10专题十 定语从句和名词性从句.doc

专题十 定语从句和名词性从句高考真题回顾1. A good friend of mine from I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing(2009年安徽卷27题)A. how B. whom C. when D. which 【考点】本题考查when引导的定语从句。【解析】本句主语是a friend, good和mine及from when I was born都做friend的定语。谓语是showed up。at my home作地点状语，before I left for Beijing作时间状语。from when I was born是一个含有介词的定语从句，from表示从,自，when 表示时间，from when I was born 意思是从我儿时的（出生时的）。答案选C。 【翻译】就在我准备去北京前，我儿时的一位好朋友到我家里来了。【扩展】本题除定语从句外，还出现了from表示“从, 自表示开始的时刻”的用法，如：From now on, I will only be working in the mornings.从现在起，我将只在上午工作。另外，还有动词短语leave(left为leave过去时) for 表示“前往”。如Im going to leave for Shanghai at 7:00 by train this evening.我将乘晚上7点火车去上海。【脱口而出】a good friend of An old friend of my fathers, who lives in German, is a famous engineer. 我父亲一位老朋友是著名的工程师，住在德国。from From the moment he saw her, he loved her.他对她一见钟情。leave for She will leave from China for Austria to learn music next year.她明年将离开中国去奥地利学音乐。2. Many children， parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village(2009年安徽卷30题）Atheir Bwhose Cof them Dwith whom【考点】本题考查关系代词whose引导的定语从句。【解析】whose parents are away working in big cities是非限制性定语从句，对先行词children起解释说明的作用，前后用逗号隔开。whose 是关系代词，既起连接作用，又做parents的定语。把该从句抽出来，Many children are taken good care of in the village. 是一个被动语态的简单句。答案选B。【翻译】许多父母远在大城市外出打工的孩子在村里得到很好的照顾。【扩展】本句还出现了take good care of的被动用法take care of “照管，管理”这是常用的动词短语。例句：Who will take care of the dog while we are away?我们外出时，谁来负责照看这条狗呢？【脱口而出】be taken care ofDont worry about your childrenthey will be taken good care of.不用为你的孩子们担心了,他们会得到很好的照顾。whoseA person whose e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails.（如果）一个人的邮箱账户满了就不能再收、发邮件。3. -What do you think of teaching, Bob?（2009年北京卷26题）- I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting.A. where B. which C. when D. that【考点】本题考查由where引导的定语从句。【解析】本题先行词是job是一表示抽象地点的名词，关系副词where起连接作用，且在定语从句中作状语。point, case, stage, job, situation等表示抽象地点的名词充当先行词时，常用用关系副词where来引导定语从句。类似的句子：Im looking for a new job, one where I get a bit more job satisfaction. 我正在寻找一份新工作，一份从其中可以得到更大满足感的职业。【翻译】 “你认为教学怎么样？”“我觉得教学既有趣又有挑战性，是一个在其中你需要认真对待但令人感兴趣的职业。”【扩展】本句还考查了something serious but interesting 当形容词修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing等时，要放在不定代词之后。例如: Has anything exciting happened in your hometown? 你家乡有什么令人激动的事情发生吗？【脱口而出】think ofWhat do you think of the weather in Australia? 你认为澳大利亚的天气怎么样？be taken care ofDont worry about your childrenthey will be taken good care of.不用为你的孩子们担心了,他们会得到很好的照顾。something Im looking for something different.我在找一件与众不同的东西。findMy brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting. 我弟弟从没去过国外，一次发现这次旅行非常令人激动。4. She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.（2009年海南卷28题）A. them B. who C. whom D. these【考点】本题考查由whom引导的非限制性定语从句。【解析】句中由逗号隔开，说明是非限制性定语从句，用在介词of后表示部分且指人，只能用whom（宾格形式）引导。答案是C。类似的表达：Mrs. Brown has three children, all of whom are now at college. 布朗太太有三个孩子，现在都上大学。【翻译】她带了她的三位朋友，我以前没见过其中任何一位。【扩展】本句还考查了none of“（一组两个以上中）没有任何一个”, 可指人亦可指物，例如：None of my friends ever come(s) to see me. 没有一个朋友来看我。None of their promises have been kept.他们的诺言一个也没有信守。【脱口而出】none of -Whos that letter from? - Its none of your business. -谁来的信？-跟你不相干。whomTom is the only person for whom I have the greatest respect. Tom是唯一让我非常尊敬的人。5. My friend showed me round the town, was very kind of him. （2009年全国卷17题）。A. which B. that C. where D. it 【考点】本题考查由which引导的非限制性定语从句。【解析】从句前由逗号隔开，只能是非限制性定语从句，which指代前面整个句子。主句是一个简单句。类似的句子：Theyve won their last three matches, which I find a bit surprising. （2009年辽宁卷23题）他们赢得了最后三场比赛的胜利，这一点我感觉有些吃惊。答案是A。【翻译】我朋友带我参观了这座城镇，这真是太好了。【扩展】本句还考查了showround“带（某人）四处参观”The guide will show you round the museum. 导游将带你们参观博物馆。be very kind of也是常用短语。【脱口而出】showroundIll send someone to show you around.我会派人带你四处逛逛。be very kind ofIts very kind of you to help me with my English.你帮助我学英语真是太好了。6. The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. （2009年江西卷26题） A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which【考点】本题考查含有介词的定语从句。【解析】本句主语是the house，后跟一定语从句（which）I grow up in, 谓语是两个并列的现在完成时的被动语态。定语从句前省略了引导词which, which 在从句中作介词in的宾语， which引导的定语从句只能放在从句之首。答案是B。【翻译】我从小在那儿长大的那座房子被拆了，代之以一栋办公楼。【扩展】本句还考查了动词短语grow up“长大成人”, take down“拆毁”, replace by“更换，替换”及现在完成时的被动语态。【脱口而出】grow upI grew up in a village in Northeast China. 我是在中国东北的一个农村长大的。take down Well have to take the house down because it is too old. 这房子太老了，我们将必须将它拆掉。replaced byWeve replaced the old camera with/by a new digital one.我们用新的数码相机更换了旧的相机。7. I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, _ _ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.（2009年天津卷14题）A. as B. which C. when D. though【考点】as引导的非限制性定语从句。【解析】as和which都可以引导分限制性定语从句指代整个主句。as从句中有“正如，就像”的意思，而which无此意。类似的句子：That village lives in a lonely valley, as many people think. 正如许多人想象的那样，那个村庄位于一个偏僻的山谷。另外，as 引导的从句可放于句首，而which引导的只能放于句末。答案选A。【翻译】我每天乘坐便捷铁路到滨海新区，就像许多住在天津市商业区的商人一样。【扩展】本句主句是一简单句，从句当中还有一定语从句who live in downtown Tianjin 做businessmen的定语。as 放在句首引导定语从句很常用。如：As was natural, my father retired when he was sixty.我父亲六十岁时退休了，这是很自然的事。【脱口而出】as is known to us allAs is known to us all, the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。8. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.（2008年江西卷35题）A. where B. when C. who D. which【考点】where引导的定语从句。【解析】该句的先行词是cases，定语从句被will be introduced to readers隔开，where consumer complaints 是cases定语从句，当point, case, stage, job, situation等表示抽象地点的名词充当先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，用关系副词引导定语从句。关系副词where在定语从句中做状语。cases同时做have resulted in changes in the law 的主语。该句结构较复杂，如分析清楚将发现定语从句部分并不复杂。答案是A。【翻译】在这章后面将把由消费者投诉导致法律方面的改变的案例介绍给读者。【扩展】本句中还考查了将来时的被动语态和常用动词短语“result in”“导致，造成”。例句：Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration. 紧张和疲劳常使人精神不集中。“introduce to”“介绍，引见”，I introduced John to Mary last year, and now theyre married.我去年介绍John和Mary认识，现在他们结婚了。【脱口而出】introduceLet me introduce myself, my name is Mary. 自我介绍一下，我叫Mary。result inThe accident resulted in the death of two passengers.这起事故导致两名乘客丧生。9. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _ New York is an example.(2008年四川卷4题) A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which【考点】含有“介词+关系代词”的定语从句。【解析】介词of 表示“其中”，which先行词是many cities。答案为C。【翻译】世界上许多城市已没有地方进一步扩延，其中纽约就是一个例子。【扩展】本句中还考查了there is no room to“没有地方”和常用动词短语“spread out”“（使）扩延，（使）广布”，例句：The news of plane crash soon spread out widely. 飞机失事的消息很快就广泛地传开了。【脱口而出】there is no room toThere is hardly room to breathe in here.这儿挤的都没有喘气的地方了。spread outIn the past five years, Beijing City has spread out rapidly in all directions.在过去五年里，北京市向四面八方迅速的扩展。10. At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see _ it got any better.（2009年北京卷31题）A. when B. how C. why D. if【考点】if 引导的宾语从句。【解析】本句主句是两个并列句，由but连接。if引导的从句做see的宾语。if表示“是否”。答案选D。【解析】开始时他讨厌这份新工作，但决定给自己几个月的时间看看是否会好转。