牛津版 英语 模块二 语法复习.doc

牛津英语模块二语法 时态现在完成时概念现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。结构及用法现 在 完 成 时构成助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词基本用法1） 表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just，already，yet等副词修饰2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for，since，in the past, in the last , all this week, so far等表示一段时间的状语3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般汉语译为“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, threetimes等时间状语 比较现在完成时和一般过去时现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系注意事项1）have (has)been (to) 与have (has)gone (to)的区别：have (has) been (to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have (has)gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once, never, severaltimes等连用，后者则不能2) It is/has been+一段时间 since某事发生这个句型里，since后是持续性动词时要理解为“某事结束后以经有多久了”；since后是短暂性动词时要理解为“某事发生后以经有多久了”3）It/This is +序数词 time或最高级 that 后面的从句用现在完成时4）含有终结或短暂意义的动词不能和一段时间搭配现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”1. 现在完成时的“完成用法”现在完成时的“完成用法”指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：ShehasturnedofftheTV. 她已把电视关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况电视现在没有打开。)现在完成时“完成用法”的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：thismorning/month/year., today等)连用。例如：Haveyoufoundyourpencilyet？你已找到你的铅笔了吗？2. 现在完成时的“未完成用法”现在完成时的“未完成用法”指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。 例如：Hehaslivedheresince1971. 自从1971年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1971年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)We havebeeninthearmyformorethan5years. 我们在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：uptonow，sofar到目前为止)等。例如：Ihaveheardnothingfromheruptonow. 到目前为止我没有她的任何消息。注意：(1) 现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。(2) 现在完成时常见句型：主语have/hasbeenfor短语 例如：HehasbeenintheLeagueforfouryears. 他入团已经四年了。3. 延续性动词和终止性动词的概念英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,getto,leave,move,borrow, buy等。现在完成进行时结构 现在完成进行时由“have/has + been +现在分词”构成。用法1. 现在完成进行的基本用法表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的动作，这动作可能仍在进行，也可能已停止。例如：It has been raining since last Monday. 自上周一以来就一直在下雨。Shes been watching television all day. 她看了整整一天电视。2. 现在完成进行时有时表示根据直接或间接的证据得出的结论。例如：I am very tired. Ive been typing letters all day. 一整天都在打信件，我太累了。Susan eyes are red. She has been crying. 苏姗一直在哭，眼睛都哭红了。现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别1. 现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩。例如：I have waited for two hours. 我等了两小时。（陈述事实）I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了两个小时。（等得好辛苦）2. 现在完成进行时通常用来谈论较短暂的动作或情况，若要谈论时间延续较长的动作或情况或永久性情况，则通常用现在完成时。例如：He has lived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。 He has been living in Paris. 他(目前)住在巴黎。3. 不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时，但它们可以用于现在完成时。例如：Theyve been married for twenty years. 他们结婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争持续了很长时间。4. 现在完成进行时不用于被动语态，若要用可用现在完成时的被动语态代替。例如：The house has been painted for a month. 这房子已经粉刷了一个月。The problem has been studied for five days. 这个问题已经研究了五天。将来进行时概念将来进行时主要表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。结构 将来进行时由“动词be的将来时+现在分词”构成，具体形式见下表：人称 单数复数第一人称I shall/will be leaving.We shall/will be leaving.第二人称You will be leaving.You will be leaving.第三人称 He/She/It will be leaving.They will be leaving.用法将来进行时表示在将来某一时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时有很强的推测性，因此人们往往在以下几种场合中使用它：1. 表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，一般带状语。例如：What will you be doing at this time next Monday? 下周一的这个时候你将做什么了？When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report. 明天他来我家时，我将在写报告。2. 表示现在正在进行的动作，但这个动作会延续到将来。例如： I wonder if it will still be raining this afternoon.我想知道今天下午是否还会一直下雨。I think that she will be working on this experiment until next morning.我想她会一直在做这个实验直到第二天早上。3. 