定语从句讲解和练习.doc

定 语 从 句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。它的作用相当于形容词, 用来修饰主句中的某一个名词或代词或整个主句，所以也称之为形容词性从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词, 关系词除起连接作用外还在句中担当一定的句子成分.被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。根据关系词在从句中充当成分的不同,关系词可分为关系代词: who, whom (people), which(things), that, whose关系副词: when, where, why。Who 指人, 在从句中作主语 e.g. Your friend who studies in the college came to see you yesterday. This is the man who helped me.Whom 指人, 在从句中作动词或介词的宾语 e.g. The man whom you want to see has come. The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.注：whom 通常被省略或用who/that 替换。常用于非限制性定于从句。Which 指物, 在从句中作主语,宾语，Which 在作宾语时可省略。 e.g. Here is the book which tells about grammar. I have found the car which you lost yesterday.有时候，定语从句指的不是它前面的名词，而是整个句子 e.g. He showed me a photo which upset me. He tore up my photo, which upset me.正确使用关系代词, a. 关系代词前要有名词(代词)b. 关系代词在所引导的定语从句中要充当主语,宾语c. 否则,关系代词前要接介词, 该介词可移至句尾.e.g. He is a man whom I enjoy working with.Whom 前有名词, whom是宾格, 在从句中作宾语。Enjoy 後的动名词working是由不及物动词转化Whom 不能直接作宾语, 所以要加介词。e.g. He is a man for/ with whom I enjoy working.For 可移至句尾：e.g. He is a man whom I enjoy working with/ for. Whom/ which 作介词后作宾语时不能省略.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句用于对主句先行词的补充说明，没有它不影响主句意思的完整，常用逗号把主句和从句分开。从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。 e.g. We were given a lovely double room, which had a sea view. I, who am blind, advise you to use your eyes well. 专有名词, 如: John, Peter, Beijing 独一性名词, 如: my father/mother, my school 被定语从句修饰时, 由于本身具有特殊性,不需被定语从句加以限定。 e.g. I like John, who works hard. I like my school, which is famous. 限定性定语从句用于对主句先行词加以限制或分类，是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不能用逗号分开。 普通名词不具有特殊性,定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语,省 去了则主句的意思就会不完整.从句前不可加逗号. e.g. I like the boy who studies hard. Is this the book which you were looking for.作关系代词的 that 的用法: that 可以代替who, whom, which, 可指人,物， 在从句中作主语, 宾语, 表语。 e.g. Who is the man that is reading the newspaper. He is the man (whom/ that) I can trust. The letter (that /which) I received was from my father.注：作表语表身份时只能用that: e.g. He is not the man (who ) that he was ten years ago. He is not the happy boy that he used to be. The teacher that you are should know how to teach grammar.在限制性定于从句中，用that替换其他关系代词who, whom, which 应注意:1. 其前不可置介词2. 其前不可有逗点 (不可用于非限定性定语从句)e.g. The earth on which we live is a big ball.The earth that / which we live on is a big ball.由that 引导的定语从句1.先行词为不定代词：all/ both/ neither/ none/ either/ each/ other/ others/ another/ much/ many/ few/ little/ one/ some/ anything/ nothing/everything等 e.g. All that we can do is to believe her. Is there anything that I can do for you. Much you have read is nonsense.2.先行词被形容词最高级, 序数词, 修饰时e.g. The first lesson that he gave was interesting. It is the most beautiful park that I have ever been to. This is the best that can be done now.3.先行词被不定代词all, every, no, some, any, little, few, much, each等, 和the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时e.g. This is the very dictionary that I want. The only thing that we could do was to wait. You may borrow any book that interest you. I have read all the books (that) you gave me.4.先行词为数词时e.g. I caught two fish yesterday. Now you can see the two that are still alive.5.先行词既有人又有物e.g. The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are well known.6.如果有两个定语从句, 应避免重复e.g. The student that was punished is the monitor who studies hard.He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.7.当句中已有who/ which时,定语从句要用that 而不用who(m) / whiche.g. Who is the person that is standing at the gate. Who is the man that is reading the newspaper? Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this.Of whom/which, etc.名词和不定代词 (some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many and few) 可以和 of whom/ of which 连用 e.g. Its a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music. He has written a book, the name of which I have forgotten. Weve tested these boots, none of which is completely waterproof.这种结构也可以和表数量（quantity）和最高级（the superlatives）连用 e.g. a number of whom/three of which/half of which The majority of whom/the youngest of whomOf whom/which 在从句中作主语时，有以下两种结构e.g. Do you see the house the windows of which are all broken?(of which the windows) The eighty passengers, ten of whom were British, all escaped.(of whom ten)定语从句和不定式 介词 + 关系代词 可以和不定式连用 e.g. We moved to the country so the children would have a garden in which to play. 没有介词，不能用这种结构 I cant think of anybody whom to invite. 即使有介词，这种结构也非常正式和不常见的，我们常用更简单的结构。(a garden to play in; neighbours to quarrel with).Which as determiner有时用抽象名词(case, point, reason, situation, time等)来总结主句的内容时，which 可以用作限定词，构成介词+which+抽象名词 构成定语从句。可以和名词连用的这种结构很正式，常用在介词之后，对所提的事进行不从说明。e.g. He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him. He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. Ten years of hard work changed her greatly, for which reason he could hardly recognize her at first sight. It rained all night, during which time the ship broke in pieces.Whose 为关系代词所有格, 由his/ her/ their/ my/ your/ its 等所有格变化而成. 在引导的定语从句中作定语,可指人/物 e.g. This is John, whose father is a teacher. People whose home are in town want to live in the country. 