西兰奶牛场废水和养分管理.ppt

Jiafa Luo, Dave Houlbrooke, Seth Laurenson Ross Monaghan, Mark Shepherd, Stewart Ledgard,DAIRY EFFLUENT AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN NEW ZEALAND,新西兰奶牛场废水和养分管理,CONTENTS 内容,INTRODUCTION 引言 NZ POLICY 新西兰政策 NZ BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE THROUGH SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 科学指导最佳管理惯例 NZ NUTRIENT BUDGETS 新西兰营养预算 SUMMARY 总结,PART ONE INTRODUCTION 第一部分 - 引言,In New Zealand, agriculture is predominantly based on pastoral grazing systems 新西兰的农业以放牧模式为主 Cows are generally taken to a dairy shed and milked once or twice a day 每天奶牛在挤奶厅挤一到两次奶,DAIRY FARM 奶牛农场,DAIRY PARLOUR WASH DOWN 挤奶间冲洗, Most of New Zealands dairy effluent is liquid from wash down of the dairy shed and yard during milking (2-4 hours/day). 新西兰牧场废水大部分是从挤奶间和牛圈冲洗下来的废液 (奶牛每天在挤奶间和牛棚里停留2-4小时)。 For the rest of the time, cows graze on pasture when animal excreta goes directly to the land. 动物排泄物在放牧时返回到牧场。,INCREASING USAGE OF OFF-PADDOCK FACILITIES DURING PAST YEARS 过去几年中牧场外设施的使用频率越来越高,Feed pads 27% 料台,Stand-off pads 22% 越冬垫,Animal shelters 2% 牛舍,Winter barns 1% 冬舍,Protects soil structure, improves cow condition, favourable for animal welfare, reduces N leaching 保护土壤结构，改善奶牛状况，改善动物福利，减少淋失,Increasing practice of solid separation and animal off-grazing 提高固液分离和动物离牧（到牛棚）的做法,EFFLUENT SOLIDS 固体排泄物,NZ HISTORY OF EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT 以往管理措施, Use of two pond treatment systems prior to Resource Management Act (1991) 1991年制定之前， 新西兰废水处理采用双塘 处理系统。 - Removes biological oxygen demand (BOD), solids, ammonia 减少生化需氧量，固体沉积物，以及氨 - Avoid direct loss of soluble N, P, K faecal microbes 可溶性氮、磷、钾营养元素和粪便微生物的直接损失,NZ MANAGEMENT HISTORY 以往管理措施,Land application increasingly common from 1991 and now dominates 农田废水灌溉从1991年开始普及 - Soil is a natural biological filtration system 土壤成为自然的生物过滤器 - Nutrients available for plant growth 废水中的营养元素被植物利用 - Save fertiliser cost of approx. NZ$ 30/cow/yr 肥料价值大约30新元/奶牛/年 - Decreased point source discharges 减少废水的点排放源,PART TWO NZ GOVERNMENT POLICY 第二部分 政策,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACT (RMA 1991) （1991）, RMA is the NZ Government legislation for environmental protection 新西兰政府为保护环境制定的法律法规 RMA seeks to encourage the use of resources in a way this is economically viable, environmentally sound and socially acceptable 旨在鼓励以一种经济上可行，对环境无害和社会可接受的方式来利用资源 RMA focuses on the effects of an activity on the environment but is technology neutral. 侧重于行为对环境的影响，保持技术中立原则,Key RMA requirements for dairy waste water management 牧场废水管理的关键要求 Avoid or mitigate any adverse effects of dairy waste water application 避免或减轻应用牧场废水带来的任何不良影响 Use best practicable option to prevent or minimise environmental effects 采用最切实可行的办法，以防止或减少对环境的破坏,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACT (RMA 1991) （1991）,LOCAL GOVERNMENT POLICY地区政府政策,NZ has 16 Regional (local) Councils responsible for enforcing the RMA. 新西兰有16个地区政府负责执行。 Councils prepare Regional Plans in consultation with their community and determine policy and rules for activities that may affect the environment.,各地区政府与当地社区 协商来准备“区域规划”，并针对可 能影响环境的行为来制定政策和 规则。 