浙江专升本英语阅读理解复习技巧讲义.doc

阅 读 理 解在浙江省专升本考试中，阅读理解(Reading Comprehension)所占比例最大，总分值60分，占试卷总分的五分之二。这一部分主要测试考生通过阅读获取书面信息的能力以及考生对篇章语境中的词汇理解和运用能力。阅读理解分为篇章阅读理解和篇章词汇理解。篇章阅读理解（一）一、大纲解析篇章阅读理解 (Passage Reading) 部分采用多项选择题的形式进行考查。这部分测试分两节：四篇文章和一篇7选5的文章。第一部分为仔细阅读理解，其中每篇长度为300词左右。每个篇章后有5个问题，共20题。考生根据对篇章的理解，从每题的四个选项中选择最佳答案。篇章阅读的材料均选自英文原版材料，包括报刊、杂志、书籍、学术期刊等。选材的大体特点如下：1、题材广泛，包括人文科学、社会科学、自然科学等领域，但所涉及的背景知识应为学生所了解或已在文章中提供。2、体裁多样，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文等。3、阅读篇章难度适中，整体的难度大致介于浙江省大学英语三级考试与全国英语四级考试之间。二、做题步骤及解题技巧根据专升本考试的时间安排，做一篇篇章阅读的时间大致需要控制在10到12分钟之内。要在这个时间内完成一篇阅读，需要合理的安排做题的时间和做题的步骤。建议的做题步骤可以分为以下几个阶段：1、 审清题目 阅读一开始的时候，首先应该读题，可以用一到两分钟的时间，理解题干的意思，并且可以圈出题目中出现的关键词。圈出关键词非常重要，这样有助于考生能迅速的找到题目所问的相关内容，使学生了解文章结构，让他们明白哪些是重点，哪些是次要点。通过审题，考生可以对题目大致有个了解，这样便能在阅读文章的过程中，读到相关内容时提高注意力，能更加着力分析其所含意义，有利于加深印象。2、 阅读文章 在阅读文章的时候，考生需要以较快的速度从大量材料中捕捉相关的重要信息，这就便要求考生必须养成良好的阅读习惯。切忌不要逐字逐词阅读，理解每一个单词、词组或句子的意思，这样很花费考试时间，没有效率。而是应该根据中心词和重点词连贯阅读，把握每段的中心句或中心思想，根据题干中标出的定位词在文章中定位关键信息，把握文章的大意。 在阅读整篇文章时需注意以下几点：(1) 注重段落首末。近几年浙江省专升本的阅读理解题目增加了对段落首末内容的考查。在每段首末处，文章内容都会经常出现一些很具有代表性的观点和总结性的概括，这经常会成为阅读主旨和总结的考查地方。读文章时特别要注意首段的首尾两句话，大多数情况下，这两句话回事全文的主旨，会表明整篇文章所表达意思的基调和方向。 (2) 注意转折性连接词。文中的转折性的词汇经常会成为阅读考点的标志性词汇，这类词汇是考题的解题题眼所在。例如however、but等词汇，跟在这些词汇后面的内容通常就是考题的答案所在。 (3) 略读例句。阅读中经常出现一些例句，只用来补充说明文章所陈述的观点，这些句子通常是由for example、for instance、e.g.等短语或词语来引导。对于这些例句，除非阅读文章涉及的题目中有所提及，否则往往可以快速过掉甚至可以忽略不读，这样也能更加的提高阅读的速度。(4) 忽略某些研究所表明的观点。阅读文章中，作者在给出某个观点后，有时会在观点之后加上某些研究表明(常出现research、survey、study等词汇)，那么同样，除非阅读文章后的题目中有所提及，否则这些research、survey、study等所陈述的具体内容通常也可忽略不读。因为通常情况下，这些都只是作者在表明他的观点后面，为了进一步论证这一观点，使文章更具有说服力，使他的观点更加鲜明。然而，这些例子或者研究其本身对文章的主旨大意并没有任何影响，因此可以忽略。 3、理解解题在阅读完整篇文章之后，考生能了解和理解其大致意义，对文章也有了整体把握，这么更能有助于他们解题。解题时通常可以通过之前审题圈出的关键词，找出关键词所在原文的句子或者段落。对这句话或者段落重点理解和分析，然后再联系考生自我对文章的整体把握，逐一排除选项，最后选出最佳答案。三、主要题型（一）主旨大意题主旨大意题主要是考察学生概括、综合的能力。从整体上来说，主旨大意题是阅读题型中要求算高的，因为它要求考生看完文章后，能对文章的大概框架作一个宏观把握，归纳文章的要点，概括文章的中心思想和分析文章的章篇结构，从而解答后面的题目。一般来说主旨大意题的考点都会很明显在出现在文章之中，通常的位子会是首段的首句或者尾句，更或者主题就存在与文章末尾段。在读文章的时候，特别要注意首尾两端有转折性的引导词，引导词后面的语句大多数会是作者想表达的观点，切忌注意。1、主旨大意题常见设问方式What is the main idea of the passage?What does the passage mainly discuss?What is the main topic of the passage?Which of the following can best sum up the passage?Which of the following can best express/ summarize/ convey the main idea of the passage?This passage is mainly/ primarily concerned with _ .This passage is mainly about _ .This passage mainly discusses/ deals with _ .The purpose/ aim of the passage is to _ .The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to _ .The passage is intended to _ .2、主旨大意题解题技巧(1) 文章首尾，首段首尾成为常见命题点。对于整篇文章来说，中心句、主题句通常就是在首尾的位子。同样，对于段落也是如此，段首和段末一般是该段的主旨句。对于阅读时间紧张的同学，有的时候实在是为了节约时间，可以通过仔细分析主题句、忽略其他部分去理解文章或者段落大意。(2)标志性引导词。常见的标志性引导词有but, however等转折性的连接词和表因果的连词because, therefore, for, as a result等。它们所引导的句子往往会标明作者的意图和观点，需要着重分析理解。(3)特殊标点符号。在文章的首段或者尾段带有冒号和破折号的语句通常是作者的想法，表明文章的内容和主体。For example:2010年浙江工商大学阅读理解Text 5 第51题：The word religion is derived from the Latin noun religio, which denotes both earnest observance of ritual obligations and an inward spirit of reverence. In modern usage, religion covers a wide spectrum of meaning that reflects the enormous variety of ways the term can be interpreted. At one extreme, many committed believers recognize only their own tradition as a religion, understanding expressions such as worship and prayer to refer exclusively to the practices of their tradition. Although many believers stop short of claiming an exclusive status for their tradition, they may nevertheless use