使用whose时要遵守下列原则1. whose之前要有名词2. whose之后的名词在从句中要做主语,宾语3. 否则, whose 之前要有介词,介词可移至句尾e.g. I like John, whose father I dont like.I like John, whose brother I want to make friends with.可用 the. of which/ of which.the 替换 e.g. I dont like the building whose roof is blue. I dont like the building the roof of which is blue. I dont like the building of which the roof is blue.Of which除可以表示所属关系外，还可用来表示整体和部分的关系，而whose 不能。 e.g.He borrowed a book of which the author was a peasant. The Chinese team got 16 gold medals, of which 12 were won by women. What 关系代词 that 指代其前面的名词，重复其语义. what 不是重复前面名词，而是包括名词的语义what = the things that e.g. I gave her just the money she needed. I gave her just what she needed. The thing that Id like is a digital watch. What Id like is a digital watch.As 关系代词,常用在 the same .as/ such. as/ as.as 句型中 The same.as e.g. (主) He is the same person as come here yesterday. (宾)I have the same book as he is reading. (表)He is not the same man as he used to be. Such . as e.g. He is not such a man as will tell a lie. He is not such a bad man as you just talked about. Such a good student as he is will succeed. As . as e.g. He has as much money as is required. I have as many books as you (do). He is as good a student as Mary (is).Such. as引导定语从句/such. that结果状语从句 e.g. They talked in such simple English as children could understand. They talked in such simple English that children could understand it. I will provide you with such things as you may need. He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke.The same.as 两物相似/the same.that描述的是同一物 e.g. This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.As引导非限定性定语从句，代表主句或主句的一部分所表达的意思（通常不能指代某个名词或代词），可以放在主句前、后或中间，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，表示 正如./ 正像. A主语 e.g. As be said (announced, reported, known, seen, mentioned) As was reported on TV, the plane crashed. B宾语 e.g. As we know/as we all can see. C表语 e.g. As he is, he seems clever.which 引导非限定性定语从句一般不能放在主句前，而as 引导非限定性定语从句可放在句未，也可放在句中、句首。 在句首时不能用which 替换。e.g. Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sadTaiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all.As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.3. as引导非限定性定语从句时，意为“这一点、这件事”，常与 see，hope，expect，know， guess等动词搭配；which引导非限定性定语从句与主句有一种因果关系，可译为“所以”。e.g. Cyprus, as you all know, is in the Mediterranean.Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light. 非限定性定语从句中，谓语动词是连系动词时，可以用as/which作主语。如果从句谓语动词是行为动词，则必须用which。e.g. He married her, as was natural.She refused to take the medicine, which made her mother angry.It rained hard yesterday, which prevented her from going to Shenyang.He is absent, as is often the case. But 的用法But本身具有否定意义，相当于who/which/that.notBut的先行词往往是否定意义的代词或名词词组，用双重否定表强烈肯定But的这一用法常见于在从句中作主语 There is no one but knows about this affair. (who doesnt know about) There are few dictionaries but have a misprint or two. (that dont have)Than 的用法用作关系代词时，可在从句中作主语，其后直接接谓语。 Dont give him more money than is necessary. He smoked fewer cigarettes than were available.先行词被比较级修饰,用关系代词than连接 He did more than was required. The room is much bigger than suited my purpose.没有明确的先行词，有时把than看作连词，其后省略了it。但实际使用中，than后从来不补上it，因为than本身在从句中可用作主语。定 语 从 句 练 习用适当的词填空1. He is the teacher usually helps us out.2. Whos the teacher is in a red dress?3. He is the teacher daughter won the first prize yesterday.4. Ill tell you all he told me last month.5. Ill tell you he told me last month.6. He talked a lot about things and persons _they remembered in the school.7. I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV. 8. There are 2,000 workers here, two thirds of are women. 9. we know now, bats come out only at night.10. Crousoes dog became ill and died, made him very lonely.单句改错1. This is one of the best books which have ever been written.2. She is the girl whom I guess is a good student.3. This is the mountain which the top is always covered with snow.4. All is needed is a supply of oil.5. This is the new type of plane which parts are made in China.6. They talked about the people and things which they saw on their way to school.7. Is this museum the one which you visited last Saturday?8. The boy with who John spoke is my brother.9. Will you please lend me the very book which you bought yesterday?10. He lived in London for 3 years, during that time he learned some English.单项填空1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace. A. Which B. Where C. What D. /2.Do you know the man _? A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3.I have two grammars, _are of great use. A.all of which B.either of which C.both of that D.both of which4.He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam. A.that B.which C.for which D.who5.That is the day _Ill never forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6.The thief handed everything he had stolen to the police. A. which B. what C. whatever D. that7.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago. A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which8.This is one of the best films _. A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9.Can you lend me the book _the other day? A. about which you talked B. which you