人体结构与人体构架英文

.,SECTIONII:BODYSTRUCTUREANDBODYSYSTEMS,Chapter4,.,Objectives,Writethemeaningsofthewordpartspresentedinthischapter,choosetheircorrectmeaningswhenpresentedwithseveralanswers,andrecognizeandwritethemeaningsofthewordpartswhentheyappearinmedicalterms.Writethemeaningsandrecognizethedefinitionsoftermsrelatedtodirectionalaspectsofthebody.Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermspresentedinthischapterthatarerelatedtobodystructuresandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions.Matchtermsrelatedtobodyfluidswiththeirdescriptionsandwritethetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions.Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermsrelatedtobodycavitiespresentedinthischapterandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions.,.,OUTLINE,TheanatomicpositionandreferenceplanesofthebodyBodycavitiesBodystructuresBodyfluidsComprehensivereviewexercises,.,TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody,Anatomicreferencesystemsprovideuniformityinregardtodescriptionsofthebody.Theanatomicpositionmeansthatapersonisstandingerectwiththearmsatthesideandthepalmsforward.Thispositionisusedasareferencewhendescribingthelocationordirectionofvariousbodystructuresorparts.,.,TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody,Unlessstatedotherwise,alldescriptionsoflocationorpositionassumethatthebodyisintheanatomicposition.Committomemorythefollowingtermsthatrelatetovariousdirectionsofthebody.,.,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningAnterioranter/onearertoortowardthefront;ventralPosteriorposter/onearertoortowardtheback;dorsal,.,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningVentralventr/obellyside;sameasanteriorsurfaceDorsaldors/odirectedtowardorsituatedonthebackside;sameasposteriorsurface,.,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningMedial;medianmedi/omiddleornearerthemiddleLaterallater/otowardtheside;denotingapositionfartherfromthemidlineofthebodyorfromastructure,.,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningSuperiorsuper/ouppermostoraboveInferiorinfer/olowermostorbelow,.,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningProximalproxim/onearesttheorginorpointofattachmentDistaldist/ofarordistantfromtheoriginorpointofattachment,.,DIRECTIONALTERMS,TermCombiningFormMeaningCephaladcephal/otowardtheheadCaudadcaud/otowardthetailorinaposteriordirection,.,Exercise1,Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection.Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly.(Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample)CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter/oanteriorfrontCaud/o_,.,Exercise1,Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection.Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly.(Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample)CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter/oanteriorfrontCaud/ocaudaltail,.,Exercise1,CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingDist/o_Dors/o_Infer/o_Later/o_,.,Exercise1,CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingDist/odistalfarDors/odorsalbackInfer/oinferiorbelowLater/olateralside,.,Exercise1,CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingMedi/omedialmiddleormedianPoster/oposteriorbehindProxim/oproximalnearSuper/osuperioraboveVentr/oventralbelly,.,BodyCavities,Thebodyhastwomajorcavities,whicharespaceswithinthebodythatcontaininternalorgans.Thetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethedorsalcavity,locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody,andtheventralcavity,locatedneartheanterioraspect.Bothcavitiesaresubdividedasshown.,.,.,BodyCavities,Thedorsalcavityisdividedintothecranialandspinalcavities.Thecranialcavitycontainsthebrainandthespinalcavitycontainsthespinalcordandthebeginningsofthespinalnerves.,.,.,BodyCavities,Theotherprincipalbodycavityistheventralcavity.Largeorganscontainedintheventralcavityarecalledviscera.Theventralcavityissubdividedintothethoraciccavityandtheabdominopelvic(abdominalandpelvic)cavity.Themusculardiaphragmdividesthethoracicandabdominopelviccavities.,.,.,Theabdominopelviccavitycanbethoughtofasasinglecavityorastwocavities,theabdominalandpelviccavities,althoughnowallseparatesthem.Amembranecalledtheperitoneumlinestheabdominopelviccavityandinveststheinternalorgans.,.,.,Peritoneum,likeallserousmembranes,secretesalubricatingfluidthatallowstheorganstoglideagainstoneanotheroragainstthecavitywall.Astickingtogetheroftwostructuresthatarenormallyseparatediscalledanadhesion.Abdominaladhesionsareusuallycausedbyinflammationortrauma(injury),andaretreatedsurgicallyiftheycauseintestinalobstructionorexcessivediscomfort.,.,.,BodyStructures,Thecellisthesmallestfunctionalunitofthehumanbodyand,infact,ofallorganisms.Cellscomprisethetissuesofthebody,whichinturnmakeuporgans.Eachbodysystemisagroupoforgansthatworktogetherforaspecificpurpose.Thehumanorganismhasmanybodysystems.Manybodystructurewillbediscussedelsewhereinthisbook.Thefollowinglistincludesseveraltermsthateitherdonotpertaintoaparticularbodysystemofmaypertaintomorethanonesystem.Committhefollowinglisttomemory.,.,SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES,CombiningFormsMeaningAbdomin/oabdomenAcr/oextremities(armsandlegs)Blephar/oeyelidCephal/oheadChir/ohand,.,SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES,CombiningFormsMeaningCyst/ocyst,bladder,orsacDactyl/odigit(toes,fingersorboth)Lapar/oabdominalwallOmphal/oumbilicus(navel)Onych/onail,.,SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES,CombiningFormsMeaningPelv/IpelvisPeriton/operitoneumSom/a,somat/obodyThorac/ochest,.,Organism(manysystems)System(severalorgans)Organ(severaltissues)Tissues(manysimilarcells)Cells(smalleststructuralunit),.,Theabdomenistheportionofthbodytrunkthatislocatedbetweenthechestandthepelvis.Abdomino/centesis(abdomin/o,abdomen,+centesis,surgicalpuncture),usuallycalledabdominalparacentesis,isasurgicalprocedurethatisperformedtoremoveexcessfluids(ascites)fromtheabdominalcavityortoinjectatherapeuticagent.,.,Peritonitis(periton/o,peritoneum,+-itis,inflammation)canresultifinfectionmicroorganismsgainaccessbywayofoperativeincisionsorbytheruptureorperforationofvisceraorassociatedstructures(asinruptureorperforationofvisceraorassociatedstructures(asinruptureoftheappendix).Microorganismscanalsospreadtotheperitoneumfrothebloodstreamorlymphaticvessels.,.,Incisionoftheabdominalwalliscalledlaparo/tomy(lapar/o,abdominalwall+-tomy,incision).Laparotomyisanotherwayofsayinganabdominaloperation.Severalsurgicalproceduresinvolveincisionoftheabdominalwall,someofwhicharedescribed:,.,Laparocholecystotomy(lapar/o,abdominalwall,+cholecyst/o,gallbladder,+-tomy,incision):incisionintothegallbladderthoughtheabdominalwall.,.,Laparocolostomy(lapar/o+col/o,largeintestine,+-stomy,newopening):formationofapermanentopeningintothecolon(largeintestine)throughtheabdominalwall.Laparocystotomy(lapar/o+cyst/o,cyst,+-tomy):abdominalincisiontoremoveacystoranembryothathasimplantedoutsidetheuterus(synonym:laparocystectomy)Laparogastrotomy(lapar/o+gastr/o,stomach+-tomy):abdominalincisionintothestomachLaparohepatotomy(lapar/o+hepat/o,liver+-tomy):incisionoftheliverthroughtheabdominalwallLaparohysterectomy(lapar/o+hyster/o,uterus,+-ectomy,excision):removaloftheuterusthroughanincisionintheabdominalwall,.,Laparohysteropexy(lapar/o+hyster/o+-pexy,surgicalfixation):attachmentoftheuterustotheabdominalwallLaparorrhaphy(lapar/o+-rrhaphy,suture):sutureoftheabdominalwallLaparoscopy(lapar/o+-scopy,visualexamination):abdominalexplorationemployingalaparoscope,aninstrumentusedtoviewtheinterioroftheabdomen(laparoscopyisatypeofendoscopy,adevicethatusesfiberoptictechniquestopermitvisualimagingaroundcorners)Laparosplenotomy(lapar/o+splen/o,spleen,+-tomy):incisionofthespleenthroughanabdominaloperation,.,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningCholecyst/ogallbladder,.,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningCol/ocolon(largeintestine),.,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningGastr/ostomach,.,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningHepat/oliver,.,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningHyster/outerus,.,NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED,CombiningFormMeaningSplen/ospleen,.,Thepelvisisthelowerportionofthebodytrunk.Thewordpelviscanrefertoanybasinlikestructure,soyouwillalsoseeitinotherterms(e.g.therenalpelvis,afunnel-shapedstructurewithinthekidney).,.,Pelvimetry(pelv/I,pelvis,+-metry,measurement)isthemeasurementofthedimensionsandcapacityofthepelvis.Itisseldomdoneanymore,becausetheprocedureusuallyinvolvestheuseofx-rays.Theinstrumentusedinpelvimetryisapelvimeter.,.,Acephalopelvicdisproportionisasituationinwhichtheheadofthefetusistoolargeforthepelvisofthemother.Insuchcasesvaginaldeliveryisdifficultofimpossible.Cephalopelvic(cephal/o,head+pelv/I,pelvisisatermthatpertainstotheheadofthefetusandthematernalpelvis.,.,OmphalosisGreekfortheumbilicus,ornavel.Manynewtermscanbeformedusingomphal/owithvarioussuffixesthatyouhavealreadylearned.,.,Omphalicmeansconcerningtheumbilicus.Aninflamedconditionofthenavelisomphal/itis.Congenitalherniaofthenavelisomphalo/cele.,.,Ruptureofthenavelisomphalo/rrhexis,andumbilicalhemorrhageisomphalo/rrhagia,.,Thoracicmeanspertainingtothechest,becausethorac/omeansthoraxorchest.Thoracicsurgeryisanotherwayofsayingchestsurgery.Surgicalpunctureofthechestwallforaspirationoffluidscouldbecalledthoracocentesis,butthoracentesisistheorecommonlyusedterm.,.,Surgicalpunctureofthechestwallforaspirationoffluidscouldbecalledthoracocentesis,butthoracentesisistheorecommonlyusedterm.,.,Exercise2Usingwhatyouhavejustlearned,andwordpartsstudiedinpreviouschapter,circlethecorrectanswertocompleteeachsentence.,Thecombiningformthatmeansarmsandlegsis(acr/o,chir/o,cyt/o,omphal/o).Thecombiningformblephar/omeans(extremities,eyelid,brain,head).Thecombiningformthatmeansabdomenis(pelv/I,pelv/o,abdomen/o,abdomin/o).Thecombiningformonych/omeans(head,bladder,digit,nail).Thecombiningformforamembranethatlinestheabdominopelviccavityis(omphal/o,lapar/o,somat/o,periton/o).,.,Exercise2Usingwhatyouhavejustlearned,andwordpartsstudiedinpreviouschapter,circlethecorrectanswertocompleteeachsentence.,Thecombiningformthatmeansarmsandlegsis(acr/o,chir/o,cyt/o,omphal/o).Thecombiningformblephar/omeans(extremities,eyelid,brain,head).Thecombiningformthatmeansabdomenis(pelv/I,pelv/o,abdomen/o,abdomin/o).Thecombiningformonych/omeans(head,bladder,digit,nail).Thecombiningformforamembranethatlinestheabdominopelviccavityis(omphal/o,lapar/o,somat/o,periton/o).,.,Thecombiningformsomat/omeans(sleep,body,toesorfingers,cyst).Thecombiningformomphal/omeans(umbilicus,abdominalwall,head,chest).Thecombiningformcol/omeans(gallbladder,cyst,largeintestine,liver).Thecombiningfomrhyster