名词性从句详细讲解.docx

名词性从句名词性从句宾语从句1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。 在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。 在从句中担任成分，作状语。3、连词：that, whether, if, as if。 在从句中不担任成分， 注意：引导词的作用：1 连词whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）只有连接的功能，而不在从句中充当句子成分。 that作连接词，本身无任何含义。2. 连接代词和连接副词不但有连接的功能，同时还要在从句中充当一定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语宾语从句：从句在句中充当宾语的成分。宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语，还可作某些形容词的宾语从句。一般由that, whether, if, who, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why等连接 Jenny thought (that) her teacher was unfair.Id like to know which one is your husband.I am sure (that) he wont mind.He said that he was doing his homework. (注意时态的对应)Mother told me that she would buy a bike for me.I dont know when he will come.注意think, believe, suppose等的用法（反意疑问句一从二三主） I think that he will come, wont he? She thinks that he will come, doesnt she? I dont think he will come, will he? I think that he will come (提问he) Who do you think will come? that引导宾语从句无意义，不充当句子成分常省略。但下列情况除外：（1）介词宾语从句的that不省略（2） and连接的几个从句，第二个从句以后的从句的that不省略。He told me that he had two sons and that they both had gone to college.（3）在动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句结构中，that不省略。 如果主句的谓语动词是make, find, feel, consider,等，往往可用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后I heard it said that he had gone abroadWe found it impossible that he could finish it in such a short timeWe think it wrong that he told a lie to everyoneWe make it a school rule that students should wear school uniform.Whether ,if 引导宾语从句：两词可互换，但是下列情形除外：（1）whether从句中有or not（2）whether从句做介词宾语Everything depends on whether you agree with us 宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序She asked what second language I was studying then.介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。介词之后的宾语从句一般由wh疑问词连接 Im interested in whether youve finished the work.Im interested in what youve said.I was surprised at what he said.I am worried about whether he is safe.注意that 从句作宾语从句只用于except that 及 in that 结构 I know nothing about the man except that he is an Italian.充当一些形容词的宾语 be + 形容词 (sure, afraid, happy, glad, sorry)+ that I am afraid that I have made a mistake. We are certain that we will win the game.主语从句主语从句1.一个主语从句的谓语动词用单数。2.通常为了句子平衡用it做形式主语,而将主语从句放于句尾。3.由that引导的从句，that虽然没有什么意思，但是却不能省略。4.WH引导的从句,引导词放于句首，从句用陈述句语序。5.放于句首时表示是否只用whether, 连词that（无词意）, whether(是否),who, what, which, when, where, how, why That you dont like him has nothing to do with me.Whether John will do this experiment remains a question. Whoever wants this book may take it.When they will start hasnt been decided yet.Where the hero went is not mentioned at the end of the story.在主语从句中我们常用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。It doesnt matter whether you will come or not.注意以it 开头的特殊主语从句(尤要注意其变形) It is certain thatIt seems/ happens / appears that It is said / reported/ estimated / believed It is likely that Its possible/ important/ necessary/ clear/ strange/ natural that . ,该句型从句的谓语动词使用虚拟语气形式：should+动词原形。 It is certain that he will win. It seems that he is an honest man. It is said that he will go abroad for further study. It is likely that he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. It is strange that he should fail in the exam.表语从句在复合句中作句子表语的从句, 一般位于系动词之后。 The question was who could go there.The trouble is that we know too little about it.Thats what he is worried about. Thats why I was late.That is where he was born.That is how he did it. the reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导，the reason why . is that我们学生易犯“the reason is because”的错误The reason why he was late was that he was held up by a traffic accident. The reason why the little actress has been such a success is that she is both clever and hard-working.同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：fact, news, message, doubt, possibility, idea, reason, belief, hope, thought, promise, suggestion, question 等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。对名词做进一步的解释说明其的内容The fact that he remained silent in the meeting surprised everybody. The news that our team has won the match is true.We must face the fact that we might lose the game.He cant answer the question how he got the money. The question who should go abroad requires consideration.同位语从句与定语从句的区别：We expressed the hope (that) they had expressed.我们表达了他们曾经表达过的那种希望。（定语从句）We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.我们表示希望他们再来中国访问。（同位语从句）The news that he won the game surprised us. The news that he told me surprised us.从语法角度上看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何句子成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中作主语或宾语等句子成分。从语义角度上看，同位语从句与前面的名词hope是同位关系，表示hope的内容是they would come to visit China again。因而同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词作补充说明；而定语从句与它前面的名词是所属关系，表示“的”（他们曾经表示过的），起修饰作用，因此定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词。-同位语从句的连词that不能省略，而定语从句的关系代词that，当其在从句中作宾语中，可省略，作主语也不可省略。Ive heard the news that he visited our factory.Ive heard the news that he told you the other day.直接引语和间接引语直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，原话用有引号，而间接引语是引述别人的话，不用引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语改为间接引语时，引述动词是现在时，则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变。She says, “ Ill never forget the moment She says that shell never forget the moment.但是如引述动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应的变化。遵循下列规律：一、 一般规律。