vagueoridealizing terms in defining religion for example, true love of God,orthe path of enlightenment. At the other extreme, religion may be equated with ignorance, fanaticism,orwishful thinking. By defining religion as a sacred engagement with what is taken to be a spiritual reality, it is possible to consider the importance of religion in human life without making claims about what it really isorought to be. Religion is not an object with a single, fixed meaning,oreven a zone with clear boundaries. It is an aspect of human experience that may intersect, incorporate,ortranscend other aspects of life and society. Such a definition avoid the drawbacks of limiting the investigation of religion to Westernorbiblical categories such as monotheism (belief in one god only）orto church structure, which are not universal. For example, in tribal societies, religion unlike the Christian church usually is not a separate institution but pervades the whole of public and private life. In Buddhism, gods are not as central as the idea of a Buddha. In many traditional cultures, the idea of a sacred cosmic order is the most prominent religious belief. Because of this variety, some scholars prefer to use a general term such as the sacred to designate the common foundation of religious life.Religion in this understanding includes a complex of activities that cannot be reduced to any single aspect of human experience. It is a part of individual life but also of group dynamics. Religion includes patterns of behavior but also patterns of language and thought. It is sometimes a highly organized institution that sets itself apart from a culture, and it is sometimes an integral part of a culture. Religious experience may be expressed in visual symbols, dance and performance, elaborate philosophical systems, legendary and imaginative stories, formal ceremonies, and detailed rules of ethical conduct and law. Each of these elements assumes innumerable cultural forms. In some ways there are as many forms of religious expression as there are human cultural environments.51.What is the passage mainly concerned about？A. Religion has a variety of interpretation.B. Religion is a reflection of ignorance.C. Religion is not only confined to the Christian categories.D. Religion includes all kinds of activities.解析：答案A。题目就是一个典型的主旨大意题，问及全文的主要内容，考查考生的总结和归纳能力。整篇文章是都是围绕“religion”这个单词展开说明，介绍这个单词的起源以及它的含义和解释。从第一段第二句和文章最后一句话可以看出，“religion”的解释和表现形式有很多种，全文其他部分都是在对此进行说明和补充，因此答案为A。2008年浙江工商大学阅读理解Passage 1第81题：Science is guided by the vast body of scientific laws that have been established through careful experimentation over the past 300 years. Although there is no precise prescription for doing science, there is a general scheme for doing science. Science begins when a natural phenomenon is observed that raises a question for which there is no known answer. Doing science involves thinking of ways to explain the natural phenomenon and answering the question raised. The various explanations invented by a scientist involve a creative process that is based on ones own personal experiences as well as known scientific laws and theories. Thinking of the initial question to ask about the observed phenomenon, and all conceivable（能想得出来的）explanations (or hypotheses) to explain the phenomenon are among the most creative moments in doing science.A hypothesis is based on ones personal life experiences, and can also embody a known scientific theory or law. The combination