高中英语教学论文 如何写好英语段落.doc

如何写好英语段落1. 明确中心一篇文章必须具有明确的主题(topic)，而作为文章的一个段落，则必须是该主题的某个要点或侧面，即有明确的段落中心。为帮助同学们学习和使用这一方法，使段落主题明确，中心突出，下面分别举例介绍主题句、发展句和结论句。A. 主题句主题句(topic sentence)是将主题作概括性的陈述，而不提供具体的细节。主题句一般位于句首，开门见山提出主题，随后辅以细节或举例加以说明或论证。请看一个段落：Smoking is harmful to your health. Experiments show that smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious disease cancer, smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it gives one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? 该段落很有特色，从Smoking is harmful to your health，可看出全段所表达的中心吸烟有害健康，这就是主题句。然后通过几个句子发展句，来说明吸烟的危害，倒数第二句话又说smoking is harmful.这就使得前后连贯、照应。最后用非常有力的Is it worth it? 结尾，更是发人深思。主题句在句首是常见的，但有时也可出现在段中或出现在段落的末尾。请看下面这个段落：People in the western world do not eat such healthy foods. They eat too much fat and sugar and dont take enough exercise. Because of this, they put on weight very easily. Their diet contains a lot of fat in the form of potato crisps, potato chips, butter, cream and chocolate. They eat a lot of sugar in the form of cakes, soft drinks, sweets and so on. The result is that many of them become fat. And some have bad teeth. In some parts of Britain, one person in ten, by the age of thirty, has no teeth left! 该段落的主题句出现在段中。其中的第一、二句话不是主题句，而是展示两个原因(过渡)，第三句Because of this, they put on weight very easily提出主题。最后，用几个句子(扩展句)说明所摄取的糖、脂肪的来源及其后果。值得一提的是，并非所有的段落都有主题句。有的段落就没有主题句，不过其所有的句子都有一个共同的指向，都是围绕一个中心来写，也就说所有的句子都为一个中心服务。 B. 扩展句扩展句指围绕主题句进行论证、说明、解释的句子，是支撑主题的细节，又叫支撑句或支持句。请看下面这个片段：Most students of our school, including me, are against the construction of a chemical works near our school. We think it will do us great harm than good. The drinking water will be polluted. 这个段落展开不够。该段落谈论的是“反对在学校附近建造化工厂”的问题，但是后面的说明太单薄，不够具体全面，特别是根据“在学校附近修建化工厂”，理应简单谈谈修建化工厂对学校的影响。请看下文：Most students of our school, including me, are against the construction of a chemical works near our school. Although the works will make a lot of money for our city, we think it will do us great harm than good. The drinking water will be polluted, and this will do great harm to the people and animals around it. Also it will make a lot of noise, which will disturb the atmosphere of the study. We need quiet places to study. Last, the air over the city will be polluted too. We will never be able to breathe fresh air. How can we live here any longer? 这样发展句分三个层次来谈论“反对在学校附近修建化工厂”的原因：先点明“弊大于利”，然后从其所带来的水污染、噪音污染和空气污染三个方面进行说明，最后以一个强有力的问句结尾，发人深思。因此，这个片段就更充实、具体，说理更透彻。(from )说明主题的方式有很多，但不论是哪一种方式扩展细节，都必须为主题服务，能够突出主题。不相关的扩展句则会影响段落的统一性，给读者理解造成障碍。如：We like our English teacher. He is 36 years old. He is strict with us in everything and he is strict with himself, too. He has a good way of making his classes lively and interesting and his lessons are not easily forgotten. Sometimes he is angry with us, and we are afraid of him. He always leaves us a lot of homework to do. If we havent finished it, he will tell us to stand face to face at the back of the classroom.扩展句应该围绕主题组织材料，上面这个段落可说是一个失败的段落。该段落使用了主题句：We like our English teacher. 按理来说下面的扩展句应该围绕这个主题来组织材料，但后面几个句子：Sometimes he is angry with us and we are afraid of him. He always leaves us a lot of homework直到最后都与主题无关，应该删掉。或另起一段，写这个老师的另一方面。 C. 结论句结论句又叫总结句，它标志着一个段落的结束，自然应位于一个段落的结尾。结论句可用来重述主题，提供问题的解决方式，对未来进行预测，提出问题让读者去思考，或对全段内容加以概括。