论文写作讲座ppt课件

英语科技论文撰写与投稿,.,主要参阅资料,1.任胜利.英语科技论文撰写与投稿(书)2.马新亮.SmartWriting3.李婴.英文论文写作及投稿技巧讲座4.马兰.Figureitearly,Figureitright避免无意或有意的剽窃行为(即:引述他人思想、数据或论述而不注明出处)；避免一稿多投或一稿多发；抄一篇为剽窃，抄多篇为创新,.,科技英文写作与讲演,寻找创建模板的论文发表于国际知名期刊；最近35年内发表;至少有一位英语母语的作者创建模板句子的结构、长度、句式变化；动词、转接词、介词的使用；动词时态；怎样开始和结束；如何及何时承认他人的贡献,适度模仿建立语料库,.,阅读“作者须知”或“投稿指南”,刊物的宗旨和范围；各栏目论文的长度、章节的顺序安排,等；采取何种体例格式?如:页边距、纸张大小、参考文献的体例、图表的准备、等；履行何种形式的同行评议?多长时间后能决定可否录用,.,英语科技论文:撰写与投稿,1写作前的准备2论文的结构安排与撰写3科技英语的文法与表达4投稿及与编辑的联系,.,科技论文的结构,论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词引言(Introduction)材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)结果(Results)讨论与结论(Discussion列举建立方法的参考文献，并做简要描述(但不需全部重复描述);如果对已有方法进行了新的或实质性的改进，就要清楚地说明改进的理由,.,材料与方法:英文表达,不可遗漏动作的执行者：Todetermineitsrespiratoryquotient,theorganismwas(theorganismdetermine?)Havingcompletedthestudy,thebacteriawereofnofurtherinterest.(thebacteriacompletedthestudy?)文献引用尽量准确、具体：cellswerebrokenbyaspreviouslydescribed9应改为：cellswerebrokenbyultrasonictreatmentaspreviouslydescribed9.,.,科技论文的结构:主体部分,引言(Introduction)材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)结果(Results)讨论与结论(Discussion根据这些结果,能得出何种结论或推论？指出研究的局限性以及这些局限对研究结果的影响;并建议进一步的研究题目或方向;指出结果的理论意义(支持或反驳相关领域中现有的理论、对现有理论的修正)和实际应用,.,讨论：注意事项,对结果的解释要重点突出,简洁、清楚：着重讨论本研究的重要发现，以及由此得出的结论，不要过细地重复引言或结果中的数据或资料；推论要符合逻辑,避免实验数据不足以支持的观点和结论；对结果的科学意义和实际应用的表达要实事求是,适当留有余地；讨论的最后最好是论文的最重要的结论(take-home-message),.,讨论：时态,现在时：具有普遍的意义推论或结论：Theexperimentalandtheoreticalvaluesfortheyieldsagreewell.Ourdatasuggestthatthereactionratemaybedeterminedbytheamountofoxygenavailable.过去时：所概述推论的有效性只是针对本次特定的研究：Inthefirstseriesoftrials,theexperimentalvalueswerealllowerthanthetheoreticalpredictions.,.,Conclusion-结论,有时也可将“结论”单独列为一节(通常可包括在“讨论”或“结果与讨论”中)；“结论”中的基本内容:作者本人研究的主要认识或论点;总结性地阐述本研究结果可能的应用前景、研究的局限性及需要进一步深入的研究方向;结论中不应涉及新的事实,也不能简单地重复摘要、引言、结果或讨论等章节中的句子,.,科技论文的结构,论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词引言(Introduction)材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)结果(Results)讨论与结论(Discussion避免使用Thoughtson.,Regarding,Study,等,.,论文题名举例,Bad:ActionofantibioticsonbacteriaBad:PreliminaryobservationsontheeffectofcertainantibioticsonvariousspeciesofbacteriaGood:ActionofStreptomycinonMycobacteriumtuberculosisBetter:InhibitionofgrowthofMycobacteriumtuberculosisbyStreptomycin,.,论文题名举例：介词问题,Bad:LinearprogrammingmethodofoptimizationofsystemsofpartialdifferentialequationGood:Linearprogrammingmethodforoptimizationofpartialdifferentialequationsystems(偏微分方程系统最优化的线性程序设计方法)Bad:Formulationofequationsofverticalmotionoffiniteelementformforvehicle-bridgeinteractionsystemGood:Finiteelementbasedformulationsforvehicle-bridgeinteractionsystemconsideringverticalmotion车桥相互作用系统有限元形式的竖向运动方程,.,论文题名举例:缩略语的使用,TheeffectsofairpollutantsontakingofSARSGEE用广义估计方程研究大气污染对SARS发病的影响GEEgeneralizedestimatingequationThequarantinemeasuresandpreventativecountermeasuresofpreventingthepropagationofRIFAthroughinternationalshippings防止红火蚊随国际航行船舶传播的检疫措施与防控对策RIFAredimportedfireant,.,题名类型,名词词组:Inositoltrisphosphateandcalciumsignaling(三磷酸肌醇和钙信号表达)主副题名:WAF1：Apotentialmediatorofp53tumorsuppression(WAF1:p53肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能介导因子)系列题名:Density-functionalthermochemistry.III.Theroleofexactexchange(密度函数的热化学:3.