9 Method 英语专业学术论文写作教程

Method,Lecture9,Contents9.1Tasksforcriticalthinkinganddiscussion9.2LanguageConventions9.3LanguagePractice9.4WritingUpYourResearch,IEinMethod,1.OverviewoftheResearch/Experiment2.Population/Sample3.Location4.Restrictions5.SamplingTechniques6.Procedures7.Materials8.Variables9.StatisticalTreatment,65-3,对一种特殊材料的描述通常采用以下三个步骤：（1）概述：用一两个句子简述材料的性质、用途。（2）主要部件描述：对材料的主要部件特点的描述。描述可采用空间次序，如上下、前后、左右等，也可按部件所具有的功能的前后次序来描述。（3）功能描述：对材料总体功能的描述。,Sample,EachoftheparticipatingTESLprogramsreceivedapackagecontainingdetailedinstructions,questionnaires,andvideotapes.Thesepackagesweremailedoutintheorderinwhichprogramsrespondedtothee-mailrequestforparticipation.InstructorsintheTESLprogramsthenshowedthevideotapestotheirclasses,65-5,Descriptionofmaterials,Descriptionofprocedures,(1)METHOD,ParticipantsDesignDependentMeasuresProcedure,65-6,(2)DataandMethodology,ExperimentalSetupDataAnalysisMaterialsandProcedure,65-7,(3)Experimental,SubstratePreparationInstrumentsGeneralConditionsforFilmGrowth,65-8,65-9,EnglishforCollegeStudentsinTaiwan:AStudyofPerceptionsofEnglishNeedsinaMedicalContext(1),MethodThesubjectswere341medicalstudentsintheDepartmentofMedicine,including97freshmen,74sophomores,90juniors,and80seniors,and20facultymembersinthemedicalprogramatChungShanMedicalCollegeinTaichung,Taiwan,China.,Researchsubjects,Sample,Location,Sample,65-10,EnglishforCollegeStudentsinTaiwan:AStudyofPerceptionsofEnglishNeedsinaMedicalContext(2),Twoquestionnairesweredevelopedforthesurvey,basedontwoearliersurveysinstrumentsbyTaylorcopiesofthefacultyquestionnaireweregivento20teacherswhowerewillingtocompletethesurveys.Studentsandfacultytookabout20minutestocompletethesurvey.,Researchmaterialsandprocedures,65-12,EnglishforCollegeStudentsinTaiwan:AStudyofPerceptionsofEnglishNeedsinaMedicalContext(4),Thedatawerecomputer-analyzedusinganSPSSprogram.Onthequestionnaire,percentagesweredeterminedforallquestionsexcept8and13forwhichmeanswerecomputed.Chi-square,t-tests,andANOVAanalyseswereconductedinordertodeterminetheperceptionsofEnglishlanguageneedsofmedicalcollegestudentsandtheirfacultyandtocomparetheperceptionsheldbythevariousgroups.,Statisticalanalysis,65-13,9.1Tasksforcriticalthinkinganddiscussion,1.IdentifytheinformationelementsyoufindineachsentenceofText1,andthenfillinthetablewithrelevantinformation.Thefirstitemhasbeendoneasanexample.,65-14,sample,sample,sample,sample,sample,procedure,procedureandmaterial,procedureandmaterial,procedure,overview,65-15,statisticalanalysis,statisticalanalysis,statisticalanalysis,statisticalanalysis,statisticalanalysis,procedure,65-16,2.LookatText2,determinewhetherthematerialsdescribedareconventionalorspecificallydesigned,andidentifythearrangementasspatial,functional,orsomeotherarrangementplan.,Speciallydesignedmaterials;mainlyoffunctionalarrangement,3.Whatverbtensesaremainlyusedinthetwotexts?,simplepasttense,65-17,4.Whatistheproportionofactivevoiceverbstopassivevoiceverbsinthetwomethodsections?Whydotheauthorsusetheverbvoicethatway?,Theincidenceofpassivevoiceclearlyoutnumbersthatofactivevoice.Theauthorusesthepassivesinordertodepersonalizetheinformation,i.e.he/shewantstoplaceemphasisontheproceduresandhowtheyareperformed.,65-18,(1)_Atotalof387participantsofEuropeandescent(52.7%female)withameanageof27.2yearswererecruitedbyresearchassistantsinparksandpublicplacesintheMontrealregion.,5.Readthefollowingsentences.Theyarealltakenfrom“Method”sectionsfromdifferentresearcharticles.Ineachcase,determinewhichinformationelementisrepresented.,sample(subject),65-19,(3)_ExperimentersapproachedpotentialparticipantsbyintroducingthemselvesasastudentattheUniversityofQuebecatMontrealandthenaskingiftheywouldaccepttoparticipateinashortstudyonfacialexpressions.,(2)_Thestimuliconsistedofsetsoflinedrawingsofobjects(approximately5x5cm),presentedoncards.Eachsetcomprisedatargetandtwopairsofitems.,materials,procedure,65-20,(4)_ThestudyaimstoexaminetheuseofSEFasatoolforprovidingevidenceofteachingeffectivenessintertiaryeducation.,(5)_A2x5analysisofvariancewasusedtotestforageandlanguagegroupdifferences.,statisticaltreatment,overview,65-21,(6)_Envelopescontainingthesurveymaterialsweresenttothelocalbusinessmanagerofeachunion.Envelopesincludedacoverletterexplainingtheproject,thequestionnaireitself,andapostagepaidreturnenvelope.Theunionbusinessmanagerwascontactedandaskedtoselectworkersfromhisunionandtosendtheenvelopestotheworkersselected.,procedureselect;first-yearstudents;majorin;journalism;ChineseUniversityofHongKong,Thesubjectswereselectedfromthefirst-yearstudentsmajoringinjournalismattheChineseUniversityofHongKong.,(2)results;questionnairesurvey;subjectto;statisticaltest;reliability