of a theory or law that applies to the phenomenon under study plus the scientists proposed hypothesis to explain the phenomenon is called a model. A model can be a statement of a concept, a physical model, a diagram, or a mathematical expression. The process of explaining the patterns and trends in data based on known scientific theory is called modeling the data. A reason that a model is always simpler than the actual phenomenon observed is that the theories and laws are simplifications and generalizations of the patterns observed in nature. The basic premise in science is that knowledge is advanced when a correspondence is found between the model and the observed phenomenon. The foundations of scientific inquiry in the physical sciences rest on developing the skills to pose a scientific question, to develop, to test and to apply a scientific model that adequately accounts for the observed phenomena.85. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Hypothesis and Model in Science.B. The Function of a Hypothesis.C. How is Science Done?D. Phenomenon and Scientific Inquiry.解析：答案C。这道题考查的也是考生对文章主旨的把握。这道题还是需要通读全文之后才能选出正确的答案，A这个选项表示科学中的假说和模型，这个只是文章第二段的描述和归纳，不全面。B项表示假说的运用，也只是文章第二段的一个内容，并非全文的主旨。D项说明是科学探究与现实现象，这个只是第三段的概括说明。全文是阐述了科学是怎么形成的，故答案为C。(二) 短文细节题短文细节题考查信息查找能力和句子的理解能力。细节题在阅读理解考试中所占的比重相当大，细节题的内容包含广阔，很细小的点都会成为细节题的考点。这类问题要求考生需要认真仔细的理解与文章有关的内容，正确把握文章的情感，以及找出其他有关的细节或具体的数据等。短文细节题有个很明显的特点就是问题答案能在文章中直接找出。很多时候答案都是原句换了一个表示的词汇，但是意思仍与作者意图相同。由于考试时间非常紧张，对于考生来说，做好细节题，首先是要在原文找到相关信息。首先就需要理解题干的意思，找出关键词，然后再到文章中定位到相关语句，对此句再进行认真分析和理解。1、短文细节题常见设问方式 Which of the following is true/false? Which of the following is not the result of _?What causes _?Why does the author mention _?The author gives this example to illustrate _?Which of the following are people allowed to do?What do we know about _?Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of _ ? The question in lines XX is based on which of the following assumptions? The author uses which of the following in the XX paragraph? In line XX the author distinguishes between_?2、短文细节题解题技巧(1) 关键词定位，利用题干中的关键词或者关键短语快速在文中找到相应的词或句子，在对应的词或句子所在的句子中认真理解分析，再选出答案。(2) 在重要、关键的词语或短语下做上记号，如表示时间与年代的词；表示条件、目的、方法、步骤、原因等词；表示人名、地名或其他的专有名词；数据；某些副词（如：always, seldom, absolutely, entirely, relatively, particularly, hardly, merely, virtually等等），这些词汇或短语都有可能成为答案所在的标志。(3) 注意留意复合句，如同位语、插入语、定语、不定式等，往往这种复合句能使考生更加明了作者的意图。(4) 圈出表示条件、递进、转折、例证、原因、总结等语标词，它们所引导的句子很有可能藏有考点，它们均与短文细节有所关联。For example:2012年浙江省专升本阅读试题Passage Four中第16题： The U.S. Travel Association confirmed in a survey what many frustrated fliers already know: The No.1 airport headache is passengers who pull too many carry-on bags through security and onto flights.That number has skyrocketed in recent years86 million more bags were carried on in the year than during the same period two years earlier, the Transportation Security Administration estimates.The reason for the carry-on jump is no mystery: All the major domestic airlinesnow charge to check (托 运) even one bag, generally $25. To save money and time at the baggage claim, passengers carry as much as they can on board, with predictable consequences.At security checkpoints, these millions of extra bags, many of them denselypacked, mean longer lines. Once past security, the fun continues at boarding. On a typical flight, theres a fierce fight for scarce overhead bin space, extending the boarding process. Bags that are stuffed under seats make passengers even more uncomfortable.There has got to be a