Each Council rules can be different. 各地区政府制定的规则 可以是不同的。,LOCAL GOVERNMENT POLICY地区政府政策,Councils set environmental limits or use education or market 也可以设置对环境影响的限制标准，或者使用教育或市场调节。 Councils issue Resource Consents to undertake activities which may cause environmental effect. 各地区政府发布“资源许可书”， 同意采取可能会对环境产生影响的行为。,POLICY ACTIVITY STATUS 政策行为,Permitted activity 可允许的行为 Activity allowed without consent subject to conditions that must be met 满足限制条件的前提下不需申请地区政府的许可 Controlled activity 应被控制的行为 Requires a consent which has to be issued if applicant can meet conditions 申请人符合条件并需要经过地区政府许可 Discretionary activity 特许行为 Council imposes conditions and has discretion on whether to grant consent for an activity 地区政府追加规定条件和拥有是否同意某种行为的自由裁量权,POLICY ACTIVITY STATUS 政策行为,If farmers dont meet conditions on consents, then Regional Councils can: 如果农民不符合许可书规定的条件，地区政府可以： Issue abatement notices 勒令中止 Issue fines 处以罚款 Prosecute (court) （向法院）起诉 Imprisonment 实施监禁, Avoid application during saturated soil conditions 在土壤水饱和的情况下不能施用废水 Do not generate surface ponding or runoff of effluent 灌溉时不能产生地表积水，也不允许废水直接流失 No direct discharge to water bodies 废水不能直接排放到地表水体 Max effluent N load of 150 kg/ha/yr 最大氮施用量为150千克/公顷/年,EXAMPLE OF PERMITTED ACTIVITY RULES 可允许行为规则示例,Councils can provide controls on: 地区政府可以控制： Effluent Application depth 施用深度 Application rate 施用量 Nutrient loading 营养负荷 Soil and landscape features applied to 适用的土壤和景观特征 Timing: soil moisture, weather 施用时间：土壤水分，天气 Storage volumes required 土壤存储量,EXAMPLE OF DISCRETIONARY ACTIVITY RULES 特许行为规则示例,PART THREE INFORMING INDUSTRY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE THROUGH SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 第三部分 科学指导行业最佳管理措施,Three ways for effluent transport in soils 牧场废水在土壤中的三个运输机制： Surface runoff (avoids soil contact) - high risk,soil landscape Risk 土壤和地表地形风险系数,Preferential flow (rapid drainage through soil pores/cracks) - high risk,地表径流（未接触土壤）- 高风险,优先流（通过土壤孔隙/裂缝迅速排水）- 高风险,Matrix flow (uniform drainage through whole soil profile) - low risk 基质流 （通过整个土壤剖面统一均匀的排水） - 低风险,DEVELOPING best management practices (BMPs) Deficit irrigation 发展最佳管理措施：亏缺灌溉,Effluent application depth SWD (soil water deficit), pond storage when wet 牧场废水施用深度 土壤水分保持量，雨季时利用池塘存储废水 Applied nutrients stay in the root zone 施用的营养保持在根际周围 Avoid direct losses to water bodies 避免直接流失到水体,奶牛农场废水直接损失,系统损失,奶牛农场废水 不良管理做法,奶牛农场废水 最佳管理措施,DEVELOPING BMPs Low application rate 发展最佳管理措施 低速（缓慢）灌溉,Low application rate and low depth 低速，浅层 Potential large coverage area 可能情况下大面积灌溉 Filtration effect 过滤器效果,相对浓度（）（排水 / 施用废水）,总磷,铵态氮,大肠杆菌,地下道和管道排水,高速灌溉器,低速灌溉器,DAIRY EFFLUENT STORAGE CALCULATOR 牧场废水存储量计算器,Calculates site specific storage requirement (cubic m) 依据特定存储要求，计算场地大小（立方米） Local met data and farm management information 当地气象数据和农场管理信息 Optimises storage and scheduling based on soil and landscape risk 依据土壤和地表地形风险系数，优化存储量和存储时间,年最大存塘量,年,体积（立方米）,CODE OF PRACTICE FOR EFFLUENT INSTALLERS AND DESIGNERS 废水灌溉系统的安装和设计者工作守则,Industry lead initiative行业领先倡议 Designing fit for purpose systems 针对不同系统进行不同设计 Engineering requirements 工程需求 Soil and landscape risk 土壤和地表地形的风险 Nutrient management 养分管理 Climatic conditions 气候条件 Trained and accredited installers 经过培训和认证的安装者,CLEAN STREAMS ACCORD 干净河流和溪流协议,Industry agreement to improve water quality through adoption of good management practices. 