阅读理解解题方法.ppt

阅读理解解题方法和解题技巧,（1）略读法（Skimming） 首先应该读首段和结尾段文章主题思想的阐明和总结，接下来，读每段的主题句（一般出现在段首，开宗明义；有时也在段落的结尾，画龙点睛；有时放在段落中间，承上启下。 ）,（2）寻读法（Scanning）,具体步骤如下： 1）先看问题，然后带着问题去寻找答案。 2）根据问题的顺序位置，判断答案在文章中的大概位置。 3）尽可能快速地扫视文章，直到找到所需要的信息。 4）确定所需信息位置后，仔细理解句子含义并完成试题。,（1）应对两种不同形式文章的技巧,1）有小标题的文章 对于此类文章，把握开头或结尾部分就掌握了文章的主题和写作目的，把握住小标题就掌握了文章的主要内容。从题干的定位信息可以快速找到相关的小标题（模糊定位），然后在该小标题下查找具体答案（精确定位）。,2）没有小标题的文章,对于此类文章，需要把握文章开头或结尾部分来掌握文章的主题和写作目的。更重要的是要快速浏览每段，寻找主题句并获得文章大意。建议在浏览过程中用笔在每段的主题句或关键词下做出记号，以备答题时使用。,（2）寻找信息的技巧,1）利用数字和年代定位信息 2）利用专有名词(人名、地名等) 等定位信息 3）利用“信号词”来区分或定位信息 以下词组提示下文所涉及的重要信息： The main / important point / conclusion / reason. The point to note here 以下词组提示了下文的结构框架： There are three major reasons,在文中提问可以突出问题后的答案，提示读者答案中有重要信息，例如： Why is a piped water supply so important? Disease due to contaminated water is a common cause of death in childhood. 有时，为了保证读者完全理解自己的观点，作者会在文中反复提出自己的观点，例如： Death control can be achieved autonomously. In other words, the death rate can be cut without anything else changing. 文章的结论通常是非常重要的，因此，读者要在文中寻找提示结论的“信号词”，例如： Therefore the result In conclusion we can conclude One of the primary conclusions,举例是为了帮助读者理解某一个观点，因此，文中的例子不是浏览文章时的重要信息。在阅读过程中，以下词组提示读者下文是举例部分信息。 For example/instance like Such as these include To illustrate among these are 有时，作者也会用破折号或括号来提示举例信息，例如： The developing countries are dependent on cash crops sugar, coffee, cacao, cotton. Precipitating/violent/unexpected factors are those which reduce the food supply (droughts, floods, wars, epidemics),在段落浏览时，读者在看到信号词后，应不断对下文信息作出相应的判断，例如：,The main reason for (提示：下文信息重要) the reduction in the death rate in the developing world has been improved public health measures. For example, (提示：下文信息不重要，仅仅是为了用来证明前面的观点) in Sri Lanka the death rate was halved over ten years by spraying the mosquitoes which carry malaria.,Why (提示：问题的答案中有读者应该关注的重点) is it so easy to cut the death rate in this way and yet so hard to reduce the birth rate? One answer (提示：这只是众多答案中的一种，并不是最重要的。) is that public health measures can be very cheap. Anti-malarial spraying is inexpensive.,But this is not the important point (提示：but后面的是非常重要的信息). For birth control programs to be successful, a change in attitude is required, whereas death control can be achieved autonomously. In other words, (提示：这里是作者想要强调的重要信息) the death rate can be cut without anything else changing.,4）题目顺序基本和文章写作顺序一致,一般情况下，快速阅读中判断正误题目的顺序与原文的写作顺序基本上是保持一致的。换句话说，如果你已经在第三段中找到了第一道题的信息，余下的题目出处则大致都在第三段之后（反常情况极少出现，即使出现，该文章的总体试题的顺序也仍然是与文章写作顺序一致的）。,（5）巧用逻辑关系,逻辑关系散布在文章的句子内部、句句之间、以及段落之间。最基本的逻辑关系有以下几种： 1）因果关系：as a result，therefore，hence，consequently，because, due to等。 2）并列、递进关系：and, or, in addition，besides，in other words，moreover等。 3）转折关系：however，but, yet, in fact等。,（6）是非判断题规律总结,Y题（Y） 题干是由原文中句子转换结构而得，同时使用同义词或近义词来改写原文，即题干与原文对应处为同义转述关系。 题干是对原文的几句话或者某个段落中表达的信息的概括或归纳。 N题（N） 题干中使用了与原文中的意义相反的表达，如使用反义词、否定词或其它表示意义相反的表达。 题干中增加或减少了原文中的条件、范围、频率或可能性等限定词，使得题干的表述与原文不符。 题干将原文信息张冠李戴。,NG题（NG）,无中生有，题干中的内容在原文中并未提到。 以个别代替整体，即将原文所举例子的特殊现象推广为普遍现象 题干提到的内容有可能发生也有可能不发生，原文中没有提到是哪种可能性。 随意比较原文中提到的两个事物 原文中作者或某个人物的目标、目的、愿望、誓言等内容，在题目中作为客观事实陈述,“长难句”实用对策,一、以连词为着手点 英语句子之所以长，其最基本的手段就是连词。找到连词，就可定位主干成分，整个句子的结构也将迎刃而解。 例1：Some who succeeded fought off those in the water who had the strength to try to claw their way aboard.(Passage 1, 04/6) 那些成功的人击退了那些在水中有力气奋力爬上甲板的人,例2：Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.(Passage 4, 01/6) “刘易斯和克拉克跋涉到美国的荒野地区去寻查美国在买下路易斯安那州时得到的是什么样的一片土地，而阿波罗号的宇航员在冷战期间乘着火箭登上月球向人们展示了科技的力量”。,二、理清独立性句子成分或从属性短语,句子的修饰成分主要包括副词和独立主格结构，而修饰性短语主要以分词短语和介词短语为主。在解读句子时，这两种成分皆可像从句一样处理，暂时不看。 例3：Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the U.S. stay longer and spend more money at each stop; an average of 12.2 night and $1624 a traveler versus the Americans four nights and $298.(Passage 4, 98/1),篇章阅读理解 (一).题型分析,1. 