正解交换的作用)陈述性题名:Thep21Cdk-interactingproteinCip1isapotentinhibitorofG1cyclin-dependentkinases(p21Cdk作用蛋白(又称Cip1)是G1细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶的强抑制剂)疑问句题名:Whenisabirdnotabird?,.,RunningTitle(眉题),用于论文的页眉是论文题名的缩写，一般不超过40个字符应包含论文中最核心的内容期刊的习惯,.,RunningTitle：举例,题目：WAF1:p53肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能介导因子WAF1：Apotentialmediatorofp53tumorsuppression眉题：WAF1asamediatorofp53function题目：淋巴细胞再循环和白细胞迁移中的路径信号:Trafficsignalsforlymphocyterecirculationandleukocyteemigration:themultistep眉题：Trafficsignalsforleukocytecirculation,.,科技论文的结构:篇前部分,论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词,.,Whoaretheauthors?,国际医学期刊编辑委员会(ICMJE)有关作者资格的界定:(1)课题的构思与设计，资料的分析和解释；(2)文稿的写作或对其中重要学术内容作重大修改；(3)参与最后定稿，并同意投稿和出版以上3项条件应全部具备方可成为作者;作者的排列顺序应由所有作者共同决定;每位作者都应该能够就论文的全部内容向公众负责,.,Whoisthefirstauthor?,论文的执笔人或主要撰写者应该是第一作者；贡献相同作者的表达：共同第一作者,通讯作者(Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed/Correspondenceauthor),这些作者对研究工作的贡献是相同的避免“搭车”署名、不能遗漏应该署名的作者、不可擅自将知名人士署为作者之一以提高论文声誉和影响,.,作者姓名的拼音表达方式,国家标准(GB/T16159-1996):汉语人名按姓和名分写,姓和名的开头字母大写,如:WangJianguo(王建国),DongfangShuo(东方朔),ZhugeKongming(诸葛孔明),等；“中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范”：姓前名后,姓氏的全部字母均大写,复姓应连写.名字的首字母大写,双名中间加连字符;名字不缩写.如:ZHANGYing(张颖),WANGXi-lian(王锡联),ZHUGEHua(诸葛华),.,作者姓名的拼音表达方式,国外期刊一般会尊重作者对自己姓名的表达方式(但大多倾向于大写字母只限于姓和名的首字母)；发表于“Nature”(2002,415:732)的一篇短文中3位作者姓名的表达分别为ShengliRen,GuanganZu,Hong-feiWang(任胜利,祖广安,王鸿飞)缩写:RenS,ZuG,WangHF应尽量采用相对固定的英文姓名的表达形式,以减少在文献检索和论文引用中被他人误解的可能性,.,作者地址的标署,尽可能地给出详细的通讯地址；如果论文出版时作者调到一个新的地址,新地址应以“Presentaddress”(现地址)的形式在脚注中给出；如果第一作者不是通讯作者,作者应按期刊的相关规定表达,并提前告诉编辑.期刊多以星号(*)、脚注或致谢的形式标注通讯作者或联系人,.,科技论文的结构:篇前部分,论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词,.,Abstract,摘要：以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文；摘要的类型(1)报道性摘要:全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论.结构式摘要(2)指示性摘要：只简要概括论文的主题；(3)报道-指示性摘要:以报道性摘要的形式表述论文中的信息价值较高的部分,以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分,.,StructuredAbstract(结构式摘要),是报道性摘要的结构化表达(1)目的(Objective):研究的问题、目的或设想等;(2)设计(Design):研究的基本设计,样本的选择;(3)单位(Setting):开展研究的单位;(4)对象(Patients,Participants):研究对象的信息;(5)处置(Interventions):处置方法;(6)主要结果测定(MainOutcomeMeasures):实验过程;(7)结果(Results):研究的主要发现;(8)结论(Conclusions):主要结论及其潜在应用,.,结构式摘要的类型,NewEnglandJournalofMedicineBackground,Methods,Results,ConclusionsTheLancetBackground,Methods,Findings,InterpretationJAMAContext,Objective,Design,Setting,Patients,Interventions,MainOutcomeMeasures,Results,Conclusion,.,摘要：撰写技巧(1),应大致包括IMRD结构的论文写作模式；使用简短的句子,用词应为潜在读者所熟悉；注意表述的逻辑性,尽量使用指示性的词语来表达论文的不同部分(层次)如使用“研究表明”(Wefoundthat)表示结果;使用“通过对.