土木工程专业英语论文翻译

山东农业大学土木工程专业英语论文翻译英译汉LCASSESSMENTOFNATURALRADIOACTIVITYLEVELSANDRADIATIONHAZARDSDUETOCEMENTINDUSTRYABSTRACTTHECEMENTINDUSTRYISCONSIDEREDASONEOFTHEBASICINDUSTRIESTHATPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHENATIONALECONOMYOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESACTIVITYCONCENTRATIONSOF226RA,232THAND40KINASSIUTCEMENTANDOTHERLOCALCEMENTTYPESFROMDIFFERENTEGYPTIANFACTORIESHASBEENMEASUREDBYUSINGRAYSPECTROMETRYFROMTHEMEASUREDRAYSPECTRA,SPECIFICACTIVITIESWEREDETERMINEDTHEMEASUREDACTIVITYCONCENTRATIONSFORTHESENATURALRADIONUCLIDESWERECOMPAREDWITHTHEREPORTEDDATAFOROTHERCOUNTRIESTHEAVERAGEVALUESOBTAINEDFOR226RA,232THAND40KACTIVITYCONCENTRATIONINDIFFERENTTYPESOFCEMENTARELOWERTHANTHECORRESPONDINGGLOBALVALUESREPORTEDINUNSCEARPUBLICATIONSTHEMANUFACTURINGOPERATIONREDUCESTHERADIATIONHAZARDPARAMETERSCEMENTDOESNOTPOSEASIGNIFICANTRADIOLOGICALHAZARDWHENUSEDFORCONSTRUCTIONOFBUILDINGSKEYWORDSNATURALRADIOACTIVITYCEMENTRAWMATERIALSRADIATIONHAZARDS1INTRODUCTIONTHENEEDFORCEMENTISSOGREATTHATITCONSIDEREDABASICINDUSTRYWORKERSEXPOSEDTOCEMENTORITSRAWMATERIALSFORALONGTIMEESPECIALLYINMINESANDATMANUFACTURINGSITESASWELLASPEOPLE,THATSPENDABOUT80OFTHEIRTIMEINSIDEOFFICESANDHOMESMOLLAHETAL,1986PAREDESETAL,1987RESULTINEXPOSURETOCEMENTORITSRAWMATERIALSBEINGNECESSARYREALITYSOWESHOULDKNOWTHERADIOACTIVITYFORCEMENTANDITSRAWMATERIALTHEREAREMANYTYPESOFCEMENTSACCORDINGTOTHECHEMICALCOMPOSITIONANDHYDRAULICPROPERTIESFOREACHONEPORTLANDCEMENTISTHEMOSTPREVALENTONETHECONTENTSOF226RA,232THAND40KINRAWANDPROCESSEDMATERIALSCANVARYCONSIDERABLYDEPENDINGONTHEIRGEOLOGICALSOURCEANDGEOCHEMICALCHARACTERISTICSTHUS,THEKNOWLEDGEOFRADIOACTIVITYINTHESEMATERIALSISIMPORTANTTOESTIMATETHERADIOLOGICALHAZARDSONHUMANHEALTHTHERADIOLOGICALIMPACTFROMTHENATURALRADIOACTIVITYISDUETORADIATIONEXPOSUREOFTHEBODYBYGAMMARAYSANDIRRADIATIONOFLUNGTISSUESFROMINHALATIONOFRADONANDITSPROGENYPAPASTEFANOUETAL,1988FROMTHENATURALRISKPOINTOFVIEW,ITISNECESSARYTOKNOWTHEDOSELIMITSOFPUBLICEXPOSUREANDTOMEASURETHENATURALENVIRONMENTALRADIATIONLEVELPROVIDEDBYGROUND,AIR,WATER,FOODS,BUILDINGINTERIORS,ETC,TOESTIMATEHUMANEXPOSURETONATURALRADIATIONSOURCESUNSCEAR,1988LOWLEVELGAMMARAYSPECTROMETRYISSUITABLEFORBOTHQUALITATIVEANDQUANTITATIVEDETERMINATIONSOFGAMMARAYEMITTINGNUCLIDESINTHEENVIRONMENTIAEA,1989THECONCENTRATIONOFRADIOELEMENTSINBUILDINGMATERIALSANDITSCOMPONENTSAREIMPORTANTINASSESSINGPOPULATIONEXPOSURES,ASMOSTINDIVIDUALSSPEND80OFTHEIRTIMEINDOORSTHEAVERAGEINDOORABSORBEDDOSERATEINAIRFROMTERRESTRIALSOURCESOFRADIOACTIVITYISESTIMATEDTOBE70NGYH1INDOORSELEVATEDEXTERNALDOSERATESMAYARISEFROMHIGHACTIVITIESOFRADIONUCLIDESINBUILDINGMATERIALSZIKOVSKYANDKENNEDY,1992GREATATