古文英译理论与实践.ppt_第1页
古文英译理论与实践.ppt_第2页
古文英译理论与实践.ppt_第3页
古文英译理论与实践.ppt_第4页
古文英译理论与实践.ppt_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩87页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

古文英译:理论与实践,The Translation of Classical Chinese into English,Warm-up Exercise,一、试着将下列书名和标题翻译成中文: 1. The Book of Poetry 2. The Confucian Analects 3. Strategies of the Warring States 4. The Works of Mencius 5. Historical Records 6. Peace-Blossom Source 7. History of the Three Kingdoms,诗经,论语,战国策,孟子,史记,桃花源记,三国志,二、给下列英文句子添加恰当的连接词: 1. 是故弟子不必不如师,师不必贤于弟子。(韩愈师说) _ pupils are not necessarily inferior to teachers, _ teachers need not always be superior to pupils. 2. 鱼,我所欲也,熊掌,亦我所欲也,二者不可得兼,舍鱼而取熊掌者也。 (孟子) I like fish _ I also like bears paws. _ I cannot have the two together, I will let the fish go, _ take the bears paws.,Hence/Therefore/So,and,and,If,and,三、把下列句子翻成英语,1. 有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎? 2. 上有天堂下有苏杭。 3. 山不在高,有仙则名;水不在深,有龙则灵 。 参考译文: 1. It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar. 2. Just as there is a paradise in Heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth. 3. Any mountain can be famous with the presence of an immortal, and any river can be holy with the presence of a dragon.,Qualities of a Qualified Translator,1. to have a good command of the source languages 精通原文语言 2. to have a good command of the target language 精通译文(目标)语言 3. to have a wide range or scope of knowledge 知识面广 4. to be familiar with the commonly-used translation techniques 熟悉常用的翻译技巧 5. to have a rigorous attitude towards translation work 对于翻译工作有严肃的态度,一、古文英译的历史,对中国乃至世界文化思想影响最深的先秦古籍首推四书 (The Four Books)、 五经 (The Five Classics)。 楚辞 (The Verse/Elegies of Chu 或 The Songs/Poetry of the South), 左传(Zuos Commentary)、 战国策(Strategies/Intrigues of the Warring States;Anecdotes of the Warring States),等等。,大学: 大学原本是礼记中一篇,在南宋前从未单独刊印。传为孔子弟子曾参(前505前434)作。自唐代韩愈、李翱维护道统而推崇大学(与中庸),至北宋二程百般褒奖宣扬,甚至称“大学,孔氏之遗书而初学入德之门也”,再到南宋朱熹继承二程思想,便把大学从礼记中抽出来,与论语、孟子、中庸并列,到朱熹撰四书章句集注时,便成了四书之一。按朱熹和宋代另一位著名学者程颐的看法,大学是孔子及其门徒留下来的遗书,是儒学的入门读物。所以,朱熹把它列为“四书“之首。,中庸: 中庸原来也是礼记中一篇,在南宋前从未单独刊印。一般认为它出于孔子的孙子子思(前483前402)之手,史记孔子世家称“子思作中庸”。自唐代韩愈、李翱维护道统而推崇中庸(与大学),至北宋二程百般褒奖宣扬,甚至认为中庸是“孔门传收授心法”,再到南宋朱熹继承二程思想,便把中庸从礼记中抽出来,与论语、孟子、大学并列,到朱熹撰四书章句集注时,便成了四书之一。从中庸和孟子的基本观点来看,也大体上相同的。不过,现存的中庸,已经经过秦代儒者的修改,大致写定于秦统一全国后不久。所以每篇方式已不同于大学,不是取正义开头的两个字为题,而是撮取文章的中心内容为题了。,论语: 论语是记载孔子及其学生言行的一部书。孔子(前551-前479),名丘,字仲尼,春秋时鲁国陬邑(今山东曲阜)人。儒家学派创始人,中国古代最著名的思想家、政治家、教育家,对中国思想文化的发展有极其深远的影响。 论语成书于春秋战国之际,是孔子的学生及其再传学生所记录整理。论语是记载孔子及其学生言行的一部书。 论语涉及哲学、政治、经济,教育、文艺等诸多方面,内容非常丰富,是儒学最主要的经典。在表达上,论语语言精炼而形象生动,是语录体散文的典范。到汉代时,有鲁论语(20篇)、齐论语(22篇)、古文论语(21篇)三种论语版本流传。,孟子: 孟子是记载孟子及其学生言行的一部书。孟子(约前372-前289),名轲,字子舆,战国中期邹国(今山东邹县东南人),离孔子的故乡曲阜不远。