的分析，认为”(Basedon,wesuggestthat)表示讨论等,.,摘要：撰写技巧(2),确保摘要的“独立性”或“自明性”:尽量避免引用文献、图表和缩写；尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号；可适当强调研究中的创新、重要之处;尽量包括论文的主要论点和重要细节(重要的论证或数据),.,DespitetheremarkablethermochemicalaccuracyofKohn-Shamdensity-functionaltheorieswithgradientcorrectionsforexchange-correlationsee,forexample,A.D.Becke,J.Chem.Phys.96,2155(1992),webelievethatfurtherimprovementsareunlikelyunlessexact-exchangeinformationisconsidered.Argumentstosupportthisviewarepresented,and报道+指示性摘要,.,Keywords(关键词),不要使用过于宽泛的词做关键词(例如：有机化合物，生态科学，等等)，以免失去检索的作用；避免使用自定的缩略语、缩写字作为关键词，除非是科学界公认的专有缩写字(如:DNA);关键词的数量要适中,.,科技论文的结构,论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词引言(Introduction)材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)结果(Results)讨论与结论(Discussion为研究提供方便(仪器、测试等)的机构或人员;提出过指导性意见的人员;资金资助项目或类别(但不宜列出得到经费的数量),.,致谢：尽量具体、如实,应尽量指出致谢对象的具体帮助与贡献；致谢某人可能暗含着某人赞同论文的观点或结论:如果被感谢的人并不同意论文的全部观点或结论,那么论文公开后被感谢的人和作者都会很尴尬；表示应有的礼貌和尊重:投稿前应请所有被感谢的对象阅读论文的定稿(尤其要包括“致谢”部分),以获得允许或默认,.,致谢：用词要恰当,致谢的开始就用“Wethank”,不要使用“Wewishtothank”,“Wewouldliketothank”,等；如果说“IwishtothankJonesfor”则是在浪费单词,并且也可能蕴含着我希望感谢JohnJones的帮助,但这种帮助并不那么大);用“IthankJones”更显得简明和真诚,.,科技论文的结构:篇尾部分,致谢(Acknowledgements)参考文献(References),.,References：基本原则,所选用文献的主题必须与论文密切相关;必须是亲自阅读过;优先引用论文:最新发表/特定期刊/特定作者;避免过多的作者自引;遵循拟投稿期刊的体例要求；确保文献各著录项(作者姓名,论文题目,期刊或专著名,等)正确无误,.,参考文献的体例类型,有250种以上的参考文献列举形式(著录项的取舍、著录项的编排顺序、字体变化、标点符号等方面)；正文中参考文献的标注类型:著者-出版年体系(name-yearsystem，N-Y);顺序编码体系(citation-ordersystem或citation-sequencesystem，C-S);著者-数字(顺序编码)体系(alphabet-numbersystem，A-N),.,ReferencesBaiCH1995CernyL,andLenton1995WuGH,HuCH,RoedderH1995ZouAQ,HanAH,ChenAF2004,Worldwideresearchonpegmatiteshasinvolvedthestudyoftheirpetrogenesis(Solodov,2002),classification(CernyandLenton,1995),textureandstructure(Zouetal.,2004),rareelementgeochemistry(Li,1982a,1982b,1991),mineralogy(Roedder,1984),andexperimentalpetrology(Bai,1995;ZengandJin,1995;Wuetal.,1995).,著者-出版年体系,.,References1.SolodovF20022.CernyL,andLenton19959.ZouAQ,HanAH,ChenAF200410.WuGH,HuCH,RoedderH1995,Worldwideresearchonpegmatiteshasinvolvedthestudyoftheirpetrogenesis1,classification2,textureandstructure3,rareelementgeochemistry4-6,mineralogy7andexperimentalpetrology8-10.,顺序编码体系,.,References1.BaiCH19952.CernyL,andLenton19957.SolodovF20029.WuGH,HuCH,RoedderH199510ZouAQ,HanAH,ChenAF2004,Worldwideresearchonpegmatiteshasinvolvedthestudyoftheirpetrogenesis7,classification2,textureandstructure10,rareelementgeochemistry3-5,mineralogy6andexperimentalpetrology1,9,8.,著者-数字体系,.,Worldwideresearchonpegmatiteshasinvolvedthestudyoftheirpetrogenesis,classification,textureandstructure,rareelementgeochemistry,mineralogy,andexperimentalpetrology(Solodov,1962;ZouandXu,1975;Zouetal.,1986;Kuzminko,1976;Makagon,1977;MakagonandShmakin,1988;Luan,1979;Wang,1982;Shmakin,1983;London,1981,1986,1998;Cerny,1982a,1982