【扩展】本句中还考查了but连接的并列句, 和动词不定式decide to, give sb some time to。例句：After a long time of thinking, he decided to go abroad to learn music.经过长时间思考，他决定到国外学音乐。Give him enough time to get home before you telephone.等他到了家，你再打电话给他。【脱口而出】butHe is very old but he is in good health. 他年纪很大，但很健康。give sb some time to Ill give you 24 hours to make a decision.我给你24小时的时间做决定。decided toWe couldnt decide which one to buy.我们不能决定买哪一个。He decided to get married. 他决定结婚。11. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do it takes to save her life.(2009年湖南卷28题)A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever 【考点】宾语从句的引导词。【解析】do后为宾语从句，引导词whatever（无论如何）同时又做从句中takes（需要）的宾语，to save her life 是从句中真正的主语，it是形式主语。类似的句式：It took ten men to break the door down. 用十个人才把那扇门拆掉。答案：C。【翻译】她对我们非常珍贵，我们要不惜一切代价挽救她的生命。【扩展】本句还考查了be prepared to do sth“愿意做某事” 的用法。例句：Im not prepared to listen to all your weak excuse. 我不愿意听你说这些站不住脚的借口。save ones life挽救某人的生命 The doctor managed to save the patients life.医生设法挽救病人的生命。【脱口而出】be prepared to Im prepared to help you whenever you need.无论何时，我都愿意帮助你。It takes to do sthIt takes a lot of courage to do a thing like that.做那种事得有极大的勇气。12. Many young people in the West are expected to leave could be life s most important decision - marriage - almost entirely up to luck.（2009年江苏卷34题）A. as B. that C. which D. what【考点】宾语从句的引导词。【解析】what could be lifes most important decision是一宾语从句做动词leave 的宾语，同时引导词需在从句中作主语，只能选what。主句主语是many young people谓语are expected to是被动语态，后面跟的是动词不定式。答案：D。【翻译】在西方人们相信许多年轻人把生命中最重要的事情如婚姻交由运气。【扩展】本题还考查了expecte to“相信，预料”的用法，例句：They are expected to make a decision later on today.预料他们晚些时候会做出决定。leave to“把留给”例句：Ill leave it to you to buy the tickets. 我将把买票的事留给你去办。【脱口而出】expect toI fully expected to see themthey come every year.我完全相信会看到他们，他们每年都来。leaveto Dont leave anything to chance.办什么事都不要靠运气。up to “Shall we go out?” “Its up to you.”“我们出去好吗？”“那由你决定了”13. The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.（2008年北京卷30题） A. which B. that C. what D. who【考点】主语从句的引导词。【解析】该句主语是the companies谓语是are working 进行时后跟动词不定式to create, create 后整个是一宾语从句做它的宾语，这一宾语从句中的主语由一个主语从句what they hope担当。类似表达：I believe what he told me is true. 我相信他告诉我的是真的。答案：C。【翻译】这些公司正进行合作，努力创造出他们心目中21世纪最好的交通工具。【扩展】该题除考查从句外，还考查了means of “方法，手段”；by all means“当然，完全可以”；by means of “使用，应用”；by no means“决不”。means ofThe quickest means of travel is by plane.最快的交通工具是飞机。by all means“May I borrow your paper?”“By all means”“我可以借你的报纸吗？”“完全可以。”by means ofWe express our thoughts by means of words.我们用词句来表达思想。by no meansIt is by no means of certain. 完全难以肯定。14. It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future.（2009年天津卷7题）A. as B. which C. whether D. that【考点】主语从句。【解析】该句中it是形式主语，that引导的从句做真正主语，that在从句中不做句子成分。类似的表达：It was obvious that the pilot could not control his plane.很明显，飞行员控制不了飞机。【翻译】很明显，对于学生来他们应为将来做好充分准备。15. is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.（2008年福建卷27题）A. It B. What C. As D. Which【考点】主语从句。【解析】该句是一主语从句。注意跟as引导的非限制性定语从句的的区别，比较下面的句子： As is known to us all, the 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London.众所周知，2012年奥运会将在伦敦举行。答案：B。【翻译】众所周知，2008年奥运会将在北京举行。【扩展】该句还考查了动词短语take place“发生，举行”和be known to“为某人所熟知”。take placeThe meeting will take place soon. 会议即将举行。An accident took place at this cross three years ago. 这个十字路口三年前发生过一起交通事故。be known toHe is known to the police.(=as a criminal)他是警察所熟知的罪犯。16. _ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.