是著名的思想家、政治家、教育家,孔子学说的继承者。 到南宋孝宗时,朱熹编四书列入了孟子,正式把孟子提到了非常高的地位。元、明以后又成为科举考试的内容,更是读书人的必读书了。 孟子是记载孟子及其学生言行的一部书。汉文帝把论语、孝经、 孟子、尔雅各置博士,便叫“传记博士”。到五代后蜀时,后蜀主孟昶命令人楷书十一经刻石,其中包括了孟子,这可能是孟子列入“经书”的开始。到南宋孝宗时,朱熹编四书列入了孟子,正式把孟子提到了非常高的地位。,四书的英译通名为: The Great Learning 大学, The Doctrine of the Mean中庸, The Confucian Analects 论语, The Analects of Confucius (The Works of) Mencius 孟子。 据称它们分别出于早期儒家的四位代表性人物曾参、子思、孔子、孟子,所以称为四子书(也称四子),简称为四书。 “The Books of the Four Philosophers”,五经的英译通名为: The Book of Poetry/Songs/Odes, or The Classic of Poetry诗经, The Book of History/Documents, or The Classic of History 书经或尚书, The Book of Rites or The Record of Rites 礼记, The Book of Change (s) 易经, The Spring and Autumn (Annals) 春秋。,昔我往矣,杨柳依依;今我来思,雨雪霏霏。 (小雅采薇) At first, when we set out, The willows were fresh and green; Now, when we shall be returning, The snow will be falling clouds. (理雅各) At first, when we started on our track, The willows green were growing. And now, when we think of the journey back, It is raining fast and snowing. (William Jennings),When I set out so long ago, Fersh and green was the willow. When now homeward I go, There is a heavy snow. (汪榕培) Willows were green when we set out, Its blowin an snowin as we go Down this road, muddy and slow, (Ezra Pound),诗经: 先秦称诗,或诗三百,是中国第一本诗歌总集。汇集了从西周初年到春秋中期五百多年的诗歌三百零五篇(原三百十一篇),是西周初至春秋中期的诗歌总集。 诗分“风”、“雅”、“颂”三部分,“风”为土风歌谣,“雅”为西周王畿的正声雅乐,“颂”为上层社会宗庙祭祀的舞曲歌辞。 风:Songs 雅:Odes 颂:Hymns,尚书: 古时称书、书经,至汉称尚书。 “尚”便是指“上”,“上古”,该书是古代最早的一部历史文献汇编。记载上起传说中的尧舜时代,下至东周(春秋中期),约1500多年。基本内容是古代帝王的文告和君臣谈话内容的记录,这说明作者应是史官。 尚书有两种传本,一种是今文尚书,一种是古文尚书,现通行的十三经注疏本,是今文尚书和伪古文尚书的合编。古时称赞人“饱读诗书”,“诗书”便是分别指诗经和尚书。,礼记: 战国到秦汉年间儒家学者解释说明经书仪礼的文章选集,“礼记只是解仪礼”(朱子语类卷八十七),是一部儒家思想的资料汇编。 礼记虽只是解说仪礼之书,但由于涉及面广,其影响乃超出了周礼、仪礼。 礼记有两种传本,一种是戴德所编,有85篇,今存40篇,称大戴礼;另一种,也便是我们现在所见的礼记,是戴德其侄戴圣选编的四十九篇,称小戴礼记。,周易: 也称易、易经,列儒家经典之首。周易是占卜之书,其外层神秘,而内蕴的哲理至深至弘。 作者应是筮官,经多人完成。内容广泛记录了西周社会各方面,包含史料价值、思想价值和文学价值。以前的人们对自然与人生变幻规律的认识模式,从没有超越阴阳八卦的思维框架。 周易包括经和传两部分。经文由六十四卦卦象及相应的卦名、卦辞、爻名、爻辞等组成。传一共七种十篇,有彖上下篇,象上下篇,文言、系辞上下篇,说卦,杂卦和序卦。古人把这十篇“传”合称“十翼”,意指“传”是附属于“经”的羽翼,即用来解说“经”的内容。,8卦: 乾(天) 坤(地) 震(雷) 巽(风) 坎(水) 离(火) 艮(山) 兑(泽) 阳 - - 阴,春秋 左传 也称左氏春秋、春秋古文、春秋左氏传,古代编年体历史著作。 史记称作者为春秋时期左丘明,清代今文经学家认为系刘歆改编,近人又认为是战国初年人据各国史料编成(又有说是鲁国历代史官所写)。它的取材范围包括了王室档案,鲁史策书,诸侯国史等。记事基本以春秋鲁十二公为次序,内容包括诸侯国之间的聘问、会盟、征伐、婚丧、篡弑等,对后世史学文学都有重要影响。 左传本不是儒家经典,但自从它立于学官,后来又附在春秋之后,就逐渐被儒者当成经典。,诸子散文除孟子外,还有 墨子(Mozi; Mo Tzu)、 庄子(Zhuangzi; Chuang Tzu)、 列子(Liezi)、 荀子(Xunzi)、 韩非子(Hanfeizi),等等。 老子(Lao Zi; Lao Tzu; Laotse)的英译本最多。,“诸子”,是指这一时期思想领域内反映各阶层、阶层利益的思想家及著作,也是先秦至汉各种政治学派的总称,属春秋后才产生的私学。 “百家”表明当时思想家较多,但也是一种夸张的说法。主要人物有孔子、孟子、墨子、荀子、老子、庄子、列子、韩非子、商鞅、申不害、许行、告子、杨子、公孙龙子、惠子、孙武、孙膑、张仪、苏秦、田骈、慎子、尹文、邹衍、吕不韦等。,老子:道德经 全书共81章,前37章为道经,后44章为德经,为道家的主要经典著作。 