;significanceSPSS(StatisticalPackagefortheSocialSciences),TheresultsofthequestionnairesurveyweresubjectedtostatisticaltestsofreliabilityandsignificanceusingSPSS(StatisticalPackagefortheSocialSciences).,65-49,(3)group;participant;consistof;18students;three;different;science;universities;province,Eachgroupofparticipantsconsistedof18studentsfromthreedifferentscienceuniversitiesintheprovince.,(4)computer;model;develop;evaluation;alternative;energy;policies,Acomputermodelwasdevelopedfortheevaluationofalternativeenergypolicies.,65-50,(5)result;two;experiments;collect;enter;statistical;analysis,Theresultsofthetwoexperimentswerecollectedandenteredforstatisticalanalysis.,(6)temperature;chamber;increase;from0to20,Thetemperatureinsidethechamberwasincreasedfrom0to20.,65-51,(7)energy;consumption;define;include;naturalgas;oil;electricity;use;residential;commercial;industrial;sector,Energyconsumptionwasdefinedtoincludenaturalgas,oil,andelectricitywhichareusedintheresidential,commercial,andindustrialsectors.,65-52,(8)inordertoinvestigatetheseelements;amixture;design;data;collection;technique;use;show;Table2;below,Inordertoinvestigatetheseelements,amixtureofdesignanddatacollectiontechniqueswereusedandtheseareshowninTable2below.,65-53,3.Followingisthemethodsectionofaresearcharticlefromthefieldofprojectmanagement.Thestudyreportsonasurveywithfiveconstructioncompanieswhichwereinvolvedinjointventureactivitiesintheconstructionindustry.Fillineachblankspacewithanappropriateverborverbphrase,usingthewordinthebrackets.Payparticularattentiontothechoiceoftenseandvoice.,65-54,JointventureissuesconcerningEuropeanandAsianconstructionmarketsofthe1990sMethodologyFivelargeconstructionorganizations_wherejointventureactivity_currentlyongoing.Experienceofsome15to20projects_fromseniorpersonnelintheorganizationswho_substantialexperienceinheavycivilengineeringworksandconstructionjointventures.Questionnaires_throughamixtureoffacetofaceinterviewsandmailsurveys.Questions_(TOBECONTINUED),wereapproached,was,wasrecorded,had,wereadministered,focused,65-55,concerningjointventures,suchasthecompanysmotives,derivedstrengthsandweaknesseswhenengagedintheseformsofpartnershipaswellastheaccompanyingadvantagesanddisadvantages.Toassesstheemergenceofmajoreconomiesintheworld,mostnotablyinWesternEurope,EasternEuropeandSouthEastAsia,views_onhowimportanttheseconstructionmarkets_fortheirrespectivecompaniesinthecomingyears.Theresultsofthequestionnairesurvey_tostatisticaltestsofreliabilityandsignificanceusing(TOBECONTINUED),weresought,wouldbe,weresubjected,65-56,SPSS(StatisticalPackagefortheSocialSciences).Discussionoftheresults_underthesub-headingsofOrganizationalInvolvement,WiderAspects,Projects,andGeographicalExperience(includingWesternEurope,EasternEuropeandAsia).,isgiven,65-57,4.Thefollowingsentencesaretakenfrommethodsectionsofdifferentpublishedstudies.Rewriteeachsentencetomakeitmoreconcise.,(1)Table5showsthenumberofstudentsperlevelandtheirL1languagebackgroundswhicharerepresented.,Table5showsthenumberofstudentsperlevelandtheirL1languagebackgroundsrepresented.,65-58,(2)TwoquestionnaireswhichwereadministeredrespectivelytothepersonnelofficersandbusinessemployeesshowasimilarresultintermsoftheirperceptionoftheuseofEnglishintheirfirm.,TwoquestionnairesadministeredrespectivelytothepersonnelofficersandbusinessemployeesshowasimilarresultintermsoftheirperceptionoftheuseofEnglishintheirfirm.,65-59,(3)Thescoresofthetworaterswereaveragedandtheywereenteredforstatisticalanalysis.,Thescoresofthetworaterswereaveragedandenteredforstatisticalanalysis.,(4)Themodelwhichwasusedintheexperimentwasamodifiedversionofthe2006Testpackage,originallydevelopedbytheMorrisonResearchInstitute.,Themodelusedintheexperimentwasamodifiedversionofthe2006Testpackage,originallydevelopedbytheMorrisonResearchInstitute.,65-60,(5)Allthethemesarehighlightedandmarkedthemesareunderlined.,Allthethemesarehighlightedandmarkedthemesunderlined.,(6)Therewerenoapparentdifferencesinthefilmswhichwereobtainedfromthetwozincsalts.,Therewerenoapparentdifferencesinthefilmsobtainedfromthetwozincsalts.,65-61,9.4WritingUpYourResearch,1.Findapublishedresearcharticleinyourfieldofspecialization,andlocatethesectioncorrespondingtoMethod.Answerthequestionsbelow:,(1)Isthesectioncalled“Method”?Ifnotwhatisitcalled?,(2)Whatinformationelementsarepresentinthesection?Inwhatorderaretheypresented?,(3)Whatarethesalientfeaturesoflanguageinthissection?,65-62,2.Withreferencetoyourownresearchproject,writeuptheMethodsectionofyourarticle.,65-63,Summingup:keypoints,Themethodsectiondescribestheproceduralstepsyoufollowedinconductingyourstudyandthematerialsyouusedateachstep.Otherinformat