可以省略，但引导词that通常不省略。常用的这类动词有：advise忠告，建议 ask要求 command命令 dec

38、ide决定demand要求 desire希望，可望 determine决定 insist坚持order命令 prefer宁愿 promise允诺 propose提议recommend推荐，劝告 request要求 require要求 suggest建议3.3.2. 巧记宾从用虚拟语气的动词 方法一、一坚二命三建四要 一坚持 insist二命令 order, command 三建议 suggest, advise, recommend四要求 require, request, demand, desire 方法二、DISCO （迪斯科）D demandI insistS suggestC com

39、mandO order 方法三、I drop caps. I insistDdemand/desireRrequire/request/recommendOorderPproposeCcommandAadvisePpreferSsuggest3.3.3. 例句 1). The driver demanded that all the passengers show their tickets to him. 2). The officer ordered that his troops move on to the front. 3). The commander commanded that

40、 we attack at once. 4). In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home. 5). I prefer that you not eat that much. 6). I propose that Mr. Li be the chairman. 7). I recommended that you should reduce your expenditure. 8). He asks that he be given an opportunity to try this method

41、. 9). I asked that I be allowed to see her.10). He insisted that a doctor be sent for at once.11). Our teacher insisted that we not play computer games at school.12). Who do you suggest be sent to work there?13). We suggest that he give less money to his child.14). Mr. Wang suggested that I take eno

42、ugh sleep before the final examination.15). He determined that she set off at once.16). She advised that we keep the door locked.17). They require that visitors not smoke in the workshop.18). Mr. Wang required that all the students be polite to others.注：以上各例句宾语从句中谓语动词前统统省略了should。 3.3.4、suggest与insi

43、st之例外 suggest作“建议”解时用虚拟语气，作“表明”解时用陈述语气；insist作“坚持”解时用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为，坚持说”解时用陈述语气。 1). The smile on my mothers face suggested that she was delighted with my examination result. (非虚拟)2). His yawns suggested that he was sleepy. （非虚拟）3). All these facts suggest that he is innocent. （非虚拟）4). Janes pale face

44、suggested that she was ill, and his parents suggested that she have a medical examination. (前实后虚)5). He insisted that he had done right. （非虚拟）6). He insisted that he was not involved in the case. （非虚拟）7). He insisted that he had not been late that morning. （非虚拟）8). He insisted that what he said was

45、true and we insisted that he go and have a look. (前实后虚)9). The aged man insisted that he wasnt ill and shouldnt be sent to the hospital.4. 主语从句的虚拟语气基本结构：It be /seem + (表示愿望、建议、命令、要求、意志、惊讶、不满、遗憾等意义的) 形容词/过去分词/名词 + that + 主语+ （should）+动词原形.在本结构中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句， 从句中谓语动词的形式为should do, should 可以省

46、略。4.1. It is + adj. + that + (should) do 常用的此类形容词有：advisable明智的 amazing令人吃惊的 disappointing令人失望的 embarrassing令人尴尬的 essential重要的 important重要的 incredible令人难以置信的 natural自然的 necessary 必需的,不可缺少的 strange奇怪的 surprising令人惊讶的 vital 至关重要的 urgent紧急的 astonishing 令人惊讶的 imperative 势在必行的 1). It is natural that he o

47、bject to a plan like that. 2). It is necessary that we tell him the truth at once. 3). It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist. 4). It is essential that every child be given the same educational opportunities. 5). It is urgent that a doctor should be sent for immediately.6). It is advisable

48、 that everyone have a map.7). It is vital that the headmaster receive this letter this evening.8). It is important that you should thank those who supported you through the disappointments. (重要的是, 你应该感谢那些在你失意时给予你支持的人。)9). It is really strange that the girl be married so early. (真奇怪，那小姑娘竟然这么早就出嫁了！)10

49、). It is amazing that he should have learnt so much in such a short time.11). It is strange that he have left without saying good-bye.12). It is surprising that he should be so foolish as to believe her lie13). It was astonishing that she have kept the secret from him all through their lifetime.14).

50、 It seems incredible that he have finished the work so soon. (他竟然这么快就完成了工作，这似乎令人难以置信。)注意： a. 在It is amazing/surprising/astonishing/strange/incrediable/a pity/a shame that . 结构中，that虚拟从句表示说话人的惊讶、懊悔、失望等强烈的情感，含有“竟然, 居然”的意思，表明所发生的事情非常出人意料。如上面例句9-14。再如：15). Its a pity that he should miss the lecture. （真遗

51、憾，他竟然错过了这次演讲。）16). Its a pity that he should turn down my offer. (真遗憾，他竟然拒绝了我的提议。)17). It is a shame that she should behave like that. (她竟然表现的那么差劲，真丢人。)b. 本结构还可形变为It is + of + 上述形容词相对应的名词形式+ that (should) do。如：18). It is of utmost importance that you be here on time.4.2. It is + 过去分词 + that (should)

52、 do 常见的此类过去分词有：suggested ordered desired proposed decidedrecommended requested required demanded1). It is suggested that more trees should be planted to prevent sandatorms.2). It is required that the students wear school uniforms at school.3). It is decided that no smoking be allowed in the library.

53、4). It is demanded that one of the students should stay to look after the things.5). It is proposed that this matter be considered at the next meeting.6). It is recommended that the work shouldnt be started until all the preparations have been made.5. 表语从句的虚拟语气基本结构：(表示提议、建议、命令、要求的)名词 + be + that +主语

54、+ (should)+ 动词原形.常见的此类名词有：advice decision demand idea order plan recommendationproposal request suggestion pity desire wish requirement1). My suggestion is that we should try our best to help the refugees of the earthquakes.2). The commanders order was that soliders set out at once.3). Our idea is t

55、hat the match be put off.4). Our decision is that the school remain closed.5). The doctors advice was that you give up smoking.6). His propoal is that the matter be discussed at the next meeting.7). Our wish is that he should do what he pleases.8). My desire is that all the members of the family gather once a year.6. 同位语从句的虚拟语气 基本结构：(表示提议、建议、命令、要求的)名词 + that +主语+ (should)+ 动词原形. 常见的此类名词有：advice decision demand idea order plan recommendationproposal request suggestion pity desire wish requirement