b,1991;Cernyetal.,1986;CernyandLenton,1995;Roedder,1984;Walkeretal.,1986;Wangetal.,1987;ChuandWang,1987;Wangetal.,1987;Zhangetal.,1987;Zhaoetal.,1993;Lietal.,1983;Li,1987;Lietal.,1994,1998,1999a,1999b,2000;Bai,1995;ZengandJin,1995;Wuetal.,1995;LuandWang,1997;Feng,1998).,36referencesinonesentence!,Betterwouldbegivejust2-3pertinentreferencesinapropercontext.,Longstringsofreferencesarenothelpfulifgivenwithoutanykindofcontext.,.,Huang,Z.L.,Han,R.S.,Chen,J.,Li,W.P.,Xu,C.,2001.Ore-formingelementcontentsoftheperipherystrataoftheHuizePb-ZnmineandEmeishanbasaltsandtheirsignificance.In:Hu,R.Z.,Bi,X.W.(Eds.),AnnualReportoftheOpenLab.ofOreDepositGeochemistry,ChineseAcademyofSciences,GuizhouScienceandTechnologyPublishingHouse,Guiyang,p.99-103.(inChinesewithEnglishabstract).,PublicationsinChineseshouldbeindicated.,Takespecialcarewhencitingpapersthatarecontainedinbooksorothernon-serialpublications.DetailsoftheEditorandPublishershouldalwaysbegiven.,.,Denisova,E.A.,1985.ThedeformationhistoryofNuraliultrabasicmassif(SouthUrals).IzvestiaAkademyNaukSSSR(Geologyseries)5,25-36.(inRussian).,Brandenstein,M.,Janda,L.,Schroll,E.,1960.SelteneElementeinsterreichischenKohlen-undBitumengesteinen.TschermaksMineralogisch-PetrographischeMitteilungen7,260-285.,Accentsorothercharactersmayapartofthatlanguagedontignore!,Barca,S.,Eltrudis,A.,1994.AttributionlEocarbonifredeflyschdesnappesinfrieures“marbres”duSud-EstdelaSardaigne(Italie).ComptesRendusdelAcadmiedesSciences319(II),1407-1414.,AlwaysgivetheoriginaltitleofpublicationsinotherlanguagesusingtheFrench,German,Spanish,Portugueseetc.,butthetranslatedtitleoftitleswritteninotheralphabets(e.g.Russian,Japanese),.,参考文献的引用格式举例,ChineseSciBullRen,S.L.,Rousseau,R.,InternationalvisibilityofChinesescientificjournals,Scientometrics,2002,53:389405NatureRen,S.theinitialvalueofgeargapinthebacklashblockissettozero.,.,Toolong:wheremisthemassoftheheavydiskmountedatthemid-spanofamasslesselasticshaft,eistheeccentricityofthemasscenterfromthegeometriccenterofthedisk,istheanglebetweentheorientationoftheeccentricityandtheaxis,kandkarethestiffnesscoefficientsintwoprincipaldirectionsofshaftrespectively,cistheviscousdampingcoefficientoftheshaftandthedisk,istherotatingspeed,Correct:Wheremisthemassoftheheavydiskmountedatthemid-spanofamasslesselasticshaft,eistheeccentricityofthemasscenterfromthegeometriccenterofthedisk,istheanglebetweentheorientationoftheeccentricityandtheaxis,kandkarethestiffnesscoefficientsinthetwoprincipaldirectionsoftheshaft,cistheviscousdampingcoefficientoftheshaftandthedisk,istherotatingspeed,.,Mainideaatthebeginning,Bringthemainideatothebeginningofthesentencestatinganypurpose,locations,reasons,etc.,afterwards.Incorrect:Toensuresheetmetalqualityaswellasassemblyquality,CMMsarewidelyusedinautomotiveindustryproduction.Correct:CMMsarewidelyusedinautomotiveindustryproductiontoensuresheetmetalqualityaswellasassemblyquality.,英文表达注意事项(2),.,Inthispaper,inthisstudy,InsomepaperswrittenbyChinese,thesephrasescanoccurasmuchastwiceperpage.InpaperswrittenbynativeEnglishwritersthesephrasesarereservedforprimarilytwouses.Actually,thereaderisawarethattheworkpresentedisbytheauthor(unlesstheauthorstatesotherwise)sothereisnoreasontorepeatthesephrases.,英文表达注意事项(3),.,Thestudy(orresearch)istheworktheauthor(s)did.Thepaperisthemodetopresentthisworkandiswhatthereaderisholding/reading.(Thispaperpresent)Awkward:Inthispaper,IDEASwasusedto.Correct:Inthisstudy,IDEASwasusedto.Awkward:Inthepaper,aSZG4031towingtractorisusedasthesamplevehicle,itcomponentsCorrect:Inthisstudy,aSZG4031towingtractorisusedasthesamplevehicle,itcomponents,.,athome/abroad,Internationalpapersshouldnotuselocationdependanttermssuchasathome,abroad,here,ourcountrybecausethereadermostlikelyisnotChineseandnotinChina.athome,ourcountry=inChinaabroad=outsideChinaoverseas=outsidethemainlandofChina,英文表达注意事项(4),.,ArabicNumbers,ShouldneverbeusedatthebeginningofsentencesShouldnotbeusedtogivegeneralinformation11parameterswereselectedfortheexperiment.Elevenparameterswereselectedfortheexperiment.All3studiesconcludedthatthemeantemperatureshouldbe30C.Allthreestudiesconcludedthatthemeantemperatureshouldbe30C.,英文表达注意事项(5),.,Avoidredundancy,researchwork=research/worklimitcondition=limit/conditionsketchmap=sketch/Maplayoutscheme=layout/schemesimulationresults=results/simulationcalculationresults=results/calculation,英文表达注意事项(6),.,a,an,the,(1)Omittedwheretheyarerequired;(2)Usedwheretheyarenotneeded(3)Usedwronglyinplaceofthecorrectarticle.Incorrect:Figure2showsthedistributionofrelativevelocityonsurfaceofmainandsplitterblades.Correct:Figure2showsthedistributionofrelativevelocityonthesurfaceofthemainandsplitterblades.Incorrect:ThesoftwarePowerSHAPEischosentobea3Dmodelingtool;Correct:ThesoftwarePowerSHAPEischosentobethe3Dmodelingtool;,英文表达注意事项(7),.,冠词和名词用法示例Nuclearmagneticresonance(NMR)hasplayedaextremelyimportantroleinstructuralidentificationoforganiccompound.Becauseitcanresolvemolecularstructurewithhighprecisionwithoutdestroyingmolecularbiologicalfunction,itisexpectedforbiologicalanalysis.However,duetodiversityandcomplexityofbiologicalmolecule,largeamountofstructuralinformationarestillunknown.NuclearMagneticResonance(NMR)hasplayedanextremelyimportantroleinthestructuralidentificationoforganiccompounds.BecauseNMRcanresolve,itisexpectedforthebiologicalanalysis.However,becauseofthediversityandcomplexityofbiologicalmolecules,muchstructuralinformationremainsunknown.,.,U.K.Englishvs.U.S.English,sulphidesulfidecolourcoloranalyseanalyzecataloguecatalogMostwordprocessorshavebuilt-inspelling(andgrammar)checkers.Usethem!Theyarenotalwaysperfect,butwillhelperasecommonproblems,英文表达注意事项(8),.,SI单位及其倍数单位的应用与表达,SI单位的倍数单位应根据使用方便的原则选取:一般应使量的数值处于0.11000之间.如:0.00394m可写成3.94mm;3.1108s可写成31ns两个或两