林语堂:The Wisdom of Laotse, 1948 泰戈尔:Tao-Te-Ching, 1960 Lionel Giles(翟林奈): The Sayings of Lao Tzu, 1905 刘殿爵:Lao Tzu: Tao De Ching 梅维恒:Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way 陈荣捷:The Way of Lao Tzu, 1963,三清: 玉清元始天尊 上清灵宝天尊 太清道德天尊 汉学:Sinology 汉学家:Sinologist,我国先秦文献虽然成书很早,但这些古籍称得上系统英译西传的最早时期却是19世纪。英译中国古籍最早且最具权威的译者是英国汉学家詹姆斯理雅各(James Legge, 1815-1897)。他从1858年开始翻译中国典籍直至去世,历时近40载。 他的多卷集中国经典(The Chinese Classics)包括大学、中庸、论语、孟子、诗经、书经、礼记、易经、春秋、左传。此外,他还英译了其他典籍。,著名的外国汉学家有: 赫伯特A翟理斯(Herbert A. Giles) Gems of Chinese Literature History of Chinese Literature 亚瑟韦利(Arthur Waley) 诗经;楚辞;唐诗; 翟林奈 (Lionel Giles) 道德经;史记节选; 伯顿沃森(Burton Watson) (史记),Cyril Birch 白芝 牡丹亭 大卫霍克斯 (David Hawkes) 红楼梦The Story of the Stone 醉心于古籍西传的海内外中国学者有辜鸿铭、林语堂、刘师舜、柳无忌、刘殿爵、初大告、杨宪益、许渊冲等数十人。,他们的译作涉及诸子百家、诗词散文、寓言小说,等等。 司马迁的史记(Records of the Historian)、 班固的汉书(History of the Han Dynasty)、 王充的论衡(Discourse Weighed in the Balance)、 司马光的资治通鉴(History as a Mirror) 以及汉、魏、六朝、唐、宋、元、明、清的诗词散文。,三国演义 全称:三国志通俗演义 作者:罗贯中(元末明初) 介绍:共一百二十回。根据陈寿三国志,以及范晔后汉书、元代三国志平话和一些民间传说写成。现所见刊本以明嘉靖本最早,分24卷,240则。清初毛宗岗又做了一些修改,成为现在通行的120回本。 三国演义故事开始于刘备、关羽、张飞桃园三结义,结束于王浚平吴,描写了东汉末年和三国时代魏、蜀、吴三国之间的军事、政治斗争。文字浅显、人物形象刻画深刻、情节曲折、结构宏大。,水浒传 又名:忠义水浒传 作者:施耐庵(元末明初) 介绍:明高儒百川书志著录其所见本,前署“钱塘施耐庵的本,罗贯中编次”。胡应麟少室山房笔丛认为是施耐庵所作,王圻续文献通考认为是罗贯中所作。 作者在宣和遗事及相关话本、故事的基础上创作而成。全书以描写农民战争为主要题材,塑造了李逵、武松、林冲、鲁智深等梁山英雄,揭示了当时的社会矛盾。故事曲折、语言生动、人物性格鲜明,具有很高的艺术成就。,西游记 作者:吴承恩(明) 介绍:共一百回。西游记介绍:西游记以民间传说的唐僧取经的故事和有关话本及杂剧(元末明初杨讷作)基础上创作而成。西游记前七回叙述孙悟空出世,有大闹天宫等故事。此后写孙悟空随唐僧西天取经,沿途除妖降魔、战胜困难的故事。书中唐僧、孙悟空、猪八戒、沙僧等形象刻画生动,规模宏大,结构完整。,红楼梦 原名:石头记 作者:曹雪芹(清) 红楼梦共一百二十回,前八十回由曹雪芹作,后四十回一般认为是由高鹗所作。曹作八十回在撰写、修改过程中就以抄本的方式流传。乾隆五十年(1791年),程伟元将前八十回及后四十回续稿以活字排印,从此一百二十回本流行。但前八十回的文字曾又改动。,中国四大名著英文译名,三国演义 1)Three Kingdoms (Moss Roberts, 罗慕士,外文出版社,1994) 2)San Guo, or Romance of the Three Kingdoms (C. H. Brewitt-Taylor, 邓罗,Kelly and Walsh Limited, 1925),西游记 1)Journey to the West (W. J. F. Jenner, 外文出版社,1980) Havoc in Heaven, Adventures of the Monkey King 2)The Pilgrimage to the West 3)The Monkey King 4)Monkey (Arthur Waley, 1942),水浒传 1)Outlaws of the Marsh (Sidney Shapiro) 水泊好汉外文出版社,1981。沙博理 2)The Water Margin (Jackson, 1937) 3)Heroes of the Marshes 4)The Story of 3 Women and 105 Men 5)All Men Are Brothers (Pearl S. Buck,赛珍珠,1933) 四海之内皆兄弟,红楼梦 1)A Dream of Red Mansions (杨宪益、戴乃迭,1994) 2)The Story of the Stone (David Hawkes 大卫霍克斯,1973),也罢!也罢! Arthur Walay: Well! 林语堂:Never mind! 这个兄弟,姓杜,名兴。 赛珍珠: This brother is surnamed Tu, and his name is Hsing. 沙博理:Du Xing is his name. 石秀便问道:“这位兄长是谁?” 赛:Shih Hsiu asked, saying: “Who is this brother?” 沙:“Who is this brother?” asked Shi Xiu.,二、古文英译的难处,1、译语中无对等词 (Equivalent) 这种情况常可遇见。通常的处理办法有四: 一是用近义词语加注解; 二是将近义词大写使之专有化; 三是音译加注解; 四是造词。 