在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词 this these that those时间状语 now today yesterday last week tomorrow next yearTwo days ago Then that day the day before the week before the next day the next year two days before地点状语 here there动词时态一般现在时现左进行时现在完成时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时（不变）过去将来时动词变化can/maymustcomebringcould/mighthad togotake二、三要素。 要素一：陈述句的间接引语连接词用that，在口语中可省略。引述动词用said, told, ,等。 He said: “Ive left my book in my room.” He told me that he had left his book in his room. She said: “He will be busy.” She said that he would be busy.要素二： 疑问句的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用if或whether，而引述选择疑问句时只能用whether，引述动词用asked，没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语me, him等，例如：She said to Tom, “Can you help me?” She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.She asked, “Is this book yours or his?” She asked me whether that book was mine or his.(2) 特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词，改为陈述语序。例如：The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?” The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.要素三：祈使句的间接引语采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构。 即 asked sb. (not) to do sth. 注意：引语中的呼语可改成宾语。引语中的please 去掉，动词改为 ask He said to the students, “Dont waste your time.” He told the students not to waste their time.The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.” The mother asked Tom to get up early.三、 “四不变”在直接引语变间接引语时，还要注意以下四种不变的特殊情况。1直接引语如果是客观真理，谚（习）语，变间接引语时时态不变。例如：The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.My father said, “Practice makes perfect.” My father said practice makes perfect.2.直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的，习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的，变间接引语时，时态保持不变，例如：He said to us, “I usually get up at six every day.”He told us he usually gets up at six every day.He said, “We are still students. He said they are still students.3 直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语，时态不变。例如：He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”He told me that he was born in 1978.The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”The engineer said he was at college in 1967.4直接引语中凡有When， since，while 引导的从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句时态，从句的时态不变。 He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” He said he had studied English since he was a boy.Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job. 易混淆知识点引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略：1. 宾语从句前有插入语。如：We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们呆在家里。2. 有间接宾语时。如：He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如：He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.他说那本书很有趣，所有小孩都喜欢读。4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如：I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我们认为他有必要留在这里。5. that从句单独回答问题时。如：What did he hear? 他听说了什么事？That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。6. 在except等介词后。如：He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。7. 位于句首时。如：That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如：He replied that he disagreed. 他回答说他不同意。四组名词性从句引导词用法区别1. what 与that的用法区别两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语从句，区别是what可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语，意为“什么”或“所的”，而that仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略)：He doesnt know what she likes. 他不知道她喜欢什么。What you say is quite right. 你所说的相当正确。I believe (that) he will come to see us. 我相信他会来看我们的。Its a pity (that) he didnt finish college. 真遗憾他大学没毕业。另外，that 可引导同位语从句，但 what 通常不用于引导同位语从句：I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。2. whether与 if的用法区别两者的用法异同注意以下几点：(1) 两者均可引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换：He asked if whether we wanted a drink. 他问我们是否想喝一杯。He didnt tell me if whether he would come. 他没有告诉我他是否会来。【注】若是引导条件状语从句，则只能用 if(意为“如果”)。(2) 当引导一个否定的宾语从句时，通常用 if 而不用 whether：I dont care if it doesnt rain. 我不在乎天是否下雨。【注】在个别词语(如 wonder, not sure 等)后的从句否定式有时也可用 whether 引导：I wonder if whether he isnt mistaken. 我想知道他是否错了。(3) 以下情况通常要用 whether 而不用 if： 引导宾语从句且置于句首时：Whether he has left, I cant say. 他是否走了，我说不定。 引导主语从句且放在句首时：Whether he will come is still a question. 他是否会来还是个问题。【注】若在句首使用形式主语 it，而将主语从句放在句末，则有时也可用 if 来引导：It was not known whether if he would come. 不知他是否会来。 引导表语从句时：The question is whether we should go on with the work. 问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。【注】在很不正式的场合if偶尔也用于引导表语从句，但远不如用 whether 常见。 引导让步状语从句时：Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that. 不管他同意与否，我都要那样做。 引导同位语从句时：The question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它还没有考虑。 用于不定式之前时：Im not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留还是去。I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. 我真是哭笑不得。 用于介词之后时：It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。 直接与 or not 连用时：I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能来，我将写信告诉你。【注】若不是直接与 or not 用在一起，则有时也可用 if： I dont know whether if he will win or not. 我不知他是否能赢。 在 discuss(讨论)等少数动词后引导宾语从句时：(from )We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。3. that ,why 与 because的用法区别它们在引导表语从句中很容易混淆，区别于下：(1) 当主语是reason(原因)时，后面的表语从句的引导词通常用that：The reason why he didnt attend the party yesterday is that he hasnt come back yet. 他昨天没有参加聚会是因为他还没有回来。【注】在现代英语中，有时也用 because，但不如用 that 普通。(2) why和 because 都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调的原因：I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. Thats why I got