科普类英语阅读答题方法

科普类阅读答题方法 题型说明题型说明 科普知识类文章在高考试卷中是倍受青睐的又一宠儿 每年高考都有关 于科普知识类阅读理解材料的考查 这类文章的特点是科技词汇多 句子长且结构复杂 理论性和逻辑性又都较强 再加之文章所介绍的知识对于同学们来说是比较陌生的 因此 同学们看这类文章觉得是雾里看花 文章特点文章特点 科普类文章的主要特点 1 文章中词汇的意义比较单一 稳定 简明 不带感情色彩 具有单一性和准确性的 特点 综观整篇文章可以明显看出 它没有文学英语中常采用的排比 比喻 夸张等修饰 手段 一词多义的现象也不多见 2 句子结构较复杂 语法分析较困难 为了描述一个客观事物 严密地表达自己的思 想 作者经常会使用集多种语法现象与一体的长句 3 常使用被动语态 强调动作的承受者 4 常使用双重否定句 结构特点结构特点 科普知识类文章结构一般也是由标题 Headlines 导语 Introductions 背 景 Background 主体 Main body 和结尾 Ends 五部分构成 标题是文章中心思想高度而 又精辟的概括 高考这类阅读理解材料一般也不给标题 而要同学们选择标题 导语一般 位于整篇文章的首段 背景交待一个事实的起因 主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述 这一部分命题往往最多 因此 阅读时 同学们要把这部分作为重点 结尾往往也是中 心思想的概括 并与导语相呼应 命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题 备考提醒备考提醒 要做好这类阅读理解题 先要掌握这类文章的特点和结构 真正读懂并 理解它 其次 工夫在课外 平时一定要多读科技幻想类文章 比如 太空与海洋 创造 与发明 计算机发展 人类未来 动物世界等 特别是从网上搜寻一些取材原版 内容时 新 语言鲜活的科技幻想类材料阅读 这样长期坚持 既可以增长知识 开阔视野 又可 以扩充科技词汇 还能提高解答这种类型试题的能力 我们何乐而不为呢 实例分析实例分析 阅读下面的文章 然后做后面的阅读理解题 Robots are smart With their computer brains they help people work in dangerous pl aces or do difficult jobs Some robots do regular jobs Bobby the mail carrier brings mai l to a large office building in Washington D C He is one of 250 mail carriers in the Un ited States Mr Leachim who weighs two hundred pounds and is six feet tall has some advanta ges as a teacher One is that he does not forget details He knows each child s name the parents names and what each child knows and needs to know In addition he knows eac h child s pets and hobbies Mr Leachim does not make mistakes Each child goes and tel ls him his or her name then dials an identification number His computer brain puts the child s voice and number together He identifies the child with no mistakes Then he start s the lesson Another advantage is that Mr Leachim is flexible If the children need more time to do their lessons they can move switches In this way they can repeat Mr Leachim s lesso n over and over again When the children do a good job he tells them something interest ing about their hobbies At the end of the lesson the children switch Mr Leachim off 1 The first paragraph of the passage tells us A human beings are not as smart as robots B robots will take the place of man to rule the earth C we can only use robots to do some regular jobs D robots can help people in many different ways 2 Mr Leachim s makes him a good teacher A knowledge B appearance C advantages D energy 3 What is the most important thing Mr Leachim can do in his lessons A To meet the needs of each student B To talk to the students in different languages C To keep everyone s interest in his lesson D To introduce more hobbies to the children 4 Which of the following statements may be true according to the passage A There are 250 robot teachers in the United States B Mr Leachim is run and controlled by electricity C Bobby works in a large office building in Washington D C D The lessons taught by Mr Leachim are given on a TV set 答案与解析 文章主要讲的是机器人可以以不同的方式帮助人类 1 D 主旨大意题 从 With their computer brains they help people work in dangerous places or do different jobs Some robots do regular jobs 可知机器人可以做各种不同的工作 能以各种 方式帮助人类 故答案选 D 2 C 事实细节题 从 Mr Leachim who weighs two hundred pounds and is six feet tall has some advantages as a teacher 可知答案 C 正确 3 A 推理判断题 从 Another advantage is that Mr Leachim is flexible 可知他非常的灵活 可满足每个学生的要求 故答案选 A from 4 B 事实细节题 从文章最后一句话 At the end of the lesson the children switch Mr Leachim off 可知答案 B 正确 Before the early 1960 s people interested in the differing roles of the left and right hemispheres 半球 of the brain depended almost entirely on facts drawn from animal research form studies of patients with one sided brain damage But it was possible to find out which brain hemisphere was most involved in speech and other functions in normal people by having them listen to two different words coming to the two ears at the same time This became known as the dichotic listening procedure When several word pairs are given in a row people are unable to report them all and most right handers prefer to report and report more correctly words given to their right ears This seems to be related to the fact that signals from the right ear although sent to both hemispheres are better sent to the left hemisphere which controls speech People who have speech represented 回忆 in the right hemisphere a very unusual occurrence even in left handed people more correctly report what their left ears hear In contrast to the right ear advantage for speech there is generally a left ear advantage for another type of auditory 听觉的 signal music 1 Which of the following would be the most proper title for the passage A An Introduction to Speech Damage in Patients with Brain Damage B An Investigation into the Role of the Brain s Hemispheres C An Analysis of Left and Right handed People D An Examination of Dichotic Listening 2 The dichotic listening procedure could best be described as hearing A two different words in the same ear twice B the same word twice in the same ear C two different words in different ears D two different words twice in two ears 3 According to the passage right handed people normally A have better hearing in their both ears B have little difficulty in reporting words given to their right ears C are unable to report word pairs given to their left ears D correctly report word pairs given in a row 4 According to the passage music is best appreciated when heard by A the left ear of right handers B people with a left ear advantage C left handers in their right ears D right handed people who understand melodic patterns 答案与解析 本文主要讲人体的左右半脑对听觉和语言方面的作用和影响 1 B 推理判断题 阅读全文可知本文主要是一项关于人体左右大脑的作用的调 查 故答案选 B 2 C 事实细节题 