时态及语态的讲解及练习.doc

时态自主学习的重点：1. 各种时态的基本概念与形式2. 各种时态的时间状语3. 各种时态的句型4. 各种时态的特定语境1各种时态的基本概念与形式时态是表示谓语动作时间概念的动词形式。英语中的时态专指谓语动词而言，不同时间概念的谓语动作有不同的时态，每一个时态又有各自不同的动词形式，而且这动词形式的变化是考查的重点, 平时一定要熟记。一般过去过去进行过去完成过去将来高中阶段要求学生熟练掌握八种时态，大概可以分成三大类：现在时过去时一般将来将来进行将来时注意：有些时态会几种不同的意义，而且不同的意义会有不同的时间状语或句型限制或提示。而这些时间状语或句型限制或提示就是解题的关键。一、一般现在时态这种时态有以下常用的种定义：1.经常反复发生的动作或规律性的动作常用时间状语：often, sometimes, usually, always, seldom, in the morning, every day, on Sundays2. 表示客观事实，普遍真理。如，The earth travels around the world.3.用于时间条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示将要发生的动作即由when, if, after, before, as soon as, in case, though, until, unless, as long as 如：When he comes back home, I will tell him.(主句一般将来时, 从句一般现在时, 即主将从现)4.表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态，只需要记住以下这两个句型就行:Here comes the bus! There he comes.5.表示安排或计划好的将来的动作，只限于少数几个动词：go, come, arrive, leave, start等，一般用于飞机航班，列车，客车班车定点定时出发的。The bus from Deqing to Zhaoqing starts at 10 oclock in the morning.(说明这一班车是每天定点定时发出的)二、一般过去时1.在过去某个时间或时间段发生过的动作, 这个动作的全过程已经结束,并与现在没有联系。诸如yesterday, last week, last month, on December 3rd, 2001,the other day, at that time, just now, in 1890ago都是典型的一般过去时的时间状语。2.表示过去的习惯或经常发生动作,现在不是这样了, 常用时间状语:often, usually, seldom等。如，I usually went to school by bike.三、一般将来时定义:将要发生的动作:形式: will do（在语法填空中常用，而较少用到以下三种）be going to do，be to do ，be about to do一般现在现在进行现在完成常用时间状语:tomorrow, next week, in a few days, next Sunday四、现在进行时定义:表示此刻正在进行的动作表示目前这段时间内正在进行的动作(尽管此时此刻该动作并不进行)如：I am writing a novel these days.(并不是说话时也在写，只是这一段时间在写)表示反复出现或习惯性动作, 含有说话者的赞扬,不满,讨厌,遗憾等情绪，常与副词always, constantly 等连用。如，She is always thinking of others instead of herself.她总是想着别人，而不是她自己。（赞扬）He is always sleeping in class.他总是在课堂上睡觉。（不满）五、过去进行时过去某一时间或某段时间正在进行的动作表示一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行或用于描写故事情景,提供事发生的时间背景.如:The reporter said that the UFO was travelling east to west when he saw it.Mary was making a dress when she cut her finger.六、现在完成时定义1:表示说话之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果对现在的影响依然存在。时间状语:already, yet, now, just, by this time 例: Lets go to see the film tonight. Oh, sorry I am afraid I cant go with you because I have already seen it.(因为过去已经看过了已经知道剧情所以不会再去看.)2.表示从过去开始一直持续到现在时间状语:recently, lately, in the past/last few years, since then, since last year, since two years ago, for a long time.例:I have worked as teacher since I graduated from college.(从毕业一直当老师到现在而且还可能持续下去.)3.表示经历过的事情时间状语:often, never, only, twice, before, since, ever 例:1. This is the first time that I have been in Beijing.(到北京的经历) 2. 就如广告的那句话: “你喝过山泉水吗?”(也是表示一种经历) Have you ever drunk mineral water?所以平时问”你做过事情吗?”一般都会用Have you ever done?七、过去完成时表示过去的过去, 这个时态一定要有一个过去的动作作为参照物，由此发生了同一般过去时混淆的问题。过去完成时是一种相对的时态，它必须有一个过去的动作为参照，比这个过去的参照动作更早的动作才能用过去完成时。如果没有这个过去的参照的动作，就没有过去完成时，即使是一亿年前的动作也是一般过去。如:When he arrived at the bus station, the bus had left already.或者用于特定的句型:如I had hardly picked up the phone when he rang.I had no sooner started out than I was called back.八、现在完成进行时由过去开始,延续到现在并且可能继续进行的动作. 现在完成进行时在句子中一般可以翻译成”一直”如:People have been talking of it a lot recently.最近人们一直在谈论这件事。（说明人们现在还在谈论着）For years we have been dreaming better housing and jobs.多年来我们一直梦想着更好的住房和工作。（说明我们的住房和工作还没有改善）一般过去时,现在完成时,过去完成时的区别上述三个时态在使用中容易混淆是因为他们有相近的地方, 彼此之间的混淆便由此产生。只有抓住他们的不同,才能熟练地将这三种时态区别开。一般过去时只用以陈述过去发生过的事情。现在完成时表达的动作虽然发生在过去,但说话时要强调的是这个过去的动作与现在有关系。 要掌握一般现在时，现在/过去进行时，现在/过去完成时的谓语动词的形式变化基础练习一：1. He _(swim) every morning before he goes to work.2. The flight _(leave) at 8:00a.m. every day.3. Mr. Lee _(teach) English in Xian Shan Middle School. He is very strict in his work.4. He _(go) to school by bike sometimes.5. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as he _(arrive).6. John usually _(play) basketball after school. He _(study) hard, because he hopes to be admitted into his ideal university.7. Hey! Be careful! There _(come) a car!8. If it _(rain) tomorrow, we will not go camping.思考与总结:_基础练习二：1 Why are you always _(come) late for class?2 Dont make any noise! He is _(write) an essay now.3 They are _(talk) on the phone now.4 All the students were _(sit) in the classroom, when the headmaster passed the classroom.5 They are _(play) basketball on the playground now.6 We were _(have) dinner when he came.