专八：改错模拟题

1、模拟1 You stare at a waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surrounding. What you now see appears to drift upward. You _1are board a train in a busy station when suddenly another train next _2to your starts moving forward. _3For a fraction of a second you feel that your train has l

2、urchedbackward. These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the bodyssensors and interpret what must be happening that your train _4might have moved, not the other; that downward motion is now _5normal, so a change from it must be perce

3、ived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are two kinds. _6Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burnt _7ten miles away. Colorful vision in

4、 each eye comes from six to seven _8million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, the third to _9blue. By monitoring how many wavelength of light affects th

5、e different cones, a connected ganglion cell can determine its “color” and relay that data. Rods and cones send their messages pulsing on _10average 20 to 25 times per second along the optic nerve.模拟 2The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The most developed a legal

6、 system becomes, the more _1societies takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment _2of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to dealing with _3an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personal carrying out judgment and punis

7、hment _4upon the person who did the offense. _5But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes personalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for _6protecting individuals from violence. In cases where he cannot be _7protected, the society is responsible for committing

8、 punishment. _8In a state controlling legal system, individuals are removed _9from the circle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the _10state assumes responsibility for their protection.模拟 3There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral.Great numbers of animal oil come

9、 from whales, those enormous _1creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world. To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick cover of fat called blubber. When the _2whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, e

10、ither board the ship or on shore. It produces a great quantity of oil which _3can be made into food for human consumption. A few other creatures yield oil, and none so much as the whale. The livers of the cod and _4the halibut, two kinds of fish, yield nourishing oil. Both cod liver oil and halibut

11、liver oil are given to sick children and other invalids who need certain vitamins. These oils may be bought at any chemist. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. _5No household can not get on without it, for it is used in cooking. To _6the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as

12、another.But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, one almost always _7means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aeroplanes and warships,motor-cars and diesel locomotives; the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machineries. This is the oil that has changed the life _8of the c

13、ommon men. To it we owe the existence of the motor-car, _9which has replaced the private horse-drawing carriage. _10 模拟4Dinosaurs, saber-tooth tigers and the dodo bird are famous examples _1of animals that have become extinct. In case of the dinosaurs, it _2seems likely that a catastrophic event alt

14、ers the global climate _3enough to lead to their disappearance. More recent extinctions and near-extinctionssuch as the blue whales, tiger, panda, and _4North American bisonhave been the direct result of human activity. By the early 1990s, species were becoming extinct at a rate of three per hour, o

15、r 27,000 every day a figure quoted by the American biologist Edward O.Wilson of Harvard University, based on his most conservative estimates. This rate of extinctions carries with it some terrible consequences. Each plant that becomes extinct,for example, may take with it as much as 30 insects and a

16、nimals _5that depend on it for food. Habitat loss is one of the most important causes of extinction. For rising populations in many countries _6lead to the clearing of more land, habitats such as raining forest _7and grasslands disappear.In the East Africa, once renowned for its wildlife, few wild a

17、nimals _8remain living outside the boundaries of national parks and game _9reserves. In other parts of the world, coastal ecosystems are clearing _10for development. Wetland areas are drying out as a result of water extraction to support farming and tourism. Bird species are amongthe worst affected

18、by the loss of wetlands.模拟5Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economical causes: it is not due simply to the bad _1influence of this or that individual writers. But an effect can become _2a cause, reinforce the original cause and producing the same eff

19、ect _3in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take drink _4because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the most _5completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts

20、 are foolish, but the sloven of our language _6makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is irreversible. Modern English, especially written English, _7is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can beavoided if one is willing to take the necessary

21、 trouble. If one gets rid of these habits one can think more clearly, and think clearly is a _8necessary first step towards political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concerning _9of professional writers. I will come back to this present,

22、and I hope _10that by that time the meaning of what I have said here will have become clearer.模拟6Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns.It is true that in this country we have more overweighted people _1than ever before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correlates an

23、increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. _2These diseases, therefore, may have as much to do with our _3way of life and our high-fat diets as with excessive weight. And _4the associate risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more _5about a dietary problemtoo much fat and a lack of fib

24、er than a _6weight problem.The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, butthat we neither exercise enough or eat well. Exercise is necessary _7for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases.We should surely

25、stop paying so much attention on weight. _8Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardy if those who _9get(or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be purely vainglory. _10 模拟7To be called beaut

26、iful is thought to name something essential to womens character and concerns. (In contrast by men whose _1essence is to be strong, or effective, or competent.) It does not need someone in the throes of feminist awareness to perceive that _2the way women are taught to be involved in beauty encourages

27、 _3narcissism, reinforces independence and immaturity. Everybody knows _4that. For it is “everybody”, a whole society, which has identified _5being feminine with caring about how one looks. Giving these _6stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation. It is not,

28、 of course, the desire to be beautiful is wrong but the _7obligation to be. Women are taught to see their bodies in parts, and to assess each part separately. Breasts, feet, hips, waistline, neck, _8eyes, nose, complexion, hair, and so on each by turn is submitted _9to an anxious scrutiny. Even if s

29、ome pass the scrutiny, some will always be found wanted. Nothing less than perfection will do. _10模拟8The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which _1have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome _2m

30、onsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People _3found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat from one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred b

31、y the ancients as _4“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the coasts of England was designated “the Kings fish” because it automatically belonged to the Crown.Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of _5wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and exploit

32、. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. _6Even though some species are protected by the regulations of the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale hunting is regulated, but the earths stock of whales is still being _7depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 10

33、0 years since now _8there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and _9awe-inspiring creature that always fed mans imagination and made the world a more exciting place_10模拟9Planning is a very important activity in our lives. It

34、can give pleasure, even excitement, and it can cause quite severe headaches. _1The most significant the task ahead, the more careful the planning _2required. Getting to school or to work on time is a task requiring few _3or no planning, it is almost routine. A months touring holiday abroad,or better

35、 still, getting married, is a different matter altogether. If the matter involve a church wedding, a reception, a honeymoon in Venice, _4and returning a new home, this requires even more planning to make _5sure that it is successful. Planning is our way of trying to ensure success and of avoiding co

36、stly failures we can not suffer. It is equally essential _6to individual nations and families; the scale may be vary, but the degree _7of importance does not. In the essence, a nation planning its resources _8and needs do not differ from the familiar weekly shopping or monthly _9household budget. Bo

37、th are designed to ensure an adequate supply of essentials, and if improperly carried out, will avoid shortages, wastage _10and over-expenditure.模拟10Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disgui

38、sed _1hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, _2enjoys the hunters triumph of killing his prey. _3To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look up at our ancient a

39、ncestors. They spent over a million _4year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success _5in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their _6bodies, became radically changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey

40、-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group _7attackers. Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative _8period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new usethat of penning, _9controlling

41、 and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms,awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer _10essential for survival. 模拟11A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some citi

42、es have lost their original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is _1going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of _2prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were

43、 on the edge of _3seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is _4the scale. Descriptions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very _5dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City todaythe poor can still be numbered _6in millions.The whole monstrous growth rests on economic