英语作文专项re.ppt

大学英语四级写作 1. 要求,大学英语四级新题型考试第一部分是写作 四级写作的体裁包括说明文、议论文和应用文。写作的素材或要求可以是中文、英文和图表。 写作字数在120字以上，写作的时间为30分钟，但你应留少量时间作最后的检查。 应对一些校园、社会新闻和常识有一定的认识和见解，并能够有层次地、结构完整地在文章中清楚表达你的观点。,四级作文评分标准,1本题满分为15分。 2阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。 3阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一份数（如8分）相似，即定为该 数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。 4评分标准： 2分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。（句子基本全错） 严重错误：句子驾驭能力的错误，e.g. Kickboxing is a traditional sport came from Korea. 非严重错误：拼写、短语没记牢等 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。(隔三差五有对的句子) 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。（隔三差五有错的句子，且为严重错误） 11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。（无严重错误，通顺但亮点较少） 14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。 （无严重错误，通顺且亮点较多） 注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。 注 1.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数 2.只写作文中的一个要得者：04分；只写两个要点者：08分,文章的基本结构,三段论模式，即：开头段(introduction)、主体段(body paragraph)和结尾段(conclusion)。 段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成,开头,开头段:一两句话表达的是整篇文章的主题思想 开头常用句型 1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of . 2) Recently the problem of has been brought into focus. 3) Recently the phenomenon of has become a heated topic. 4) Recently the issue of has aroused great concern among . 5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over . 6) Never in our history has the idea that . been so popular. 7) Faced with ., quite a few people argue that . 8) According to a recent survey, . 9) With the rapid development of ., .,开头万能公式,1 开头万能公式一：名人名言(切忌乱用自己翻译的中国名言) 经典句型： A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） As everyone knows, No one can deny that As the old saying goes, 2 开头万能公式二：数字统计 经典句型： According to/Based on a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. Recent statistics show that 下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样创造： Honesty：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 Travel by Bike：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具(vehicle)是自行车。 Youth：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐 (amusement)。 Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。,主体段,段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成,常用句型,表原因： 1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation. A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon (problem). 2. The answer to this problem involves many factors. 3. The phenomenon mainly stems from(源于，基于)the fact that. 4. The factors that contribute to this situation include. 5. The change in .largely results from the fact that. 6. We may blame ., but the real causes are. 7. Part of the explanations for it is that . One of the most common factors (causes ) is that . Another contributing factor (cause ) is . Perhaps the primary factor is that But the fundamental cause is that .,表证明： 1) No one can deny the fact that . 2) The idea is supported by the fact that 3) The available data shows. 4) Recent studies indicate that . 5) There is sufficient evidence to show that . 6) According to statistics proved by ., it can be seen that .,文章主体段落三大杀手锏,一、举实例 思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！实例是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，尽管举例子！ In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colors, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and enjoy the seemingly delicious food while they film him or her.,举例: 1) A good case in point is . 2) As an illustration, we may take . 3) Such examples might be given easily. 4) .is often cited as an example. 5) To take as an example, 6) One example is, 7) Another example is, 8) for example/instance,文章主体段落三大杀手锏,二、做比较 方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的； 短语： 相似的比较： in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较： on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with , ,表比较句型： 1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages. 2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that. 4.It is reasonable to maintain that .but it would be foolish to claim that. 5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. 6.Like anything else, it has its faults. 7.A and B has several points in common. 8.A bears some resemblances/similarities to B. 9.However, the same is not applicable to B. 10. A and B differ in several ways. 11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. 12. People used to think ., but things are different now. 13. The same is true of B. 14. It is true that A . , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are .,文章主体段落三大杀手锏,三、换言之 没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。 短语：that is to say, in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply,结尾段,1 结尾万能公式一：归纳总结 E.g.: Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 更多短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 句型： 1) From/based on what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that . 