思考与总结:_基础练习三：1 When I arrived at the bus station, the bus had_(leave).2 He went to town and _(buy) an umbrella in a shop.3 She has been _(bring) up by her grandmother.4 Life has _(teach) me to think.5 It was terrible. Her school _(catch) fire because lightning hit it.6 She was happy that all her hard work _(pay) off.思考与总结:_提升训练:1 I _(repair) my bike at this time yesterday.2 -Where is Tom?-He has gone to the post office. He said he _(come) back soon.3 Light _(travel) much faster than sound.4 We _(see) several members of the family since we arrived.5 I _(wait) until he comes back.6 Look! They _(plant) trees on the hill.7 We _(have) lunch when suddenly someone knocked at the door.8 Here _(come) the bus!9 When he _(come) back I will let you know.10 A hunter is a man who _(catch) animals.11 He _(see) the film several days ago.12 Our teacher told us that the earth _(turn) from west to east.13 She _(learn) more than 2000 new words so far.14 The old man had a slip of foot and _(fall) down when he _(run) for the bus.15 Dont make any noise. I _(listen) to the weather report.16 Helen _(leave) her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband _(come) home.17 Up to now, everything _(go) well.特殊句型要求一定要用某种时态(请课后经常诵读):1 The plane _(take) off at 11:30.2 I will go if he _(invite) me.3 I will tell him about it when he _(come) back.4 She _always_(help) people.5 He_always_(forget) to bring his dictionary.6 Lets keep to the point or we_(not reach) any decision.7 Work hard or you _(not pass) the exam.8 Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _(see) advertisements.9 I _(not see) him since he left.10 It is three years since he _(leave) his hometown.11 It was three years since he_(leave) his hometown.12 It was a long time before we _(meet) again.13 It will be a long time before we _(meet) again.14 This is the best book he _(read).15 This is the third that you _(tell) me the same thing.16 It was the third time that you _(tell) me the same thing.17 The last bus _just_(leave) when they _(go) to the bus stop.18 She _hardly_(arrive) when it began to snow.19 She _no sooner _(arrive) than it beagn to snow.被动语态:一、 把下列句子改为被动语态：1 They often clean their classroom after school.2 Li Lei gave Tom a new pen last week.3 A lot of people in China can speak English now.4 I have learned English for about two years.5 They will publish these story-books next month.6 He is watering the flowers in the garden.7 They were looking for the lost child at that time.二、 用所给动词的适当形式填空：1 A new library _(build) in our school last year.2 Cotton_(grow) in the southeast of China.3 So far, the moon _(visit) by man already.4 A talk on Chinese history_(give) in the school hall next week.5 Look! A nice picture_(draw) for our teacher.6 The school bag_(can put) behind the chair.7 Plays_(put on) twice a month in that theatre.8 In some countries, tea_(serve) with milk and sugar.9 The police found that the house_(break) into and a lot of things stolen.10 The sports meeting _(hold) last weekend.11 The black bike_(buy) in that shop three days ago.综合训练:1 I _(bear) into a lower-class family and didnt go to kindergarten. But my father _(teach) me how to read and write every evening before _(send) me to primary school. 2 If tourism_(grow) too quickly, people must leave other jobs _(work) in the tourism industry.3 Two of the windows were found_. (break)4 Next I _(take) into a room and was told that was where he lived.5 A little boy about 10-year-old _(stand) in front of a shoe store on Broadway in New York City, peering(窥视) through the window, and shivering(颤抖) with cold. 6 I got on the bus and sat beside a man. He _(pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.7 The farmer invited all of his neighbors to come over and help him. They all _(begin) to fill the well with dirt. The donkey realized what _(happen) and began to cry.8 In 1886 gold _(discover) in South Africa.9 This is the same thing can _(do) in real life.10 When I was a child in Austria, everything _(arrange) for me and I was nurtured(养育)by my parents.任务型写作分类训练之一：提出建议或措施类实用模版，请你背诵：When it comes to how to solve this problem, I want to put forward the following measures. First, we can communicate with our classmates and express our