表示预定的将来动作或对将来的预测。例如：Tomorrow I will be flying to Bombay. 明天我将飞往孟买。After you take the medicine, you will be feeling much better.吃完药后，你会感觉好很多。4. 表示委婉的请求。例如：When shall we be meeting again？ 我们什么时候能再见面？5. 表示原因。例如：Please come tomorrow afternoon .Tomorrow morning, Ill be having a meeting.明天下午快点来。明天早上我将有一个会议。6. 表示结果。例如：Stop the child or he will be falling over. 快阻止孩子，要不然他会摔跤的。7. 表示对将来的打算（区别于对将来的预测）例如：My duties will end in July, and Ill be returning to Beijing. 七月我将结束工作，返回北京。过去将来时概念过去将来时的动词表示对过去某一时间来说将要发生的动作或状态。这个时态常用在宾语从句中。过去将来时用法1. should/would+动词原形 He said he would be there before Monday. 他说他星期一以前将在那里。 ( be 动词肯定式 )We hoped she should not go the next week. 我们希望下星期她不去。 ( do 动词的否定式 )注意：这个时态是一个相对的时态，立足于过去某时，从过去的观点看未来。在一定的语境中也可于其他从句或句子中。例如： It was a problem whether he would support us. 他是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 It was seven oclock. The sun would soon set. 这时是七点钟，太阳即将落山。 2. was/were going + 动词不定式过去将来时的这种表达形式可以表示过去曾经打算或计划准备要做的事。例如：They told me that they were going to have a picnic. 他们告诉我他们将要举行一次野餐。We were going to have a meeting. 我们曾经打算开个会。过去将来时的这种形式可以表示过去将要发生或很有可能发生的事，但未实现的动作。I was just going to ring him up when she came. 我刚要给他打电话，她就来了。 (电话没打成)有时也用 was/were + coming 表示过去将来时。例如：She didnt know when they were coming again. 她不知道他们时候会再来。3. was/were about + 动词不定式 表示在过去看来正要做某事。例如：They were about to leave when the telephone rang. 他们正要走，电话铃响了。I was just about to go to bed when she came to see me. 我正要睡觉，她来看我了。 4. was/were + 动词不定式 表示定于过去某时将要做某事。He was to meet her at 10 on the street. 他约定和她10点钟在街上见面。 注意：若表示过去没有实现(或被取消)的计划，则用was (were) to+动词完成时。They were to have left at 7 last night. 他们本来计划昨晚7点离开的。5. would（should）+动词原形 把助动词be变为过去式，把will，shall变为过去式。 I told them that I would not go with them，if it rained. 我告诉他们，如果下雨我就不和他们一起去了。 He didnt know how to do it. What would be their ideas？ 他不知道该怎么办，他们会有什么想法呢？6. would（should）+动词原形 过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作。此时，不管什么人称，一律用would。 Whenever she had time，she would do some reading. 她一有时间，总是看书。 I would play with them when I was a child. 当我还是孩童时，总是和他们一起玩。过去完成时概念过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去。-|-|-|-那时以前 那时 现在结构过去完成时由“助动词had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 他们来宾馆之前就已经吃过饭了。He didnt go to bed until he had finished he work.他直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。用法1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成，即发生在“过去的过去”。When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”） He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开。2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。She told me that she had written a new novel. 她告诉我她已经写好一本小说了。I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丢失的表。3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already，yet，still，just，before，never 等时间副词及 by，before，until 等引导的短语或从句连用。Before she came to China, Amy had taught English in a middle school for about five years.艾米来中国之前，在一所中学已经教了五年英语。 Tom had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was seven. 汤姆在七岁时已经集了300多张中国邮票。4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。By the end of last year, my father had worked in the factory for twenty years. 去年年底时，爸爸已经在工厂工作二十年了。（ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能） By six oclock he had worked eleven hours. 到6点钟时他就已经工作了11小时。5. 动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算意图等。I had wanted to help but could not get there in time.我本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。 They had hoped to be able to come and see you.他们本来希望能来看看你。 6. 过去完成时还可用在hardly when , no sooner than , It was the first (second, etc) time (that) 等固定句型中。Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。 No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。 It was the third time that she had been out of work that year.这是她那一年第三次失业了。现在完成时与过去完成时的区别现在完成时着眼于现在，强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或由过去持续到现在的动作。 I have cleaned the classroom.我打扫干净教室了。（强调扫地所产生的结果：地干净了！） They have lived here for twenty years.他们住在这二十年了。（从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时） We have lived in Beijing since we came China.自我们来中国就住在北京了。过去完成时则主要体现过去发生的两动作的先后有别，表达的是“过去的过去”，即比过去发生的某动作都还要“过去”，两动作中先发生的就用过去完成时，后发生的则只用一般过去时。运用过去完成时的句子往往有两过去的时间或动作。Mr Smith had lived in London for ten years before he came to China.史密斯先生在来中国之前就已经在伦敦住过十年了。(“来”中国已成过去，而先前“住”在纽约就是过去的过去！）We had learned 2000 words by the end of last term. 在上期期末，我们就已经学了2000个单词。（“上期期末”已过去，而在其前“学”的就更过去了！）1. 1Alices second-hand computer_ wrong although she used it only once.A goes B has gone C is going D had gone2. Robert _me his address the other day, but Im afraid I _it.A had given; lost B has given; have lostC gave ; have lost D gives; lost3. I_ nothing about it before you told me the news A knowB knew C had known D has known4. -What _these days? Still busy writing your new book? -Yes, I think I can finish it next week.A do you do B have you been doingC have you done D did you do5. -what was the film like? -Well，I_ it_ very interesting.A thought; would be B thought; may beC think; is going to beD think;will be6. It was the third time that he _us about his story.A has told B told C is telling D had told7. I forget what I was taught, I only remember what I_.A learn B learned C have learned D had learned8. My younger sister_ the Youth League _2004.A has joined; in B has joined;since C had joined;since D joined; in9. -Where_my pen?I cannt find it anywhere. -I_it on this table, but now, its gone.A did you put;have put B have you put;put C had you put;was putting D were you putting;have put10. She was praised for what she_.A had done B has doneC would do D does11. I_ he would help me with my English, in fact he didnt.A has thought B thoughtC think D had thought12. - Tom, your shirt is so dirty? - Mom, I_our storeroom downstairs and I will wash it after finishing the cleaning.A cleaned B have cleaned C was cleaning D have been cleaning13. They_ friends since they met in New York.A have made B have become C have been D have turned14. Nobody but the twins_ some interest in the project till now.A shows B show C have shown D has shown15. The students dont want to have their supper until they _ their experiment.A finished B have finished C had finished D will finish16. By now students in Grade One _ 1,700 English words and phrases.A should learn B have learned C learned D learn17. -Sorry to have kept you waiting! -I _ here for fifty minutes.A have arrived B have got C have reached D have been18. -Where have you been? I _you the whole day. -I was in the library reading magazines.A have been telephoningB had telephonedC telephoned D was telephoned19. -Hi, Tracy, you look tired. -I am tired. I_ the living room all day.A painted B had paintedC have been painting D have painted20. -why didnt you come yesterday? -I _ ,but I had an unexpected visitor.A had B would C was going to D did21. -Will you be free at three oclock tomorrow afternoon. -No, I _ a meeting at that time.A will have B was going to have C will be having D would have22. -What were you doing when I phoned you yesterday. -I _ just finished my homework and _to watch TV.A have; am going B have; was goingC had; was going D had; am going 23. -My father will be here tomorrow. -Oh, I thought that he _ today.A was coming B is coming C will come D comes 24. When we reach New York, it _.A probably will rain B will probably be rainingC is probably raining D has probably rained25. -Is this the last exam we have to take this term? -Yes, but there _ another test three months from now.A has B is C was D will be26. It was said that the machine _ sometime the next week.A had been repaired B would repair C was to be repaired D needs repairing27. -Why did you buy this paint so early?