结论句之前常常会出现 in short, in a word, briefly speaking, to sum up, therefore等词语。请看下面一个段落：Last Friday, I booked a table near the window for dinner in your hotel, as I was going to treat my two American friends to a typical Chinese meal. But Im quite disappointed with your service. We went there at the time as arranged, but the waiter told us there were no seats available. After about one and a half hours, we were asked to share a table with an old couple. The food was not delicious and some dishes were too salty. Ill appreciate it if you can look into the case.该段落是先叙述一件事，然后以 Ill appreciate it if you can look into the case. 结尾，即“通过提出自己的想法”作为结论句，本段的写作目的跃然纸上。但并非所有的段落都有结论句，有的也可采用自然结束的方式。如：Roads were washed away in the peak area. Tons of mud and rocks crashed down on the houses below. 64 people died in the flood and more than 2,500 lost their homes. For some time after the flood, helicopters flew to help the people there. Tractors and trucks worked hard to clear away the big rocks and earth. Many people sent money and necessities of life to the people attacked by the flood and helped them rebuild their hometown.该段就是以自然的方式结束的。该段落先写这一地区遭受的自然灾害，然后用3句话写抗灾情况。该段落没有主题句，也没有结论句。2. 合理的组织合理的组织指段落中句子的安排要符合逻辑顺序，做到句与句衔接，意思前后连贯，以利于中心思想的明确表达。A. 按时间或年代顺序来写对讲故事或写个人的简历等的段落，可按时间顺序写。例如：My name is Li Hua. I was born in Shandong in April, 1965. I started school in 1972 when I was seven years old. I studied in Yucai Primary from 1972 to 1977. After that, I went to No. 7 Middle School of Pingyi and graduated there. After that, I passed the college entrance examination in 1983 and went to study in Linyi Normal College. After four years study, I graduated and came back to work in my mother school, No. 7 Middle School. Ever since, I have been working here for about 20 years. 该段就是根据其个人简历，按照时间顺序来写的B. 按空间次序来写在描写段落如参观一个学校，描写一处景点等主要按照空间顺序来写，给读者一个立体的概念。请看一个段落：Let me tell you how to get there. After you come out of the Friendship Hotel, turn left and go straight until you get to the first crossing. Turn left again and walk along the street until you reach the next crossing. Then turn right and cross the street. After walking just two minutes, you will see a gate on your right. Go through this gate. There is a big building in front of you. The language centre is on the second floor, and you cant miss it.从Let me tell you how to get there. 可知， 该段是给“人”指路的，故应以“实际”路线来写，即让人读后能找到“the language centre”。C. 按一定的逻辑顺序来写在描写一个段落时，要重视逻辑顺序，要做到既不片面，又有重点。请看下面这个段落：With the development of computer technology, the Internet has become more and more popular. Some students regard it as a great helper. Since there is a lot of information on line, you can surf the Internet for any information you need in a short time without working hard in the library. It is also very convenient to communicate with others by using the Internet. However, other students think that there is some information on line that is not good for the students. In addition, spending too much time playing games on line will not only have a bad effect on study but also do harm to our health. Therefore, we should make proper use of the Internet. It is of great importance for us to separate good plants from wild weeds.该段落先点出Internet 越来越受欢迎，然后从两个方面来谈“学生对上网”的看法，一些同学认为Internet对学习有帮助：1)可以在网上获取信息，2)与人交际方便。