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTODETERMININGRADIONUCLIDECONCENTRATIONSINBUILDINGMATERIALSINMANYCOUNTRIESAMRANIANDTAHTAT,2001RIZZOETAL,2001KUMARETAL,2003TZORTZISETAL,2003BUTINFORMATIONABOUTTHERADIOACTIVITYOFTHESEMATERIALSINEGYPTISLIMITEDKNOWLEDGEOFTHEOCCURRANCEANDCONCENTRATIONOFNATURALRADIOACTIVITYINSUCHIMPORTANTMATERIALSISESSENTIALFORCHECKINGITSQUALITYINGENERALANDKNOWINGITSEFFECTONTHEENVIRONMENTSURROUNDINGTHECEMENTPRODUCINGFACTORIESINPARTICULARBECAUSEOFTHEGLOBALDEMANDFORCEMENTASABUILDINGMATERIAL,THEPRESENTSTUDYAIMSTO1ASSESSNATURALRADIOACTIVITY226RA,232THAND40KINRAWANDFINALPRODUCTSUSEDINTHEASSIUTCEMENTFACTORYANDOTHERLOCALFACTORIESINEGYPT2CALCULATETHERADIOLOGICALPARAMETERSRADIUMEQUIVALENTACTIVITYRAEQ,LEVELINDEXIR,EXTERNALHAZARDINDEXHEXANDABSORBEDDOSERATEWHICHISRELATEDTOTHEEXTERNALDOSERATETHERESULTSOFCONCENTRATIONLEVELSANDRADIATIONEQUIVALENTACTIVITIESARECOMPAREDWITHSIMILARSTUDIESCARRIEDOUTINOTHERCOUNTRIES2EXPERIMENTALTECHNIQUE21SAMPLINGANDSAMPLEPREPARATIONFIFTYSEVENSAMPLESOFRAWMATERIALSANDFINALPRODUCTSUSEDINTHEASSIUTCEMENTFACTORIESWERECOLLECTEDFORINVESTIGATIONTWENTYFIVESAMPLESOFRAWMATERIALSWERETAKENFROMLIMESTONE,CLAY,SLAG,IRONOXIDE,GYPSUMWHICHAREALLTHERAWMATERIALUSEDINCEMENTINDUSTRY,20SAMPLESOFFINALPRODUCTSWERETAKENFROMASSIUTCEMENTPORTLAND,ELMOHANDS,WHITE,ANDSULPHATERESISTANTCEMENTSRCFORCOMPARISONWITHPRODUCTSFROMOTHERFACTORIES,8SAMPLESWERETAKENFROMTHEORDINARYPORTLANDCEMENTFROMHELWAN,QENA,ELKAWMYA,TORRAAND4SAMPLESWERETAKENOFWHITECEMENTSINAIANDHELWANEACHSAMPLE,ABOUT1KGINWEIGHTWASWASHEDINDISTILLEDWATERANDDRIEDINANOVENATABOUT110CTOENSURETHATMOISTUREISCOMPLETELYREMOVED,THESAMPLESWERECRUSHED,HOMOGENIZED,ANDSIEVEDTHROUGHA200MESH,WHICHISTHEOPTIMUMSIZETOBEENRICHEDINHEAVYMINERALSWEIGHTEDSAMPLESWEREPLACEDINAPOLYETHYLENEBEAKER,OF350CM3VOLUMETHEBEAKERSWERECOMPLETELYSEALEDFOR4WEEKSTOREACHSECULAREQUILIBRIUMWHERETHERATEOFDECAYOFTHERADONDAUGHTERSBECOMESEQUALTOTHATOFTHEPARENTTHISSTEPISNECESSARYTOENSURETHATRADONGASISCONFINEDWITHINTHEVOLUMEANDTHEDAUGHTERSWILLALSOREMAININTHESAMPLE22INSTRUMENTATIONANDCALIBRATIONACTIVITYMEASUREMENTSWEREPERFORMEDBYGAMMARAYSPECTROMETRY,EMPLOYINGA33SCINTILLATIONDETECTORTHEHERMETICALLYSEALEDASSEMBLYWITHANAITLCRYSTALISCOUPLEDTOAPCMCACANBERRAACCUSPESRESOLUTION75SPECIFIEDATTHE662KEVPEAKOF137CSTOREDUCEGAMMARAYBACKGROUNDACYLINDRICALLEADSHIELD100MMTHICKWITHAFIXEDBOTTOMANDMOVABLECOVERSHIELDEDTHEDETECTORTHELEADSHIELDCONTAINEDANINNERCONCENTRICCYLINDEROFCOPPER03MMTHICKTOABSORBLEADXRAYSINORDERTODETERMINETHEBACKGROUNDDISTRIBUTIONINTHEENVIRONMENTAROUNDTHEDETECTOR,ANEMPTYSEALEDBEAKERWASCOUNTEDINTHESAMEMANNERANDINTHESAMEGEOMETRYASTHESAMPLESTHEMEASUREMENTTIMEOFACTIVITYORBACKGROUNDWAS43200STHEBACKGROUNDSPECTRAWEREUSEDTOCORRECTTHENETPEAKAREAOFGAMMARAYSOFMEASUREDISOTOPESADEDICATEDSOFTWAREPROGRAMGENIE2000FROMCANBERRAANALYZEDEACHMEASUREDRAYSPECTRUM3CONCLUSIONTHENATURALRADIONUCLIDES226RA,232THAND40KWEREMEASUREDFORRAWMATERIALSANDFINALPRODUCTSUSEDINTHEASSIUTCEMENTFACTORYINUPPEREGYPTANDCOMPAREDWITHTHERESULTSINOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEACTIVITYCONCENTRATIONOF40KISLOWERTHANALLCORRESPONDINGVALUESINOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEACTIVITYCONCENTRATIONOF226RAAND232THFORALLMEASUREDSAMPLESOFPORTLANDCEMENTARECOMPARABLEWITHTHECORRESPONDINGVALUESOFOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEOBTAINEDRESULTSSHOWTHATTHEAVERAGESOFRADIATIONHAZARDPARAMETERSFORASSIUTCEMENTFACTORYARELOWERTHANTHEACCEPTABLELEVEL370BQKG1FORRADIUMEQUIVALENTRAEQ,1FORLEVELINDEXIR,THEEXTERNALHAZARDINDEXHEX1AND59NGYH1FORABSORBEDDOSERATETHEMANUFACTURINGOPERATIONREDUCESTHERADIATIONHAZARDPARAMETERSSOCEMENTPRODUCTSDONOTPOSEASIGNIFICANTRADIOLOGICALHAZARDWHENUSEDFORBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONTHERADIOACTIVITYINRAWMATERIALSANDFINALPRODUCTSOFCEMENTVARIESFROMONECOUNTRYTOANOTHERANDALSOWITHINTHESAMETYPEOFMATERIALFROMDIFFERENTLOCATIONSTHERESULTSMAYBEIMPORTANTFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFSELECTINGSUITABLEMATERIALSFORUSEINCEMENTMANUFACTUREITISIMPORTANTTOPOINTOUTTHATTHESEVALUESARENOTTHEREPRESENTATIVEVALUESFORTHECOUNTRIESMENTIONEDBUTFORTHEREGIONSFROMWHERETHESAMPLESWERECOLLECTED水泥工业天然放射性水平，辐射危害的评估摘要水泥行业在发展中国家的国民经济中起着重要作用，是基础产业之一。埃及当地水泥工厂生产的不同类型的艾斯尤特水泥中的镭226，钍和40K的活度浓度等已采用射线光谱法测定。量测的射线谱，可以对具体活动进行测定。将这些天然放射性核素活度浓度分析结果与其他国家的报告的数据进行了比较。获得不同类型的水泥镭226，钍和40K的活度浓度的平均值低于相关科委刊物报道的全局值。这种生产经营的方式降低了辐射危害的参数。当建筑物的建设时水泥不构成重大辐射危害时。关键词天然放射性水泥原料辐射危害1、简介水泥的需求是非常大，它被认为是基础产业。作业工人暴露于水泥或其原料很长一段时间，特别是在矿山和生产基地。另外，人们有80的时间消耗在在办公室和家中，这也会接触到水泥及其原料。所以我们有必要知道水泥及其原料放射性。按化学成分和性能可以将水泥分成多种类型。波特兰水泥是最普遍的一种。根据来源和地质地球化学特征的不同水泥原材料和加工材料的镭226，钍和40K的含量有很大的差别。因此，估计这些材料散发的放射线对人体健康的危害就显得非常重要。天然放射性辐射的影响是由于受到伽玛射线照射和肺组织从吸入氡及其子体等。从自然风险的角度来看，有必要了解公众接触的剂量限值并测量来自水平地面，空气，水，食物，建筑物内部等的天然环境辐射，并估计天然辐射照射来源（科委，1988）。低层次伽玛射线在发光的环境下的核素含量和质量是合适的（国际原子能机构，1989年）。在评估人们暴露在无线电建筑材料含量及其组成部分是重要的，因为大多数人花费80的时间在室内。平均室内空气中吸收剂量的放射性物质估计为70NGYH1。室内外照射率升高可能产生对建材放射性核素较高的活动（ZIKOVSKY和肯尼迪，1992）。确定建立放射性核素的浓度在许多国家受到人们的广泛重视（AMRANI和TAHTAT，2001。里索等，2001。KUMAR等，2003。TZORTZIS等，2003）。但在埃及对这些放射性材料的信息的采集是有限的。在如此重要的天然放射性物质浓度的一般质量检查和了解其周围的水泥生产厂家检查是必不可少的，特别是环境的影响。由于对水泥作为建筑材料的全球需求，本研究的目的是（1）评估在艾斯尤特水泥厂和埃及其他地方的工厂使用的原料和最终产品的天然放射性（镭226，钍和40K）。（2）计算与外部剂量率有关的的辐射参数（镭当量活动RAEQ，水平指数IR，外部危害指数HEX与吸收剂量率）。与其他国家进行类似的水平和辐射等效活动的研究的结果进行比较。2、实验技术21取样和样品制备调查收集了57个原材料和艾斯尤特水泥工厂使用的最终产品样本。二十五个原料样品取自石灰石，粘土，矿渣，氧化铁，石膏这都是水泥工业使用的原料，20个最终产品的样品来自艾斯尤特水泥（波特兰，萨尔瓦多，MOHANDS，白采取和抗硫酸盐水泥（SRC）的）。为了与其