动词的非谓语形式NonfiniteVerb教学课件.ppt

动词的 非谓语形式 Non-finite Verb,非谓语动词 分类,不定式 to do,现在分词 doing,过去分词 done,2010 高考真题,Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _ from the library. A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing,2. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought,3. I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term. A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed,4. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already _ for a meal to be cooked. A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid 5. It rained heavily in the south, _ serious flooding in several provinces. A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 6. I had great difficulty _ the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant. A. find B. found C. to find D. finding 7. Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues _ with her stories. A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused,8. _ the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height. A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached 9. That is the only way we can imagine _ the overuse of water in students bathrooms. A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce 10. _ at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes. A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked,一. 不定式 to do 的用法,What are their functions?,To finish the work in ten minutes is difficult. 2. He wants to go abroad. 3. My dream is to become a singer. 4. Mother got me to go to the shop and buy some salt. 5. I have some clothes to wash. 6.He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.,（主语）,（宾语）,（表语）,（宾补）,（定语）,（状语）,Summary: to do在句中所作的成份_,主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语,I 不定式做主语： To be here with you is a pleasure for me.=It is a pleasure for me to be here with you.,不定式做主语可直接放于句首，但很多情况下，用it做形式主语（尤其在疑问句和感叹句中）,基本句式：,（1）It is + adj. +to do sth. Adj.: right, wrong, necessary, good, easy, hard, impossible. It is necessary to work hard at English.,（2）It is + n + to do sth. N. a pleasure/ a good idea/ my advice/ bad (good) manners/a mistake/ a great honor/a pity/ones duty/ashame. It is my duty to teach you how to be a good student.,(3) It + be + adj + of sb + to do sth. It+ be + adj +for sb + to do sth.,常用 careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。,(4) It takes/needs/requires+ sometime/sth. +to do It requires patience to be a good teacher.,(2005天津卷) I dont want _like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the manager s plan is unfair. A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded 2. (2006北京卷) I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop,They wanted _( get ) on the bus, didnt they? He said he wished_(be )a professor. I agreed_ (go ) there with the doctor. My daughter preferred _( dance ) when she was in her twenties. He had promised _(give) me a hand.,to get,to be,to go,to dance,to give,2. 不定式做宾语：,A. 有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有： determine/ decide, learn, want, expect/ hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/ beg, help, afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten, fail, demand, like, hate, begin, seem, forget, remember, prepare, prefer, intend, etc.,口诀： 决心学会想希望， 拒绝设法愿假装 主动答应选计划， 同意请求帮一帮, have no choice but to do= have nothing to do but do=can do nothing but do(有do无to),B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词: tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain tell sb what to do,C. 用it作形式宾语 如： S + think / feel / believe/ consider 等 + it + adj + to do,1. (2007北京卷) Excuse me sir, where is Room 301? Just a minute. Ill have Bob _you to your room. A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing 2. (2008上海卷) Due to the heavy rain and flooding, ten million people have been forced _their homes. A. leaving B. to leave C. to be left D. being left,3.不定式作宾语补足语:,1).带to做宾补的动词:即 动词/ 动词词组 + sb + to do: ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, cause, encourage, forbid, intend, prefer, require, remind, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg, persuade, call on, depend on,2) 不带to的不定式：（主动不带to，被动还原to）,look at, see, watch, notice, observe, make, let, have, listen to, hear, feel,口诀： 吾看三室两厅一感觉,译：号召全世界的劳动人民团结起来。 The laboring people of the world are called on to unite.,4. 不定式作表语：,A.表示按计划和安排将要发生的事情。 He is to marry Rose. B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。 Her wish was to become an artist. C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须)。 The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. She is to blame.,What he wants to do is _ ( buy ) a car.,buy/ to buy,1. (2008上海卷) If theres a lot of work _, I am happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing 2. (2007 全国卷I)The last one _ pays the meal. Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving,He has got lots of questions_.,to ask,Charles Lindbergh is the first man _the Atlantic alone.,to fly,She has a good chance _to college.,to go,There is nothing to_ (worry).,worry about,I need a pen to_ (write). He is looking for a room to_ (live) .,write with,live in,5.不定式做定语:,A.一般表示将发生的情况，放在名词后与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。,The future to greet us will be bright.,On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write.,We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.,注意:1.如不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系,而这个不定式又是不及物动词, 它后面应有必要的介词。,2.不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的动作所发生的地点或所使用的工具时, 它后面要带上必要的介词。,B. 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词为主动关系。,The next train to arrive was from New York. （主谓关系）,C.