而有些同学认为上网会浪费时间：1)网上有不良内容，2)在网上玩游戏浪费时间，3)影响健康。这样层层紧扣，最后指出“我们应该合理使用Internet”，并指出应把Internet上的良莠区分出来。3. 恰当的过渡有些考生只重视将意思表达清楚，忽视语句间的连接，忽视了过渡词语的使用，结果写出来的文章结构不严谨，上下文意思不连贯。请看下面这个段落：Bob Geldof was born in Ireland in 1954. When he was fourteen he became interested in pop groups. He left school and worked first in a food factory and later he worked as a worker of building roads. He went to Canada where he wrote about music for a newspaper. In 1975 he returned to Dublin, the capital of the Irish Republic, where he formed his own pop group. From 1979 to 1982 they were the top group in Britain, but in 1982 the group stopped playing together.该段落虽没有主题句，但都围绕着Bob Geldof(其简历或所从事的职业)来写，句与句之间按时间顺序依次写出，更突出的是，在写作中使用了过渡性词语，如first,later; but, and及省略等手段。合理使用过渡性词语能够增加句与句之间的联系。下面把常见的过渡性词语大体归类举例如下：(1)表示列举和顺序的连接词：first(firstly), second(secondly), third(thirdly)(首先，其次，再则); for one thing, for another (thing)(一方面，另一方面); for one thingalso(一则再则), then; finally, last, lastly(最后)等。如：I cant go. For one thing, I have no money, also I have no time. 我不能去，一则我没有钱，二则我没有时间。(2)表示增补或引申意义的连接词：besides, furthermore(而且), then, above all, whats more, whats worse(更糟糕的是), indeed, in fact, naturally(自然地)等。如：Tom shows great interest in physics, furthermore, he wants to be an astronaut in the future.汤姆在物理方面很感兴趣，而且他想以后当一名宇航员。(3)表示概括或总结的连接词：then, in brief(简言之)，in a word, generally speaking, in short等。如：Its a long letter; but in brief, he says “No”. 这是一封长信，但简言之，他拒绝了。(4)表示同位关系或解释性的词语： namely(也就是), in other words, for example, that is, that is to say等。如：John is a Londoner; that is, he lives in London.约翰是伦敦人，也就是他生活在伦敦。(5)表示结果的连接词：so, therefore, as a result, in this way等。如：His bicycle was stolen, therefore, he had to go to work by bus. 他的自行车被盗了，所以他不得不乘公共汽车上班。(6)表示推论的连接词语：(or) else(否则), otherwise, then, in that case等。如：He must be joking, or else hes mad.他一定在开玩笑，否则他就疯了。(7)表示转折意义的连接词语：instead, on the contrary(恰恰相反), on the other hand, but, however等。如：George is very bright, but he never studies. 乔治很聪明，但是他从不学习。(8)表示让步关系的连接词语：anyhow(无论如何), anyway(不论怎么样), however, still(然而), though, yet, in any case, after all, all the same等。如：I said I would call him. However, I was too busy.我说过我会给他打电话，但是我太忙了。(9)表示时间过渡的连接词语：meantime, meanwhile, in the meantime, at the same time等。如：Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the room. 妈妈去买东西；同时我在家里打扫房间。Some students were playing volleyball. At the same time, others were playing football.一些学生在打排球。同时，其他的学生在踢足球。在实际写作中，除了上面的过渡性词语外，有时还可使用整个句子作为过渡，如： “My advice is as follows.” “Let us move on to the next issue.”有人曾把段落内过渡性词语比作铆钉(rivets)和铁轨(rails)，使段落构成一个完整的有机体，并引导读者了解作者所要表达的内容。请看下面这个段落：My parents contacted others mainly by sending them letters in the past, but now we call long distance at home. And once my parents listened to the radio for news and other information, but now we watch the news and other programs on TV. Another big change is in the housing conditions. When they got married about 20 years ago, my parents lived in a small room crowded with furniture, but now we have moved into a big new three-room apartment. In short, changes in our life in the last ten years have brought us comfort and convenience.这个段落采用今昔对比的手法来写，主要运用了表示对比关系的词语but，如in the past, but now we ，总结性词语in short等；同时，还使用了过渡句Another big change is in the housing conditions.