根据 having them listen to two differ 可知答案 为 C 3 B 推理判断题 根据 and most right handers prefer to report and report more correctly words given to their right ears 可知答案为 B 4 A 事实细节题 根据 When right handed people listen to melodic patterns they report them better from the left ear 可知答案为 A 2010 年高考英语阅读科普类文章 10 安徽 B 篇 Have you ever wondered 1 Why do airplanes take longer to fly west than east It can take five hours to go west east from New York NY to London but seven hours to travel east west from London to NY The reason for the difference is an atmospheric phenomenon known as the jet 喷射 stream The jet stream is a very high altitude wind which always blows from the west to the east across the Atlantic The planes moving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the west east direction when they are moving with the wind than in the opposite direction 2 What would happen if the gravity on Earth was suddenly turned off Supposing we could magically turn off gravity Would buildings and other structures 建筑物 float away What happened would depend on how strongly the things were attached to the Earth The Earth is moving at quite a speed moving at over a thousand miles per hour If you turn something around your head on a string 细绳 it goes around in a circle until you let go of the string Then it flies off in a straight line Switching off gravity would be like letting go of the string Things not attached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line People in buildings would suddenly shoot upwards at a great speed until they hit the ceiling Most things outside would fly off into space 60 What information can we get from the first passage A It is jet stream that affects how fast airplanes fly B Planes go slower when they are moving with the wind C It takes more time to fly from NY to London than from London to NY D The yet stream always blows from the east to the west across the Atlantic 61 The word shoot underline in the 2nd passage probably means A send for B move quickly C come out D grrow quickly 62 It can be inferred that without gravity A buildings and other structures would float away B trees and buildings would not easily fly off C something around your head would not fly away D everything outside buildings would fly off into space 63 Where can we most probably read in the text A In a reseach paper B In a short story C In a travel magazine D In a student s book 答案 60 63 ABBD Passage 2 10 安徽 E 篇 The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world s supply of water With 97 of the world s water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture the wordwide supply of water needs carefull management especially in agriculture Although the idea of a water shortage seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country many of the world s agriculture industries experience constant water shortages Although dams can be built to store water for agriculture use in dry areas and dry seasons the costs of water redistribution 重新分配 are very high Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself but there is also an envitonmental cost to be considered where valleys 山谷 are flooded to create dams houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed Besides water may flow easily through pipes to fields but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to suply its farming requirements This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation 灌溉 In Texas farmers overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25 reduction of the water stores In the Central Vally area of southwestern USA a huge water engineering project provide water for farming in dry valleys but much of the water use has been poorly managed Saudi Arabia s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves Because there is no rainfall in these areas such reserves can only decrease and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry 72 From the first two paragraphs we learn that A much of the word s water is available for use B people in high rainfall countries feel lucky C the costs of water redistribution should be considered D water can be easily carried through pipes across rhe world 73 Which of the folloeing is true A The water stores in Texas have been reduced by 75 B Most industries in the world suffer from water shortages C The underground water in Saudi Arabia might run out in 50 years D Good management of water use resulted from the project in the Central Valley 74 What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows A Steps to improving water use management B Ways to reduce the cost of building dams C Measures to deal with worldwide water shortages D Approaches to handling the pressure on water supply 75 The text is mainly about A water supply and increasing population B warer use management and agriculture C water redistribution and wildlife protection D water shotages and environmental protection 答案 72 75 CCAB Passage 3 10 江苏 D 篇 Imagine one day getting out of bed in Beijing and being at your office in Shanghai in only a couple of hours and then after a full day of work going back home to Beijing and having dinner there Sounds unusual doesn t it But it s not that unrealistic with the development of China s high speed railway system And that s not a11 China has an even greater high speed railway plan to connect the country with Southeast Asia and eventually Eastern Europe China is negotiating to extend its own high speed railway network to up to 17 countries in 1 0 to 15 years eventually reaching London and Singapore China has proposed three such projects The first would possibly connect