被修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等,Do you have the ability to read and write in English? (同位关系）,The best time to visit Rio de Janeiro is in June and July,1. (2008北京卷)Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding 2. (2007 上海春) _the safety of gas, the government has checked the citys gas supply system thoroughly. ATo ensure BEnsuring CHaving ensured. DTo have ensured 3. (2006广东卷)_ this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making 4. (2006陕西卷) He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told,1)不定式作目的状语 Tim sat near the fire to get warm. The athletes practised hard to win the match. 强调作目的状语的不定式, 常用in order (not) to，so as (not) to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中。,6. 不定式作状语,2).不定式作结果状语 作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中。如:too to, enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词+ as to do引导。 Would you be so kind as to step this way, please? I tried the door, only to find it locked inside. 3）某些形容词作表语，表示喜怒哀乐，后跟不定式做原因状语 I am sorry to hear about your failure in business.,7. 用作独立成分的不定式,To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest. He is very honest, to begin with.,必 背 to tell you the truth 说老实话 to begin with 首先 to say nothing of 姑且不说 so to speak 可以这么说 to be sure 诚然，固然 to be exact 精确地说 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be frank 坦率地说 to be brief 简言之 to conclude 总而言之,Complete the sentences,1.我决定再学一门外语。 I decide _ a second foreign language. 2. 明天将要讨论的问题是一个很重要的问题。 The question _ tomorrow is a very important one. 3. 据报道他已经出国了。 He is reported _. 4. 他假装正在睡觉。 He pretended _. 5. 据说小偷已经被警方抓捕。 The thief is said _ _.,to learn,to be discussed,to have gone abroad,to be sleeping,to have been caught by the police,8. 不定式的主要形式,被动式,一般式,进行式,完成式,完成进行式,to do,to be done,to be doing,/,to have done,to have been done,to have been doing,/,1. 不定式的一般式 to do 表示不定式动作在谓语动词的动作之后 I want to have a holiday as soon as possible.,2. 不定式的进行式 to be doing 表示不定式的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同步进行。,They pretended to be studying when the teacher came in.,3. 不定式的完成式 to have done 表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作前已完成 He seemed to have known the truth already.,S + is said/thought/seem to do/to have done,1. (2007 辽宁卷)The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. break 2. (2005江苏卷)Is Bob still performing? Im afraid not. He is said_ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left 3. (2006湖北卷)AIDS is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been,1. Without anything _ (eat), he died of hunger.,to eat,2. I gave Tom some books _(read).,to read,3. Do you have anything _(say) on this question?,to say,4. He is hard _. A. to talk B. to talk to C. talking D. talking to, 9. 用主动式表示被动含义的不定式,1. with/without + 名词 + 不定式结构,With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you.,2. sb have sth to do,I have got a letter to write.,3. There be + sth + to do 说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事,There is nothing to worry about.,当不定式和他前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系， 又和该句主语(有时是宾语) 构成逻辑上的主谓关系时， 不定式常用主动形式,4. S + be + adj + to do 说明主语的特性,The book is difficult to understand.,比 较 She has two letters to type. She has two letters to be typed.,10. 不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式在不定式的标志 to 前加 not或 never等否定词构成 Mother warns him never to play in the street. Please remember not to arrive within half an hour.,她有两封信要打。 (自己打),她有两封信要打。 (别人打),11. 不定式的省略 当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略动词原形保留不定式符号 to，但当 to 后是 be 或 have 时，则要保留到 be 或 have -Do you want to give a talk on that subject? -I prefer not to He didnt come , but he ought to have.,二 现在分词 doing 的用法,What are their functions?,1. Seeing is believing. 2. We dont allow smoking in the hall. 3. At that time, I found him crying in the street. 4. I have never seen a more moving movie. 5. Working harder, you will pass the entrance exam.,（主语,表语）,（宾语）,（宾补）,（定语）,（状语）,Summary: doing在句中所作的成分_,主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语,1.现在分词 doing 作主语,His coming will be of great help to us.,Its no use waiting here.,动名词作主语,也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:,1） It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing 结构中作主语，it为形式主语。,2） It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing 结构中作主语。,It is a waste of time writing to him; he never answers letters.,译：你给他写信就是浪费时间，他从来都不回信的。,1. (2007 江苏卷)Can I smoke here? Sorry. We dont allow _ here. A. people smoking B. people smoke C. to smoke D. smoking 2. (2007 辽宁卷)You cant imagine what difficulty we had _home in the snowstorm. A. walked B. walk C. walking D. to walk,3. (2008江苏卷)They are quiet, arent they? Yes. They are accustomed _ at meals. A. to talk B. to not talk C. to talking D. to not talking 4. (2006重庆卷)Isnt it time you got down to _ the papers. A. mark B. be marked C. marking D. being marked,2. 现在分词 doing 做宾语：,1). 下列动词后只能接动名词做宾语： consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/ pardon, admit, delay / put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep/ keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy/ appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, cant help, mind, permit/ allow, escape, require,口诀： 考虑建议盼原谅， 承认推迟没得想 避免错过继续练， 否认完成就欣赏 禁止想象才冒险， 不禁介意准逃亡。,2) 词组后接 doing 作宾语：（to为介词,devote to, be used to, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, lead to, insist on, be busy in, have difficulty/trouble/problem in, have a good/hard time in, feel like, go doing, come/go near to 几乎要, according to, add to, as to, come to（谈到）, due to, feel up to（能胜任）, object to, respond to, admit to, in addition to, next to, owing to（由于）,3). 