主旨大意题 主旨就是主题思想，主旨大意题的目的在于考查考生对所给材料全文或某个段落中心思想的理解、概括能力。主旨大意题主要包括：确定文章的主题（theme或topic）；总结文章或段落大意（main idea）；以及给出适合的标题（title）。 主旨大意题的典型提问方式有： A. The best title for this passage is _ B. Topic of the article is _ C. The main idea of the passage is _ D. The passage is mainly about (concerned with) _ F. The passage mainly (primarily) deals with _,解题方法,（1）找出具有归纳、概括的信息应能归纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。 例一： Directions: Choose the most general word. A. chemist B. physicist C. scientist D. biologist,例二： Directions: Choose the most general sentence. A. The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily. B. There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Golden Bay Inn. C. The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board. D. There are a number of extra services at the Golden Bay Inn including babysitting.,答主旨题时应注意：,（2）所选的选项应能概括全文的中心思想，不能只是概括某一段或某几段的主题的选项。 主题句往往出现在段首和段尾，当然也有出现在段落中间的。第一段的主题句一般情况下是文章的主题。最后一段的主题句往往是全文的结论，与首段呼应。 （3）所选的选项应不能有任何违背原文的地方。 在此，要注意选项是否过于笼统或太具体：过于笼统的选项缺乏准确性，太具体的选项往往太片面。,（4）尽量避免选择有绝对词的选项。 如all, completely, only, almost, absolutely, definitely等。 （5）仔细比较意义相近的选项中词义的细微差别，其中之一便是干扰项。,（2）主题思想应能恰如其分的概括文中所阐述的内容。,这就意味着，主题思想的涵盖面不能太窄，即：不足以概括全部内容；但是主题思想的涵盖面也不能太宽，即：包含了文中没有阐述的内容。 例四： Directions: Read the following passage and choose the best central thought. Sugar history in the Hawaiian Islands is filled with pioneering, in sailing ship days, Hawaiian sugar growers were many months from sources of supplies and from markets. This isolation built up among the Hawaiian growers an enduring spirit of cooperation. Growers shared with one another improvements in production. Without government aid of any sort, they built great irrigation projects. Without government help, they set up their own research and experiment organization. Pioneering together over the years, they have provided Hawaii with its largest industry.,2. 细节事实题,命题规律 （1）列举处常考 列举处指的是 First,., Second,., Third,., 等并列关系词出现的部分。 （2）举例与打比方的地方常考 这类词常见的有as, such, for example, for instance, in a case, in point 等。,（3）（指示）代词出现处常考 这类考题，常用来考查考生是否真正理解上下文之间的句际关系和意义。 （4）引用人物论断处常考 作者为正确表达自己观点或使论点更有依据,常会引用某些权威人士的论断或采纳其重要发现等。命题者常在此处做文章。 （5）特殊标点符号后的内容常考 由于特殊标点符号后的内容常是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明， 因此命题者常对标点符号后的内容进行提问。具体说，特殊标点符号包括：破折号（表解释），括号（表解释），冒号（表解释），引号（表引用）。,细节题干扰项特点,（1）与原句内容相反； （2）与原文内容一半相同一半不同； （3）与原句内容相似但过于绝对化； （4）原文中根本没提到。,推理判断题正确选项的特点,（1）一般含义不肯定(或主观)的，或有新义的，或不合理的是答案。如含有 can, some, more or less, usually, relatively, not necessarily, suggest, be likely to, possible, dubious，expect, ignore, suspect, overlook, like, dislike, new, most, often, discuss, believe, could, may, should, might, whether等词的选项有极大可能是正确选项。,（2）如果四个选项全能凭常识判断，其中含义深刻的是解；或四个选项中惟一一个不是常识项的是答案。 （3）应该注意选项中是文中说明的，即使符合原文，也不是正确选项。,A. In sailing days, Hawaiian sugar growers were many months away from supplies and markets. B. Hawaiian sugar growers built their great industry without government help. C. Hawaiian sugar growers have set up their own research organization and have shared improvements. D. By pioneering together, sugar growers have provided Hawaii with is largest industry.,阅读中的词汇题,A. 根据定义猜测词义，定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。 例1：“Anthropology is the scientific study of man.” （ “研究人类的科学”） 例2：“In slang, the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.” （“困境”）。,B. 根据复述猜测词义,例如：Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. “语义学”。 又如：Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. 电容量。 在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号或括号等。需要注意的是：同位语前面还常用or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other等副词或短语出现。,除同位语外，定语从句也是猜测词义的一条必要线索。例如：Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by sever seasonal mood swings. “季节性情绪紊乱症”。