行业协议，采用良好的管理以改善水质 Signed between dairy companies and the New Zealand Government (MFE) 乳品公司和新西兰政府签署,CLEAN STREAMS ACCORD 干净河流和溪流协议,Riparian management: planting, fencing and bridges 100% exclusion by 2017 河岸带管理：到2017年100栽植，围栏，桥梁 Nutrient management: 100% of dairy farms with nutrient budget by 2015 营养管理：到2015年100奶牛养殖场使用营养预算 Effluent management: 100% of dairy farms comply with Regional Council rules 356 days per year 污水管理：100奶牛场每年356天符合区域政局规则,PART FOUR NUTRIENT BUDGETS 第四部分 营养预算,INPUTS 投入,OUTPUTS产出,Fertiliser肥料,Atmospheric大气沉积,Supplementary添加物,Effluent废水,Produce产品,Nutrient transfers营养元素的转换,Supplements 过剩营养,Leaching淋失,Internal transfers计算机内部模拟运转,A nutrient budget is a tool to help achieve your nutrient management objectives 营养预算可以帮助你达到营养管理的目标,Atmospheric loss损失到大气中的营养,NUTRIENT BUDGETS SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE FARMING,Understand nutrient use efficiency: 了解养分利用效率 Identifies how to improve efficiency 鉴定如何提高功效 Optimise fertiliser and effluent recommendations: 建议更合理化地使用肥料, 废水 Linked to fertiliser company software 这个程序可与肥料公司的软件联合在一起 Develop plans to reduce off-farm losses: 制定计划以减少农场营养元素的损失 N P losses to water 氮磷损失到水体 Greenhouse gas emissions 温室气体的排放,营养预算支持可持续发展的农业,AN INTRODUCTION TO OVERSEER NUTRIENT BUDGETS OVERSEER 营养预算软件简介,Overseer是新西兰政府农林部、新西兰皇家农业研究所、和新西兰肥料工业联合体共同开发并拥有的农田营养预算以及协助营养和环境管理的软件。,It is used on more than 95% of NZ dairy farms and supported by agricultural groups usually by farm advisors 95以上新西兰奶牛场和农场顾问使用,Calculates requirements of maintaining fertiliser, effluent and lime amounts Estimates off-farm losses 估算农场营养元素的损失 N leaching/run-off 氮的淋失和流失 P run-off and risk index 磷的流失和风险指数 Greenhouse gas emissions: CH4, N2O, CO2 Covers wide range of management options and mitigation practices Tests “what if” scenarios,What is Overseer ? 什么是Overseer模型?,计算保持土壤肥力的肥料,废水和石灰需要量,温室气体的排放：甲烷、一氧化二氮和二氧化碳,涵盖了广泛的管理方案和缓解措施,对“可能出现的情况”进行测试,NUTRIENT BUDGET: EFFLUENT BLOCK EXAMPLE 营养预算：农田废水施用情况实例报告,Based on summaries of NZ ( overseas) research: Overseer relies on sound science generated from a number of research programmes. Strong development support (MPI, AgResearch, FertResearch) for regular updates Model development started in the 1990s and has continued since, with regular additions/improvements to the model,Underpinning science,（Overseer 营养预算软件）科学依据,以新西兰 （和国际）的科学研究为基准：,Overseer 的开发是基于诸多研究项目中获得的正确的科学结论为理论依据。,模型的发展始于20世纪90年代，自此定期增加和改进，一直持续至今。,OVERSEER VALIDATION ON DAIRY FARM SYSTEMS OVERSEER模型 在奶牛农场体系的验证,Measured N leaching (kg N/ha/yr) 实测氮淋溶 （千克 氮 / 公顷 / 年）,0,20,40,60,80,100,120,Overseer estimate (kg N/ha/yr),Overseer 估算 （千克 氮 / 公顷 / 年）,0,20,40,60,80,100,120,Ruakura,Waikato,Taranaki,Otago,Tussock Creek,Southland,Kelso,Edendale,Massey,1:1 line,Location where a