道:Tao 道德经 Tao Te Ching 无名:The Nameless 有名:The Named,悠哉游哉,辗转反侧。 (“关雎”) 1. The day is hard to pass All night hell toss and turn. 2. Long thoughts, oh, long unhappy thoughts, Now on his back, now tossing on to his side. 3. Longing, longing, Turning, tossing!,现以“道”字为例。 “道”字有多种意义,可译成way,course,practice,characteristic,truth,doctrine,等等。有时候不同的上下文中要用不同的词,有时候不同的译者译同一个句子使用不同的词。 作为老庄哲学中心的“道”,在英语中无对等词,因而经常音译。,道可道,非常道;(老子) The Way that can be told of is not an Unvarying Way; Arthur Waley (亚瑟韦利) 理雅各:The Tao that can be trodden is not the enduring and unchanging Tao. 林语堂:The Tao that can be told of Is not the Absolute Tao. 玄:Cosmic Mystery,故“道”大,天大,地大,人亦大。(25.5) Thus just as Tao has “this greatness” and as earth has it and as heaven has it, so may the man also have it. 人法地,地法天,天法“道”,“道”法自然。(25.6) The ways of men are conditioned by those of earth. The ways of earth, by those of heaven. The ways of heaven by those of Tao, and the ways of Tao by the Self-so.,2、多义和歧义 词语的多义与歧义历来有之,只是古文中的多义与歧义更令译者困惑而已。时空差距大,文化差异大,造成语义模糊而又无法查证、难以表达。 独乐乐,不如众乐乐。 智者乐山,仁者乐水。,例: 由,诲女知之乎?知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。 (论语为政) 这句话中出现6个“知”字,古时“知”可作“聪明”、“智慧”解,那么这第6个“知”字究竟是什么意思呢?是“真正知道”还是“聪明”呢?,(1) You, shall I teach you what knowledge is? When you know a thing ,to hold that you know it; and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it; this is knowledge. (2) You, do you know my teaching? If you know it, say you know. If you dont know it, say you dont. This is wisdom.,(3) You (given name of Zi Lu, a disciple of Confucius)! Do you understand what I taught you? If you do, say you do; if not, say you do not. Only then are you an intelligent man. (4) Zhong You, I shall teach you what knowledge is. When you know a thing, say that you know it; when you do not know a thing, admit that you do not know it. That is true knowledge.,3、古今、通假和词能消长 先秦两汉古籍中通假字很多,不明通假就会误译。 请看下例:八月剥枣。(诗经七月) “剥”就是通假字,剥者,击也。 此句许渊冲译成: In eighth moon down the dates we beat. (八月打下大红枣。),再比较下面两个句子中的“说”字。 (1)成事不说,遂事不谏,既往不咎。(论语八佾)。 (2)非不说子之道,力不足也。(论语雍也)。 第1句中的“说”字古义今义相同,该句可译成: It is bootless to discuss accomplished facts, to protest against things past remedy, to find fault with bygone things. 第2句中的“说”同“悦”,不明古今就可能将“说”字译错。理雅各译成: It is not that I do not delight in your doctrine, but my strength is insufficient.,余是以记之,盖叹郦元之简,而笑李渤之陋也。 1. I write this down, to show that Li Daoyuan did not say enough and Li Bo did not know enough. 2. I recorded this experience to show that I felt sorry for the sketchiness of Li Yuans description and could not help laughing at Li Bos inept efforts. Simplicity shallowness,貂蝉曰:“贱妾年方二八。” 1. She replied, “Thy unworthy handmaid is just sixteen.” 