better way. In fact, there is. Heres what a more sensible system would look like:No fee for the first piece of checked luggage. It would be better if airlines simply raised fares( 机票) instead of fees. Limit the carry-on size and charge for large carry-ons. Use templates( 标尺) at the security checkpoints to cut off the monster bags that now often escape airline staffs notice until theyre right at the door of the plane. Tax the airlines income from fees the same way that fares are taxed. Currently, the fees are tax free, encouraging airlines to generate income through fees rather than fare increases.Were sympathetic to the airline industrys need to make money, but the baggagefeespreviously intended to offset rising fuel costshave become an interruption that slows down the security check, offloads costs onto fliers and makes the boarding process even more unpleasant than it already is.1 What makes the air travelers most frustrated at the airport? A. The limited overhead bin space for bags.B. The number of bags they carry onboardC. The long line at the baggage claim.D. The extra fee they have to pay for carry-ons.解析：B。根据关键词frustrated可以定位到文章第一段。得知：让乘客最为头痛的就是安检和登机的时候携带过多的行李。故答案为B。(三) 词义猜测题词义猜测是指在阅读理解中，考生需要根据上下文的意思和自己所学的内容去推测不熟悉或者陌生的词汇或者短语的大意，要求考生就词汇或者短语找出近义词或者合理的解释说明。词义猜测题主要考查以下几个方面：(1) 考查考生熟悉词汇的生僻含义，即很多词汇考生了解其通常含义，但是在具体的情境和语境之中，词汇会有一些不常用的陌生意义。(2) 考查考生对指代词的理解，例如文章中所出现的it, this, that等指代词，考查这些词汇所指代的意思。(3) 考查考生通过对其近义词、反义词甚至是修饰词的理解去猜测词汇意思。(4)考查考生理解文中俚语、谚语的意思。1、词义猜测题常见设问方式 The word “” in the passage means _ .The word “” (Line ) could be best replaced by _ .According to the passage, the word “” is referred to as _ .As used in the passage, the phrase “” suggests _ .The sentence “.” means that _ .The sentence “” can be paraphrased as _ .What does the sentence “” mean?What does the sentence “” imply?The word “it” (Line ) refers to _ .The word “one” could be best replaced buy which of the following words?Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “”?The term “” in paragraph can be best replaced by_ .2、词义猜测题答题技巧(1) 可根据所考查词汇与整篇文章主旨的关系来猜测，与主题基调和意义相近或者相符合的，通常就是词汇的适当解释。(2) 通过文章中对词汇或者短语的定义和解释来猜测语义。在阅读中，有的所考词汇作者会对其进行定义或者解释说明，这样考生就能够直接的正确理解词汇的意思。(3) 利用文章中的同义词和反义词来猜测语义。在很多情况下，考生可以通过理解所考词汇的同义词或者反义词，来判断词汇的意思。(4) 通过逻辑关系来猜测语义。上下文的逻辑关系是个很好的推理依据，根据上下文的因果关系、转折关系、论证关系、递进关系和对比关系等，来确定词汇语义。(5) 利用某系词缀可以猜测词语的意思。考生需要掌握常见的前缀和后缀，例如看到un, im, in, ab等开头的词汇，通常就是表示反义的意思。For example:2012年浙江省专升本阅读试题Passage Three中第12题：We covet（垂涎）their food, their wine and their ability to stay slim while consuming both but should we be admiring the French for their parenting skills, as well? In her very buzzy new book, “Bringing Up Bebe,” American mom and Paris resident Pamela Druckerman makes the argument that the French have a leg up on rearing their children. “Theres something about the way the French parent that makes it less of a grind and more of a pleasure,” writes Druckerman, a former Wall Street Journal reporter. She cites a 2009 study finding mothers in Ohio think caring for their children is far less pleasant than mothers in Rennes, France.What exactly do French parents do thats so different from American parents? A few examples: Teaching kids patience and self-control through delayed gratification: French parents teach their children to wait for what they want from an early agefor a few minutes, usually instead of immediately giving into kids demands. “ Im now convinced that the secret of why French kids rarely whine or collapse into tantrums（发脾气）or