，然后把居住环境变化大列举出来，最后以in short, changes in our life in the last ten years have brought comfort and convenience作为结束(可看作结论句)，为文章画龙点睛之笔。可以说，整个段落始终紧扣主题，一气呵成，构成一个完整的段落。(三、写好段落应注意的问题 1. 段落的统一性段落内部的统一性，是段落写作的基本要求。一个段落只能有一个主题，其他所有的事实、例子、证据等都应服务与这个主题。请看下面的一个段落：My father is very strict with his children, especially me. He will not let me out of the house unless I have done all my homework. Frankly, I do not care whether I go to school or not. School is such a waste of time. There are not any good jobs, anyway. My mother does not agree with my father. They quarrel a lot. Sometimes, I wish they would get a divorce(离婚), but then who would I live with?就叙述的严谨性而言，上述段落中没有明确的主题，内容从父亲到学校，又到母亲， 没有围绕一个中心思想，因此该段落不是一个好段落，不符合统一性原则。再看一篇短文：Great changes have taken place in my village.Ten years ago, the small and low houses of my village lay on the north of a lake. They produced much waste. As a result, the lake was seriously polluted. To the west of the village was a sandy field, which was the source of much dust whenever wind was blowing. Worse still, a brickyard on the southwest side of the lake used up a great deal of good soil. Now the poor houses have been replaced by green trees and the brickyard by tall buildings. The sandy field that the village used to plough has been covered with fruit trees. On the lake, the villagers often spend their spare time boating and fishing.In a word, my village has become a modernized and green one.从Great changes have taken place in my village可知，本文写的是“我村的变化”，然后分两个段落来写。第一段写10年前的“旧模样”，段落内各个句子都围绕这个中心来写；紧接着下一段写“现在的模样”，围绕变化这个中心来写。可以说这两个段落都符合统一性原则。2. 段落的连贯性段落内的各个句子要连贯、衔接自然，这是段落的连贯性原则。为了使段落衔接、连贯，除了上面提到的使用过渡词语增加连贯性外，在实际写作中还常用到以下几种方法：A.使用主题句请看一个段落：I found some of the customs new and interesting. People here dont shake hands as much as we do in Asia. During the first few weeks, I was often surprised because people dont put out their hands when I met them. Men raise their hats to women but not to each other.该段落先以I found some of the customs new and interesting作为“主题句”开始，用几个扩展句来说明“new and interesting”，先是对人们见“我”不握手表示“surprised”，然后是“我”见到男子见了女子举帽，而女子则不还礼。这些都是围绕主题句来写的。B. 合理组织句子合理组织句子是指段落中各个句子的安排要符合逻辑顺序，做到句与句之间上下衔接，意思前后连贯，以利于中心思想的明确表达。如讲故事或介绍某人的经历可按时间顺序安排句子；如描写一个场所，可按空间次序安排句子等。请看习作(介绍著名运动员孙淑伟)：Sun Shuwei, a world champion in diving, is a boy of fourteen. He comes from Guangdong Province. He liked swimming when he was a small boy. At the age of eight he became a member of the diving team in Guangdong Province. When he was fourteen, he came to our national diving team. He won a gold medal in the 11th Asian Games，which were held in Beijing in 1990. In 1991 he became a world champion at the 6th World Swimming Championships.本段是按时间顺序来写的，尽管文中使用过渡词不多，但读后仍给人一种清晰顺畅的感觉。当然在写这个段落时，除时间起关联作用外，代词(he)的使用也是使段落连贯的一种重要手段。 C. 适当增加细节书面表达评分标准有“适当增加细节”一条内容，也就是说在写作中我们不能简单地把各要点孤立地表达出来，而是应根据情景和文章的主题适当地增加些内容，如可增加句子，也可在某些句子中增加成分。请看习作(有关“家访”的讨论片段)：(1)I think teachers visits to kids home can make teachers, students and their parents know each other better through talking face to face. (2)Students can know how much care their teachers have given them. (3)Besides, the teacher can make different suggestions to different students.该段落虽然没有语言错误，层次也较为清晰，但如果再适当增加些细节则会使上下文连贯、紧凑，同时也符合老师“家访”的实际。如句(2)前加 From these visits，则可使句