2. “Your servant is just sixteen.” She replied. 他自送死,非我逼也。(周瑜) 1. I think he has signed his own death warrant without being oppressed in the least. ( 邓罗) 2. He is delivering himself into our hands! We did not force him. (罗慕士),话说天下大势,分久必合,合久必分。 1. 邓罗 Empires wax and wane; states cleave asunder and coalesce. 2. 罗慕士 Here begins our tale. The empire, long divided, must unite; long united, must divide. Thus it has ever been.,他就弄个神通,把毫毛拔下几根,丢入口中嚼碎,喷将出去,念声咒语,叫“变!” Arthru Waley: He was obliged to employ his magic powers. Pulling out a handful of his finest down, he tossed it into his mouth an bit it into ever smaller pieces; then he spat it out, crying Change! Jenner: So he performed a spell by pulling several hairs from his body, chewing them up, spitting them up, saying the magic words, and shouting “Change.”,三、汉语文言与现代英语的 比较及翻译,(一)汉语文言与现代英语句法结构的主要相似点及其翻译 1、文言判断句与英语SVC句型 2、文言被动句与英语的被动句 (二)汉语文言与现代英语句法结构的主要差异及其翻译 1、意合与形合 (parataxis vs. hypotaxis) 2、汉语动词优势与英语名词、介词、分词优势 3、重复与替代 (repetition vs. substitution) 4、省略与完备 (omission vs. comprehensiveness),(一)汉语文言与现代英语句法结构的主要相似点及其翻译 1、文言判断句与英语SVC句型 判断句是对事物的性质、情况、事物之间的关系做出肯定或否定判断的句子。 文言中的判断句式有: 1)用“者”或“也”表判断; 2)用副词“乃”、“则”、“即”、“皆”、“耳”等表判断; 3)用动词“为”或“是”表判断; 4)用否定副词“非”等表示否定判断。 英语SVC结构为:主语 + 谓语 + 主语补足语;主语补足语常置于连系动词之后。,师者,所以传道、授业、解惑也。 (韩愈师说) 1) A teacher is one who passes on the truth, imparts knowledge and solve puzzles. 2) A teacher is one by whom the courses are taught and the Tao is handed down to the students. Under this teachers guidance, the perplexities of the students are removed.,此则岳阳楼之大观也,前人之述备矣。(范仲淹岳阳楼记) This is the general view from the pavilion, already described in full by our predecessors.,2、文言被动句与英语的被动句 文言文中的被动句大多借助一些被动词来表示,这一标记相当于英语被动句中的by。 1)用介词“于”、“受于”表示,相当于英语的被动句be + done by sb. 劳心者治人,劳力者治于人。(孟子) Those who work with their minds rule others; those who work with their strength are ruled by others.,吾不能举全吴之地,十万之众,受制于人。 (司马光资治通鉴) With all my land of Wu and all my troops of a hundred thousand strong, I cannot let myself be resigned to a rule by aliens. (谢百魁译,中国历代散文一百篇Chinese Prose Writings Through the Ages,中国对外翻译出版公司,1996.),2)“见”字式被动句。 赵王与大将军廉颇诸大臣谋:预予秦,秦城恐不能得,徒见欺;欲勿予,即患秦兵之来。(司马迁史记廉颇蔺相如列传) The king took counsel with General Lian Po and his chief ministers, who feared that if the jade were sent to Qin they might be cheated and geo no cities in return, yet if they refused the soldiers of Qin might attack. (杨宪益、戴乃迭选译),3)“为”、“为所”被动句 君王为人不忍。若入前为寿,寿毕,请以剑舞,因击沛公于坐,杀之。