(2008年山东卷23题)A. It B. This C. What D. As【考点】主语从句。【解析】选项要引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，故选C。另外，she told me 是一插入语。important常构成一个句型It is important for sb to do sth“对某人来说做某事时重要的”。It is important for sb to do sthIts important for people to learn to read.人们学习阅读是重要的。17. The little girl who got lost decided to remain _she was and wait for her mother. （2009年山东卷28题） A. where B. what C. how D. who 【考点】表语从句。【解析】remain 是一系动词，后跟一表语从句，由where引导，表示地点，且在从句中做表语。另外，该句主语里who got lost是一定语从句，先行词是the little girl。答案：A。【翻译】迷路的小女孩决定停在原地，等她的母亲。【扩展】该句还考查了系动词remain停留，留下和动词短语wait for等待。【脱口而出】remainShe remained at home to look after the children when her husband went out.丈夫外出时，她留在家里照顾孩子。wait forDont wait dinner for me; I shall be late.别等我吃饭，我要晚点来。18. The last time we had great fun was _ we were visiting the Water Park.（2008年山东卷12题）A. where B. how C. when D. why【考点】表语从句。【解析】本题考查表语从句，先行词是the last time引导词指时间，且在从句中做时间状语。另外，本句主语是the last time, we had great fun是一定语从句，修饰主语。答案：C。【翻译】最后一次玩得很开心是在浏览水上公园的时候。【扩展】本题还考查了动词短语have great fun玩得很开心。【脱口而出】have great funYoull sure to have great fun at the party tonight.你在今晚的晚会上一定会玩得很开心。19. The fact has worried many scientists _ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.（2009年江西卷33题）A. what B. which C. that D. though【考点】同位语从句。【解析】先行词为the fact, 同位语从句是对the fact的解释。答案：C。【翻译】这些年地球变得越来越暖这一事实使许多科学家担忧。【扩展】本题还考查了worry使烦恼，使焦虑和动词短语become warmer and warmer变得越来越暖的用法。例句：The increasingly poor quality of his work is beginning to worry his teachers.他的功课越来越差，老师因而开始着急起来。【脱口而出】worryWhat worries her most is the health of her son.她最担心的是她儿子的健康。becomeIn autumn, the weather in Beijing is becoming cooler and cooler.20. News came from the school office _Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. (2009年 四川卷7题)A. which B. what C. that D. where【考点】同位语从句。【解析】先行词为news，同位语从句是对news的解释、说明。答案：C。【翻译】学校办公室传来王琳被北京大学录取的消息。【扩展】本题还考查了动词短语be admitted to允许入内，被入取。例句：He was admitted to hospital suffering from burns.他由于烧伤，被送入院治疗。此外，admit（to）意思是“承认（坏事）”; admit可以跟动名词，从句，动词不定时做宾补。admit（to）He admitted his guilt/admitted to the murder.他承认犯了罪/谋杀罪。admit +vnHe admitted stealing the bicycle. 他承认偷了自行车。admit+(that)He admitted that he had stolen the bicycle. 他承认偷了自行车。admit +obj +toThe fuel leak is now admitted to have been the cause of the trouble. 燃油泄漏被确认是造成这次灾难的原因。基本要点梳理定语从句一、 概述在复合句中，由一个句子来修饰某一名词或代词，这个句子就叫定语从句。所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句可以紧跟先行词，如：A person whose e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails.如果一个人的账户满了就不能再发或收邮件。也可以根据特殊需要而跟先行词分隔，如：There was a lady there who was singing an English song. 那儿有一位女士，她在唱一首英文歌。二、 常用连接词及其用法引导词可分为关系代词that，which，who（whom，whose）, as和关系副词where，when，why.它们既起连接作用，又在从句中做状语。1 that的用法1.1 当先行词是不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing, all, little, few, much, none, all时，常用that。Ive forgotten everything (that ) I learn at school.1.2 先行词是数词时，只能用that。He bought two birds yesterday. Now I can see the two that are singing in the cage.1.3 先行词既有人又有物事，只能用that。He was watching the people and luggage that filled the car.1.4 先行词序数词或被序数词修饰或者是最高级或被最高级修饰时，只能用that。The first English novel that I read was Jane Eyre.David is the tallest boy that I have ever seen in the school.1.5 先行词被only, very, just, last, one of, all, no, little, few, any等词修饰时，只能用that。The only thing that I need to do is to buy a ticket.现在我唯一需要做的事是买票。1.6 如果有两个从句，其中一个用关系代词which, 另一个用关系代词that, 以避免重复。