2) In conclusion, it is imperative that . 3) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up. 4) Taking all these into account, we may conclude that. 5) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear. 6)Thus, it can be concluded that, 7)Therefore, we can find that,结尾段,2 结尾万能公式二：建议措施 句型： 1）Obviously, it is high time that we should take some measures to solve the problem. 2）Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. 3）Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. 4) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop . 3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to . 5) There is no easy method, but .might be of some help. 6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must . 7) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly. 8) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to .,写作原则,1. 主题句原则 主题句放在文章或段落的开头，结构清晰，一目了然 2. 一二三原则 1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗） 2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗） 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗） 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗） 5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐） 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐） 7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（推荐） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） 10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）,3. 短语优先原则 E.g.I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 4. 多变句式原则 1）加法（串联） 都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但前后的句子必须是先后关系或者并列关系。比如说： I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式： Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover,2）转折（拐弯抹角） The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语： despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite,3）因果（so, so, so） The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that,应用文,应用文是大学英语四级写作考试的一个重要组成部分，形式包括书信、启事、通知、演讲等。应用文较之一般说明文和议论文，与生活、社会联系更紧密，格式、行文习惯更有规矩。无论使用哪种应用文，都必须按其各自规范化的约定俗成的格式来写，不能随意杜撰。以往四级写作考过的应用文有抱怨信、建议信、问候信、见证书、导游介绍、竞选学生会主席演讲稿和招募志愿者启事等。 书信格式： 英语书信，在形式上可分为下面六个部分： 1. 信头 (The Heading)：包括发信人地址和写信日期。 2. 收信人 (Inside Address)：包括收信人姓名、地址。 3. 称谓 (The Salutation or Greeting)：如Dear Sir/Madam。称呼后一般加逗号。 4. 正文 (The Body)：信的主要部分，包括写信人所要表达叙述的事情。 5. 结束语 (The Complimentary Close)如Yours sincerely/truly/faithfully等。 6. 签名 (The Signature)。,Business letter,Personal Letter,Frequently Used Sentences in Letters书信常用语,A 开头 a.很久没有给你写信了，抱歉。 Im sorry Ive not written for so long. I must apologize for not writing for so long. b. 很久没有与你通信了，你近况如何? It is almost two months since I last heard from you. How are you getting on? I havent heard from you for a long time. I hope you are well. c. 收到你的信很高兴. I was very pleased to learn that you are well. I am very glad to have received a letter from you yesterday. Nothing could have made me happier than getting news of you. d. 没有及时给你回信,请原谅. Im terribly sorry Ive been so slow in answering your letter. Forgive me for not writing earlier, but ,B.结尾 a. 盼你来信 Hoping to hear from you soon. Im looking forward to hearing from you. b. 祝好 with best regards. With best wishes for your success and happiness. With warmest regards. c. 请代我向 问候 With kind regards to Please give my best wishes to Please remember me to ,C.信的种类,a.感谢信： 感谢 具体写出所受到的恩惠 表示回报 再次感谢 “非常感谢；请接受我真诚的感谢。” Thank you very much for Please accept my sincere appreciation for I am very sincerely grateful to you for Words are beyond me to express my thanks to you for ,b. 道歉信: 道歉 说明理由 说明补救办法 请求原谅 I am sorry indeed to have to refuse your request as the thing is quite beyond my power to do. I am sorry indeed that I had to cancel our appointment yesterday. I am very ashamed of myself, and hope you will forgive me. I am sorry for causing you inconvenience. I hope you can pardon me for this matter again.,c. 邀请信: 邀请（时间、地点、目的） 尽力说服对方接受邀请 告诉对方交通路线 表示期待 If you have no other plans for Wednesday, April 8th, will you come to a little informal dinner here at my home? I hope that you have no previous engagement and can join us for the English Evening at 7 on February 1st. We should be very pleased if you could honor us with your company. (希届时光临),d. 慰问信: “惊悉” I am very sorry to hear of I regret to hear I am shocked to hear It is with great concern that I hear of your illness. “如有用我之处, 请别犹豫” If you want me to do anything, dont hesitate to let me know. If I can be of any assistance to you, I hope you will let me know at once. “祝你早日康复” Wish you speedy recovery.,e 祝贺信: 祝贺； 说明对方当之无愧的理由； 祝对方进一步成功. “欣闻佳音,谨表祝贺” Permit me to present my congratulations to you upon your recent official promotion. It is with pleasure that I hear of your success. Please accept my warmest congratulations.,f. 请求信: “ 非常抱歉，我想麻烦你” Im extremely to trouble. Would you please ? I am sorry to cause you some trouble as I “若你出手相助,你将帮我一个大忙，谨致谢忱” I shall be much obliged if you will kindly I shall consider it a great favour if you will kindly Thank you in advance.,g. 抱怨信: 提出抱怨并表示遗憾 说明不满的原因以及由此造成的不便 提出纠正建议或敦促对方采取措施 “很抱歉，我不得不抱怨” “我是你们的老客户,对你们的服务一直很满意，可这次你们令我失望了。” I really hate to complain, but one thing really disturbs recently. I am sorry to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a serious complaint. I have been your customer for years and I always appreciate your good service. But I have to say you disappointed me this time. “我建议” I highly suggest that you take some steps to As a long-term customer, I suggest “我希望” I hope you could solve the problem in two days. I hope you will look into this unsatisfactory state of affairs and take steps to prevent such a kind of thing from happening again.,i. 申请信 应聘; 自我介绍(学历、工作经历等); 希望对方早日回复并提供面试机会; 说明联系方式. 常用语: “据悉（或据报载）贵方需聘用人员, 我欲来应聘” In answer to your advertisement in yesterdays China Daily for the position of secretary, I take the liberty to offer my services. Having learnt that you desire the service of an office clerk, I respectfully offer my services as an applicant for the position. Being informed that you require the services of an accountant, I beg to apply for the situation. “本人曾在任职，具有。方面的经验，相信自己必能胜任此职.” As I have already had some experience as a clerk, I trust that I shall succeed in giving you satisfaction. From my resume, you can learn that I have some experience in this line. I have had sufficient experience in the work you have advertised.,“如果贵方认为本人符合录用条件，本人恳请面谈” If you think I am fit for the qualifications you have in mind, will you kindly give me an interview? I trust that my qualifications will meet your requirements and that I may have the pleasure of a personal interview. If I am qualified to meet your requirements, I shall be glad of an interview at your convenience. “电话联系” I can be reached by telephone at 62652750. At your earliest convenience, please contact me if you would like to hear and see more. During the day you can reach me at or in the evening at . “等候赐复; 静候佳音” Hoping to hear from you at an early date. Hoping that this will meet with your favorable consideration. Hoping you will give my application your kind consideration. If you could give me a favorable reply at your earliest convenience, I would be grateful.,四级真题,A Letter of Application 1. 我是大二学生(sophomore)，现申请从自动化系转到商务管理系 2. 申请的主要原因 3. 对转系带来的麻烦表示歉意，并希望有关领导能同意我的申请 Dear Sir/Madam,(试卷上如果此称谓已有，考生不用再写) I am a sophomore with major in Automation. Though I have made a great progress during my first year academic training, I find that I am more interested in Business Administration. Now I am writing to you to formally request to switch to this area of study. (写信目的) The main reason for my decision is that the major I am studying in is my parents choice. They insisted that I should study what they had learned before but after a years study I have come to realize this is not the career I want to pursue in my future life. Besides, I have attended business classes as my optional course and achieved a good success, which further confirms my decision.(理由) I am sorry for any inconvenience or trouble that might have been caused by this change. The decision is not made lightly. I do appreciate your kind consideration and sincerely hope you will grant me the shift to the new department.(结尾) Yours sincerely Zhang Ming (此部分若试卷上已有，考生也不用写),英语的基本句子结构,句子,简单句(simple sentence):,多重句(multiple sentence):,一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子,并列句(compound sentence):,复杂句(complex sentence):,两个或者两个以上的简单分句形成并列关系,两个或两个以上的简单分句构成主从关系,如何避免严重错误？ 只要牢记一点：一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词（有连词连接除外）,1.简单句的五种基本句型,简单句(simple sentence)：只有五种基本句型，所有的英语句子都不能离开这五种基本句型. 1.主语（S）+谓语动词（V）: She smiles. 2.主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+宾语（O）： She hits me. She said that she was a student. (复杂句：含有宾语从句) 3.主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+宾语（O）+宾语补足语（C）： She makes me happy/laugh. (She finds it interesting.) She asks me to do it./ She heard him singing. / She had her bicycle repaired. 4.主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+间接宾语（OI）+直接宾语（OD） She gave me a book. She gave me an interesting book. She gave me a book which/that is very interesting. He told me a story. He told me that she had read the story. She gave me a book and he told me a story. 5.主语（S）+系动词（V）+表语（C） She is a girl./ She is pretty. The truth is that she is pretty. The truth is what she told you. What she told you is the truth.,2、并列句（compound sentence）,并列句是用连词将两个或多个简单句连接起来。 英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。 表并列的连词：and, not only but (also ), neither ( nor) She gave me a book and he told me a story. Not only is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it. 表选择的连词包括or , either or ； The children can go with us , or they can stay at home. You can either go it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it. 表转折的连词包括but , while , whereas等。 The young man has often been praised