at least do so less than American kidsis that theyve developed the internal resources to cope with frustration,” Druckerman writes. Sleep training often begins at birth: In France, babies are expected to be sleepingthrough the night by the time theyre four months old. Parents dont ignore their babies cries but they do pause before responding to them. “French parents believe its their job to gently teach babies to sleep well,” she writes. “They dont view being up half the night with an eight-month-old as a sign of parental commitment.” They dont give in to guilt over spending time away from their kids: French women believe that “its unhealthy for mothers and children to spend all their time together. Childreneven babies andtoddlersget to cultivate their inner lives without a mothers constant interference.” 12. The underlined words “have a leg up” in Paragraph 2 probably means _. A. offer help B. gain advantage C. act fast D. stand up 解析：B。根据短语中的up一词，就可以推测其意思应该是正面积极的。由第一段的最后一句should we be admiring the French for their parenting skills, as well? 我们是否也该羡慕法国人养育子女的能力？有下文可知法国人在养育子女方面是有很多优势的，故答案B符合。(四) 推理判断题推理判断题是要求考生通过阅读玩文章后，根据所读内容、文章主旨、逻辑分析以及文化背景等对所考查内容进行推敲和判断，从而理解作者的想表达的深层含义。阅读理解中涉及推理判断的面很广泛，凡是没有明确表达的意思，属于字里行间隐含的意思都属于推理的范围。这部分题往往出题量较大，难度较大，错误率也比较高，考生在做这类题时首先要尽量避免其他项的干扰。1、推理判断题常见设问方式 The passage implies / suggests / shows that _.It is implied / suggested / indicated in the passage that _.It can be inferred / seen /concluded from the passage that _.The author implies / suggests / indicates that _.We can learn / conclude from the passage that _.Which of the following can be concluded from the passage?Which of the following conclusions could best be drawn from the passage?Based on the passage, we can assume / presume that _.The writer implies but not directly states that _.2、推理判断题答题技巧(1) 推理和判断题一般都会根据全文主题的背景，所以考生在做推理判断题的时候，一定要注意选项的含义应该与全文的基调保持一致。基于原文合适的推理和深刻的理解都有可能是正确的诠释，反而那种照抄原文的通常不会是正确的选项。(2) 在选项中用词过于绝对的，一般不会是答案(3) 推理判断的原文大多数会是对某一论点的论证或者进一步的说明，所以在分析推断的时候可以反复去理解主要的论点。(4) 语义转折的地方仍会是出题点，着重注意。For example:2012年浙江省专升本阅读试题Passage Two中第8题：Lloyd Slocum was unemployed for 18 months, but like hundreds of thousands of Americans, hes working part time this holiday shopping season, unloading trucks and stocking shelves for a Bealls store in Port St. Lucie, Fla. “It gives you something to look forward to,” says Slocum, 29. He plans to use cash to buy his father a Christmas present and hopes to move on to a full-time position with Bealls/Burkes stores, a Sunbelt chain. Black Friday, the official start of holiday shopping heat, also kicks off the less-celebrated season of the part-time worker. Retailers （零售商）alone are hiring about 500,000 seasonal employees this year, most of whom are part time, according to the National Retail Federation. Retailersrecent shift to opening on Thanksgiving or midnight on Black Friday has intensified the need for part-time workers. Holiday jobs offer financial and emotional lifeline for many of the nations jobless. They also point up a troubling reality: A near-record number of Americans are working part time throughout the year, even though they would prefer full-time jobs. It is not just because of the recession （经济衰退）. Economists cite a broader, longer-term shift toward part-time work as employers cut expenses and more precisely match staffing with ups and downs of customer demand. The number of part-timers who really want full-time positionsso-called involuntary part-time employeeshas risen fr