在一些动词后既可接动名词作宾语，也可接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：如：forget, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try，go on, cant help,to do doing,remember to do doing,regret to do doing,stop to do doing,to do doing,to do doing,go on to do doing,cant help to do doing,(一记，二忘，三遗憾，四试，五图，六停止),mean,forget,try,4). need, want, require 后接动名词主动表被动，或接动词不定式的被动形式,to be done .need /want/require doing sb to do, be worth+名词/doing,to be done .be worthy of + 名词 being done,The film is well worth seeing for a second time.,The windows need painting again to be painted again.,译：这些窗户需要重新粉刷。,3. 现在分词 doing 作表语,现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为”使(令) 怎样.” 如: The news is very disappointing. His story is very moving. (Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting.),1.(2006上海春) There are hundreds of visitor _ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings. A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait 2. (2006辽宁卷)I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _Chinese in the school, most _were from Germany. A. study; of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom,4. 现在分词 doing 作定语,a sleeping car,= a car for sleeping,1). doing 做前置定语，可表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写,a sleeping boy,= a boy who is sleeping,2）现在分词做定语它与所修饰的名词构成 主谓关系, 可用定从改，说明名词的动作状态,I don t know the man writing something over there.,=I don t know the man who is writing something over there.,a swimming pool / waiting room,1. (2007 江苏卷)He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _ in his lectures. A. interested B. interesting C. interest D. to interest 3. (2006四川卷)Did you enjoy yourself at the party . Yes. Ive never been to _ one before. A. a more excited B. the most excited C. a more exciting D. the most exciting,4）情感类使动词的现在分词形式用来说明事物或人的特征或性质，常修饰说明表示物的名词,1. (2008上海卷) My sister, an inexpensive rider, was found sitting on the bicycle _ to balance it . A. having tried B. trying C. to try D. tried 2. (2007 全国卷I) I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt 3. (2007 上海卷)After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him. A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call,5. 现在分词 doing 作宾语补足语, see, hear, smell, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, 等表示感觉的动词及 catch， find ，现在分词的动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行的动作。,see + sb + do see + sb + doing see + sth + being done see + sth + done,注意区分不定式做宾补和过去分词做宾补, have, keep, get, set, send, leave 等表示“致使”等意义的动词。,+ sb doing + sth undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 等 + sb to do + sth to be done,leave,留下某人去做,让某人一直做,have sth done = get sth done have sb doing get sb doing have sb do get sb to do,使某人开始做,注：let, make 后不能接doing做宾补,let sb do let sth be done,Let the work be done immediately.,make sb do make sth done,(2005山东卷)Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US $57. 65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching (2008重庆卷) _ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead. A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed (2008辽宁卷)He was busy writing a story, only _ once in a while to smoke a cigarette. A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped (2008安徽卷) _ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. A. To walk B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked,6. 现在分词作状语,1) 现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果, 让步、伴随或方式等状语。,Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy.,Having written his composition, he began to do his Maths homework.,Being ill, he didnt go to school.,Using your head, you will find a way.,Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting.,They sat there on the stone, talking with each other.,The mother died, leaving five children behind.,Written in a hurry, _ . How can it be satisfactory? A. they found many mistakes in the report B. Sam made lots of mistakes in the report C. there are plenty of mistakes in the report D. the report is full of mistakes,1) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 2) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly.,Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly.,F,2) 现在分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题,分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。,_(see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful. _ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful.,Seen,Seeing,The key not having been found ，she went through her handbag carefully.,注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。 时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。 语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。 人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的 主语。,但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中, 分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的有: 1) generally/strickly/+speaking 2) Judging from/talking of/allowing for 3) Considering that /seeing that /supposing that,Transform the sentences,在过马路的时候要小心。 1. Be careful_ 排队等了半小时，老人突然发现支票落在车里了。 2._, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. 听！正在唱的这首歌深受学生的喜欢。 3. Listen! The song _is very popular with the students. 已经被告知了很多次，她仍然不记得。 4._, she still cant remember it.,while crossing the street.,Having waited in the queue for half an hour,being sung,Having been told many times,Doing 的语法意义,主动，与谓语动作同时发生,主动，先于谓语动作发生,被动，与谓语动作同时发生,被动，先于谓语动作发生,三. 过去分词 done 的用法,What are their functions?,1.Things lost never come again. 2 .He felt surprised at the news. 3. I will get my bike repaired tomorrow. 4. Tired of the boring speech, he began to sleep.,（定语）,（表语）,（宾补）,（状语）,Summary: done在句中所作的成分_,表语、宾补、定语、状语,1.过去分词 done 作表语,过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态。如， He is gone. The glas