/omeans(uterusabdominalwall,spleen,pelvis).Thecombiningformforthetomachis(cholecyst/o,hepat/o,gastr/o,splen/o).,.,Thecombiningformsomat/omeans(sleep,body,toesorfingers,cyst).Thecombiningformomphal/omeans(umbilicus,abdominalwall,head,chest).Thecombiningformcol/omeans(gallbladder,cyst,largeintestine,liver).Thecombiningfomrhyster/omeans(uterus,abdominalwall,spleen,pelvis).Thecombiningformforthetomachis(cholecyst/o,hepat/o,gastr/o,splen/o).,.,Paininthethoraxdistinguishedfromchestpaincausedbyanginapectoris,aheartconditionis(thoracocentesis,thoracoschisis,thoracondynia,thoracectomy).Surgicalincisionofchestwallis(thoracotomy,thoracostomy,thoracostenosis,thoracolysis).Diagnosticexaminationofthechestcavityis(pleurotomy,pleurectomy,thoracometry,thoracoscopy).Plasticsurgeryofthechestinwhichportionsoftheribsareremovedtocausediseaseareasofthelugtocollapseis(thoracolysis,thoracoplasty,thoracalgia,thoracopathy).,.,Paininthethoraxdistinguishedfromchestpaincausedbyanginapectoris,aheartconditionis(thoracocentesis,thoracoschisis,thoracondynia,thoracectomy).Surgicalincisionofchestwallis(thoracotomy,thoracostomy,thoracostenosis,thoracolysis).Diagnosticexaminationofthechestcavityis(pleurotomy,pleurectomy,thoracometry,thoracoscopy).Plasticsurgeryofthechestinwhichportionsoftheribsareremovedtocausediseaseareasofthelugtocollapseis(thoracolysis,thoracoplasty,thoracalgia,thoracopathy).,.,Exercise3Usingwordsorwordpartsyouhavelearned,writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Blephar/almeanspertainingto_.Blephar/itisis_ofeyelid.Blepharitiscouldleadto_edema,swellingoftheeyelids.Thereareothercausesofblepharedema,suchacrying.Blepharoplegiais_ofaneyelid.Blepharoptosisisprolapseor_oftheuppereyelid.,.,Exercise3Usingwordsorwordpartsyouhavelearned,writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Blephar/almeanspertainingtoeyelid.Blephar/itisisinflammationofeyelid.Blepharitiscouldleadtoblepharedema,swellingoftheeyelids.Thereareothercausesofblepharedema,suchacrying.Blepharoplegiaisparalysisofaneyelid.Blepharoptosisisprolapseorsaggingoftheuppereyelid.,.,Twitchingoftheeyelidisblepharo_.Plasticsurgeryperformedontheeyelid_.Surgicalincisionoftheeyelidis_.,.,Twitchingoftheeyelidisblepharospasm.Plasticsurgeryperformedontheeyelidblepharoplasty.Surgicalincisionoftheeyelidisblepharotomy.,.,Extremitiesofthebodyarethearmsandlegs.Thecombiningforacr/oisusedtorefertotheextremities.Inworkingthefollowingexerciseyouwilllearnnewtermsthatpertaintothearmsandlegs.,.,Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Acro/cyanosisiscyanosisoftheextremities.Inacrocyanosis,thearmsandlegsseemtobethecolour_.Acrodermatitisisdermatitisoftheextremities.Inotherwords,the_ofthearmsandlegsisinflamed.Acr/alpertainstothe_.,.,Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Acro/cyanosisiscyanosisoftheextremities.Inacrocyanosis,thearmsandlegsseemtobethecolourblue.Acrodermatitisisdermatitisoftheextremities.Inotherwords,theskinofthearmsandlegsisinflamed.Acr/alpertainstotheextremities.,.,Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Acrohypothermyisabnormalcoldnessoftheextremities.Translatedliterally,acro/hypo/thermymeansbelownormal_intheextremities.Acro/megalyisadisorderinwhichthereisabnormalenlargementofthe_ofthebody,includingthenose,jaws,fingersandtoes,causedbyhypersecretionofgrowthhormoneaftermaturity.,.,Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly.,Acrohypothermyisabnormalcoldnessoftheextremities.Translatedliterally,acro/hypo/thermymeansbelownormalheatintheextremities.Acro/megalyisadisorderinwhichthereisabnormalenlargementoftheextremetiesofthebody,includingthenose,jaws,fingersandtoes,causedbyhypersecretionofgrowthhormoneaftermaturity.,.,Afingerortoeisadigit.Thecombiningformdactyl/oisoftenusedinwordsthatpertaintothefingersandtoes,Dactylographyisthestudyoffingerprints.Dactylospasmmeanscrampingofafingerortoe.Inflammationofthebonesofthefingersandtoesisdactylitis.,.,Chiro/podymeanspertainingtothehandsandfeet.Itisalsotheartorprofessionofachiropodist,onewhotreatscorns,bunionsandotherafflictionsofthehandsandfeet.Crampingofthehandsuchaswriterscrampischiro/spasm.Plasticsurgeryofthehandischiro/plasty.,.,Thecombiningformonych/oreferstothenails.Anonychophagist(onych/o,nails+phag/o,eat+-ist,onewho)habituallybitesthenails.Thefollowingexercisewillhelpyoutolearnnewtermsthatusethecombiningformonych/o.,.,Exercise5Writethecorrectanswerineachblankspace.,Onycho/malaciais_ofthenails.Anonych/omais_ofthenailornailbed.Onycho/myc/osisisadiseaseofthe_causedbya_.Anydiseaseofthenailsiscalledan_.Surgicalremovalofthenailis_.(Thistermalsomeansdeclawingofananimal.,.,Exercise5Writethecorrectanswerineachblankspace.,Onycho/malaciaissofteningofthenails.Anonych/omaistumorofthenailornailbed.Onycho/myc/osisisadiseaseofthenailscausedbyafungus.AnydiseaseofthenailsiscalledanonychopathySurgicalremovalofthenailisonychectomy(Thistermalsomeansdeclawingofananimal.,.,BODYFLUIDS,Severalwordpartsthatrelatetobodyfluidsarepresentedbelow.Afteryoucompletetheprogrammedstudythatfollowsthislist,youshouldbeabletorecognizethemeaningsofthewordparts.,.,SELECTEDWORDPARTSTHATPERTAINTOBODYFLUIDS,CombiningFormorWordPartMeaningCrin/o,-crinesecreteDacry/o,lacrim/otear,tearing,crying-emia,hem/a,hem/o,hemat/obloodHidr/osweatorperspirationHydr/owater,.,CombiningFormorWordPartMeaningLymph/olymph(sometimesreferstothelymphatics)Muc/omucusPy/opusSial/osaliva(sometimesreferstosalivaryglands)Ur/ourine(sometimesreferstotheurinarytract),.,Exercise6Matchthewordpartsintheleftcolumnwiththeirmeaningintherightcolumn(thechoicesontherightmaybeusedmorethanonce),_1.Crin/o_2.Dacry/o_3.emia_4.Hemat/o_5.Hidr/o_6.Hydr/o_7.Lacrim/o_8.Lymph/o_9.Muc/o_10.Py/o_11.Sial/o_12.Ur/o,UrineLymphTearBloodPerspirationWaterMucusPusSalivaSecrete,.,Exercise6Matchthewordpartsintheleftcolumnwiththeirmeaningintherightcolumn(thechoicesontherightmaybeusedmorethanonce),J1.Crin/oC2.Dacry/oD3.emiaD4.Hemat/oE5.Hidr/oF6.Hydr/oC7.Lacrim/oB8.Lymph/oG9.Muc/oH10.Py/oI11.Sial/oA12.Ur/o,UrineLymphTearBloodPerspirationWaterMucusPusSalivaSecrete,.,ComprehensiveReviewExercises,Workthefollowingexercisestotestyourunderstandingofthematerialinchapter4.Itisbesttoworkallthereviewexercisesbeforecheckingyouranswers.,.,A.Useoneofthefollowingwordstocorrectlycompletethesentences.,AbdominopelvicperitoneumventralCranialspinalvisceraDorsalthoracicThetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethe(1)_cavity,locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody,andthe(2)_cavity,locatedneartheanterioraspect.Eachofthesecavitiesissubdividedintosmallerones.,.,A.Useoneofthefollowingwordstocorrectlycompletethesentences.,AbdominopelvicperitoneumventralCranialspinalvisceraDorsalthoracicThetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethe(1)dorsalcavity,locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody,andthe(2)ventralcavity,locatedneartheanterioraspect.Eachofthesecavitiesissubdividedintosmallerones.,.,A.Useoneofthefollowingwordstocorrectlycompletethesentences.,AbdominopelvicperitoneumventralCranialspinalvisceraDorsalthoracicThe(3)_cavitycontainsthespinalcordandthebeginningsofthespinalnerves.The(4)_cavitycontainsthebrain.Theventralcavityissubdividedintothe(5)_orchestcavityandthe(6)_cavity.Largeorgansco