,（2）内在逻辑关系,A. 根据对比关系猜测词义，提示词unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast和while引导的并列句等。 例如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modes. “目空一切的，傲慢的”。,B. 根据比较关系猜测词义,同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系，提示词和短语主要是similarly, like, just as, also等。 例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious. “健谈的”。,C. 根据因果关系猜测词义 例1：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. “独断专行的”。 例2：There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd. “挤，挤过”。,D. 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义,在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如： Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.、“使. . . 陷入危险，危及、危害”。 又如Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. “不利的，有害的”。,（3）外部相关因素,外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关 系无法猜出词义，这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。 例如： Husband：Its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace? “冻僵的，冻得麻木的”。,（4）构词法 在猜测词义过程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识， 从生词本身猜测词义。 A. 根据前缀猜测词义 例如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes. 词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），前缀semi-（半，部分的，不完全的） 又如：Im illiterate about such things. 词根literate意为“有文化修养的，通晓的”，前缀il-表示否定。,B. 根据后缀猜测词义 例如： Insecticide is applied where it is needed. 后缀-cide表示“杀者，杀灭剂”，词根insect（昆虫 又如：Then the vapor may change into droplets. 后缀-let表示“小的”，词根drop指“滴，滴状物”。 C. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 例如：Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. high （高的，强的）和light（光线），合在一起便是“以强光照射，使突出”的意思。 又如：Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打、搏斗） 。,4. 推理判断题,在阅读中，判断和推理的能力是十分重要的。只有具备这种能力，才有可能真正地弄懂文章中语言上没有明确表达却又隐含的意思，达到真正的理解。 （1）判断 例： The male and female mosquitoes make an odd couple. The female is vampire and lives on blood. The male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juices. Females of different species choose different hosts on which to dine. Some feed exclusively on cattle, horses, birds, and other warm-blooded creatures. Some favor cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man. While the females menu varies, her bite remains the same. She drives her sharp tubular snout through the skin, injects a fluid to keep the blood from thickening, and drinks her fill, which takes a minute or less. It is the fluid she injects that carries disease. After her blood meal, she rests while her eggs develop. She then looks for a moist or flooded place to lay them,雄蚊相对地说对人类无害。雌蚊对多数动物构成威胁。纵观全文, 我们可以得出结论：“蚊子应该被消灭。”,（2）推理,推理就是以已知的事实为依据，来获得未知的信息。 例一： Like other opinions about the situation, Burkes predictably, and sensibly, forecasts a rise in unemployment among the young. 1）说话者同意Burke的关于年轻人失业现象要增多的看法（predictably, and sensibly）； 2）Burke不是唯一持这种看法的人（like other opinions.）。,例二：Directions: Read the following passage and choose the statement (s) which can definitely be inferred. In 1980, Canada announced strict additional limits on ownership of energy companies by foreign institutions and individuals. Since these may no longer own more than 50 percent of such companies, sources of capital for these corporations are now sharply restricted. A) Before 1980, foreigners were allowed to own a majority of shares in Canadian energy companies. B) Canadas 1980 limitations on energy-company ownership have caused some problems for these enterprises. C) After 1980, foreigners may not own a majority share in a Canadian company. D) Before 1980, there were no limitations of foreign individuals owning Canadian energy companies. 选项A符合题意, 因为文中谈到这一限制是1980年宣布的，据此可以推断1980年前尚无此规定。选择项B也符合题意，因文中谈到这些企业资金来源将受到限制，据此可以推断该限制将会给这些企业带来问题。C项不符合题意，因文中指的是energy companies, 而不是所有的公司。D项也不符合题意，因为文中谈到1980