Kunming with Singapore via Vietnam and Malaysia Another could start in Urumqi and go through Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan and possibly to Germany The third would start in the northeast and go north through Russia and then into Western Europe If China s plan for the high speed railway goes forward people could zip over from London to Beiling in under two days The new system would still follow China s high speed railway standard And the trains would be able to go 346 kilometers an hour almost as fast as some airplanes China s bullet train 高速客车 the one connecting Wuhan to Guangzhou already has the World s fastest average speed It covers 1 069 kilometers in about three hours Of course there are some technical challenges to overcome There are so many issues that need to be settled such as safety rail gauge 轨距 maintenance of railway tracks So it s important to pay attention to every detail But the key issue is really money China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expansion China prefers that the other countries pay in natural resources rather than with capital investment Resources from those countries could stream into China to sustain development It 11 be a win win project For other countries the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business tourism and so on not to mention the better communication among those countnes For China such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much needed resources but would also help develop China s far west We foresee that in the coming decades millions of people will migrate to the western regions where the land is empty and resources unused With high speed trains people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11 And they 11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries 67 China s new high speed railway plan will be a win win project because A China will get much needed resources and develop its western regions B China and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways C China will develop its railway system and communication with other countries D the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation business and tourism 选 B 在文章倒数第二段中有明确答案 68 According to the passage the greatest challenge to the new high speed railway plan is A technical issues B safety of the system C financial problems D maintenance of railway tracks 选 C 在文章第 8 段看到 There are so many issues that need to be settled 及第 9 节中 But the key issue is really money 69 Which of the following words best describes the author s attitude towards China s high speed railway plan A Critical B Reserved C Doubtful D Positive 选 D 尽管在文章第 8 9 段中 提到存在的问题 但从最后两段中不难看出作者是持支持 的态度 70 Which of the following might be the best title for the passage A New Railway Standards B Big Railway Dreams C High speed Bullet Trains D International Railway Network 选 B 贯穿全文须知这只是一个梦想 Passage 4 10 全国 C 篇 Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly flies like a fat chicken eats green leaves has the stomach of a cow and has claws 爪 on its wings when young They build their homes about 4 6m above the river an important feature 特征 for the safety of the young It is called the hoatzin In appearance the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the underside The head is small with a large set of feathers on the top bright red eyes and blue skin Its nearest relatives are the common birds cuckoos Its most striking feature though is only found in the young Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip Using these four claws together with the beak 喙 they can climb about in the bushes looking very much like primitive birds must have done When the young hoatzins have learned to fly they lose their claws During the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds but in April when the rainy season begins they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes 63 What is the text mainly about A Hoatzins in dry and rainy seasons B The relatives and enemies of hoatzins C Primitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon D The appearance and living habits of hoatzins 64 Young hoatzins are different from their parents in that A they look like young cuckoos B they have claws on the wings C they eat a lot like a cow D they live on river banks 65 What can we infer about primitive birds from the text A They had claws to help them climb B They could fly long distances C They had four wings like hoatzins D They had a head with long feathers on the top 66 Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes A To find more food B To protect themselves better C To keep themselves warm D To produce their young 答案 63 选 D 考查文章主题大意 纵观全文 文章主要讲的是 hoatzin 麝雉 这种鸟类的外貌 以及生活习性 64 选 B 根据第一段 has claws 爪 on its wings when young 和第三段可知 hoatzin 在幼年期 是有爪子的 而长大学会飞之后就没有了 65 选 A 关键是 primitive 原始的 早期的 的意思 第三段第二句话 66 选 D 最后一段最后一句话 Passage 5 10 湖南 C 篇 People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why Rachael Jack University of Glasgow researcher said that rather than scanning evenly 均匀的 across a face as Westerners do Easterners fix their attention on the eyes We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions Jack said Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect 忽略 the mouth According to Jack and her colleagues the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed As a result facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross cultural situations The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories happy sad surprised fearful disgusted angry or neutral They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultu