初中英语定语从句关系代词和关系副词.doc

定语从句讲解及练习一、 定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词 或代词 的从句叫做定语从句。如：1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 2) You must do everything that I do. 上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who(宾格who, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when、why关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分二、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom. 例：Is there anyone here who will go with you?2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语) (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语)4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语) (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语) 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1,只能使用that,不用which 的情况：(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如： All that he said is true. (2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如： He is the only foreigner that has been to that place. (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如： He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。 This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如： He talked about the people and the things he remembered. 2,只用which不用that的情况：(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：The boy,who is good at soccer,comes from Xinjiang.That necklace,which you gave me as a present,was lost yesterday.非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。（非限)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you这里有人要和你说话(限制性)(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He did very well in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5)Do you like the book whose color is yellow?=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：This is the house where we lived last year. The factory where his father works is in the east of the city 8. 介词关系代词是一个普遍使用的结构。 (1) 介词关系代词可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。介词关系代词结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which, 不可用 that 。例:Is that the house in which you live ?关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years. 像listen to, look at, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.热身练习请分析一下定语从句：( 请划出定语从句，并标出先行词)1.Check the ways you study for an English test. 2.Another thing that I found very difficult was English grammar. 3.You couldnt understand people who talked fast. 4.I have some ideas that may help. 5.They said something you didnt like. 6.My friends and I talked about the rules that we have in school. 二、用关系代词填空：that 、which 、who、 whom 、whose 1.This is the man _ wants to see you. 2.The student _ answered the question is Zhang Hua. 3.The man _ you went to see has come. 4.The man _I met yesterday lent me some money. 5.The woman _ you saw is our geography teacher. 6.The runner _ you are asking about is over there. 7.Here is the pen _ you lost the day before yesterday. 8. These books _ you lent me were very useful. 9. This is shirt _I bought yesterday.10. A dictionary is a book _ gives the meaning to the word.11. Show me the boy _ mother is a well-known singer.12. The boy_ father is a teacher is good at English.三、单项选择( ) 1. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady_ comes from Beijing. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose( ) 2. The students were all interested _ you told them yesterday. A. in which B. in that this C. all that D. in everything( ) 3. He was the only person in his office_ was invited. A. whom B. whose C. that D. which( ) 4. This is the museum_ we visited last year. A. where B. in which C. which D. in that( ) 5. Charlie told his mother all_ had happened. A. that B. what C. which D. who( ) 6. Do you know the student_? A. whom I often talk B. with who I often talk C. I often talk with D. that I often talk( ) 7. I like the house_ windows face south. A. whose B. whos C. its D. its( )8. The young woman_ I spoke just now is a young doctor. A. who B. to whom C. whom D. that定语从句中关系副词的用法定语从句中的关系副词有三个：when, where和why，它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。其句法结构如下： 表时间的名词 + when + 定语从句 when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 例句：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. Ill never forget the day when I joined the army. 表地点的名词 + where + 定语从句 where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。例句：The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 表原因的名词reason + why + 定语从句(why只用于reason之后的限制性定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。)例句：That is the reason why I did the job.(在现代英语中why可以省略) 上句也可以这样表示： That is the reason I did the job.又如： This was the reason (why )we raised the temperature.关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单，以下注意点不可忽视：1）“when”、“where”和“why”的运用取就于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分，比较下面的几组句子：*I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.*I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School.*This is the hospital where my mother works.*This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday.*The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill.*This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office .2) “when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词 + which”，介词的选用取就于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如：Do you still remember the day on which we first met in Nantong?(on which=when)This is the room in which we lived last year.(in which=where)Do you know the reason for which he refused to go to Marys birthday party. (for which=why)有时定语从句中介词短语和动词有意义紧密的修饰关系，尤其在非限制性定语从句中，常使用“介词 + which”结构，而不使用关系副词。例如：My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river.At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse.3) 关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。 例如：I will always remember the day when I first visited the Great Wall. He came to Shanghai in 1980, when he was only 12. I dont know the exact spot where they will meet. Mr Wang will fly to Beijing, where he will stay for three months.有时关系副词“when”、“where”引导的限制性定语从句和先行词有间隔的现象，是为了平衡句子的语法需要。 Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace? The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil.”.4) “that”可活用为关系副词，相当于“when, where、why”和“介词 + which”结构，尤其在“the time when”等结构中的“when”常被“that”代替，而且“that”往往省略。I may leave here any time I want to.During the time I was there I visited him twice.This is my second time I have come to your country.5) “which”有时可用作关系形容词，这是“which”在非限制性定语从句中的特殊使用，如：The doctor advised him to give up smoking, which advice he did not follow.定语从句专项练习1This is the place_ John was born? Awhich Bwhere C. when Dthat2. He is the only person _ I want to talk to. A. that B. which C. who D. whose 3Is this problem _the teacher explained last week? A the one Bthat Cwhich Done4The high building _ stand four policemen is the police station Awhich Bthat Cin front of it D. in front of which5My mother will give Mary a model plane_ she will like to play Awhich Bthat Cfor which Dwith which6The film brought the hours back to me_ I was taken good care of in that far away village. Auntil Bthat C when Dwhere7There are times_ I wonder why I do this job Aas Bwhile Cwhich Dwhen8After living in London for thirty years，Mr Smith returned to the small town_ he grew up as a child which Bwhere C that Dwhen9They had a long talk about the persons and things_ they both knewAwhom Bwhat C. that Dwhich10That is the very book_ I am looking for.Athat Bwhich C