He bought a new car, which was made in Japan, that I have never seen before.他买了一辆日本产的新车，我以前从未见过。1.7 当主句是there be 结构，如主语是物，修饰其主语的定语从句用that。There is a book on the desk that belongs to David.书桌上那本书是大卫的。1.8 当who引导的特殊疑问句中，先行词指人时，用that。Who is the little girl that is standing under the tree.在树下站着的那位小女孩是谁？1.9 当关系代词在定语从句中做表语时，常用that。She is not the women that she was.她已经不再是以前的那个她了。2 which 的用法2.1 当关系代词前有介词时The house which I grew up in has been taken down and replaced by an office building. 我从小长大的那座房子被拆掉并建成了一栋办公楼。2.2 引导非限制性定语从句时，可代表先行词或者前面整个句子。which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后。The old building, which was a library twenty years ago, is going to be taken down. 20年前是一图书馆那栋旧楼，将被拆了。Mary won the first prize, which made us very happy. Mary荣获一等奖，这使我们很高兴。2.3 先行词为that, those且指物时。What are those which were put in the truck.放在卡车里的那些东西是什么？2.4 如果有两个从句，其中一个用关系代词which, 另一个用关系代词that, 以避免重复。Let me show you the book that I just bought from the book shop which is near our school.让我给你看看我刚从我们学校附近的书店买的那本书。3 who 的用法3.1 当先行词是one, ones, anyone 或those等，只用who。Anyone who goes out in this weather must be crazy.谁在这样的天气出去一定是疯了。Those who dare to disobey the traffic rules will be punishment.那些竟敢不遵守交通规则的人将会受到惩罚。3.2 there be 结构中，先行词指人时，只用who.There is a little girl under the tree who is reading a book. 树下有个女孩在读书。3.3 引导非限制性定语从句。The lady, who is sitting on my right, said she is a doctor.坐在我右边的那位女士说她是位医生。3.4 先行词是人，后面有较长修饰语时，只用who。I met a friend of my brothers in the zoo yesterday who has just come back from Australia. 我昨天在动物园遇见我哥哥的一位朋友，他刚从澳大利亚回来。3.5 为避免重复或引起歧义，当句子中有两个定语从句，一个用that时，另一个用who。The man that help me with my English is our new English teacher who has just graduated from the university.帮我学英语的人是我们新英语老师，他刚从大学毕业。3.6 当先行词是I，you, he, they等时（常用于谚语之中）。He who plays with fire gets burned. 玩火自焚。4 when 的用法when是关系副词，在定语从句中做时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to the school.我仍然记得我第一次来学校的那一天。Mary will never forget the happy time when she lived in the countryside. Mary将永远忘不了她住在乡下的快乐时光。5 when 的用法where是关系副词，在定语从句中做地点状语。This is the village where I was born.这是我出生的村庄。The school where his father teaches is in the east of the city. 他父亲任教的那所学校在城市的东部。Im looking for a new job, one where I get a little more job satisfaction.我正在寻找一份新工作，一份从其中能得到更大满足感的工作。6 why 的用法why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语。 There are the reasons why we do it.这是我们这样做的原因。He couldnt give the teacher a good reason why he was absent.他不能为他的旷课给老师一个很好的理由。名词性从句一、 概述名词性从句包括同位语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句，对于名词性从句考查一般是对连接词的选择，首先从结构上要做出清楚的判断，就容易从选项中选出答案。特别要注意同位语从句和定语从句的区别：同位语从句是对先行词的补充说明，连接词不做从句的成分。而定语从句连接词在从句中作句子成分。二、 同位语从句很多名词后跟一从句说明其内容，该从句就是同位语从句。同位语从句的先行词多为抽象名词如：fact, news, report, idea, promise, thought, reply, information, possibility, feeling, word, story, doubt, remark等。连接词为that, whether, why, who, why, where, how, when等。I heard the news that he has gone to Shanghai. 我听到消息，他去上海了。I have no idea why she left. 我不知道他为什么走了。Whoever has helped the drowning girl is worth praising. 无论是谁帮助救那溺水的女孩都值得赞扬。特别要注意同位语从句和定语从句的区别：同位语从句是对先行词的补充说明，连接词不做从句的成分。而定语从句连接词在从句中作句子成分。三、 主语从句由一个句子来做主句的主语的句子是主语从句。连接词有从属连词that, whether, if; 连接代词who, what, which; 连接副词when，where, how, why及“疑问词+ever”等。That well praise the boy for his good behavior is certain. 我们将表扬这个男孩的好行为是确定无疑的。Whether he will come or not doesnt matter too much. 他是否要来关系并不太大。四、 3. 宾语从句由一个句子来做宾