不者,若属皆且为所虏! (司马迁史记项羽本纪) Our lord is too kind-hearted. Go in, drink a toast and offer to perform a sword dance. Then strike the lord of Pei down where he sits. If you dont do this, we will all be captured by him in the future.,4)“被”字式被动句 信而见疑, 忠而被谤,能无怨乎? (司马迁史记 屈原列传) Can the faithful being suspected and the loyal being slandered have no complaints?,(二)汉语文言与现代英语句法结构的主要差异及其翻译 1、意合与形合 (parataxis vs. hypotaxis) 意合法(parataxis)是指词与词、句子和句子之间的组合往往在外部形态上没有明显的标志,而主要依靠意义上的关联来“粘合”。 形合法(hypotaxis)是指句子与词的组合在外部形态上有明显的标记,当形态标记不充分的时候,还可用其他语法手段来显示词组、句子、句群中各成分之间的相互关系。,1)采用形合法 由于英语的句式重形合、汉语的重意合,所以汉译英时具有意合特点的汉语句式有必要转换成具有形合特点的英语句式。 善欲人见,不是真善;恶恐人知,便是大恶。 (朱柏庐朱柏庐治家格言) A good deed is no good deed if it is done for show. An evil deed is all the worse if it is covered up. (裘克安译),2)采用意合法 子曰:“三人行,必有我师焉。择其善者而从之,其不善者而改之。” (论语) The Master said, “When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them.” (Translated by James Legge),爱人者,人恒爱之;敬人者,人恒敬之。 (孟子) He who loves others is constantly loved by them. He who respects others is constantly respected by them.,孟子曰:“民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。” (孟子) Mencius said, “The people are the most important element in a nation; the spirits of the land and the grain are the next; the sovereign is the lightest.”,得道者多助,失道者寡助。(孟子) He who finds the proper course has many to assist him. He who loses the proper course has few to assist him.,2、汉语动词优势与英语名词、介词、分词优势 (verb prominence vs. nouns, prepositions and participles prominence) 见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要还家,设酒杀鸡作食。(陶渊明桃花源记) A sight of the fisherman, they were dumbfounded. Then they asked whence he came, and he answered their questions one by one. He was soon invited to their homes, treated to a dinner with wine and chicken. (谢百魁译),3、重复与替代 (repetition vs. substitution) 人非生而知之者,孰能无惑?惑而不从师,其为惑也,终不解矣。(师说) Man is not born with knowledge. Who can deny that he has puzzles? These would remain unsolved, should one refuses to be instructed by teachers.,郎骑竹马来,绕床弄青梅。 (李白长干行) You rode a bamboo horse and deemed yourself a knight, With paper helm and shield and wooden sword bedight. (W. A. P. Martin 译),白发三千丈,缘愁似个长。 (李白秋浦歌) My whitening hair would make a long long rope, yet could not fathom all my depth of woe. (Herbert Giles 译),4、省略与完备 (omission vs. comprehensiveness) 子在川上曰:“逝者如斯夫!不舍昼夜。” The Master, standing by a stream, said, “It passes on just like this, not ceasing day or night!” (James Legge译),春晓 (孟浩然) 春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟。 夜来风雨声,花落知多少。 Slumbering, I know not the spring dawn is peeping, But everywhere the singing birds are cheeping. Last night I heard the rain dripping and wind weeping, How many petals are on the ground sleeping? (吴钧陶译),四、古文英译的技巧,(一)词量增补 (二)转换,(一)词量增补 古文英译时,需要增补词语的情况很多。有的句子需要增补主语、谓语或宾语,有的句子需要增补介词、连词或其他词类的词,还有些句子需要增补原文中没有的说明词语,等等。,1、 无主句英译时至少有三种增补的可能:一是增补引导词there,二是增补表虚义的it,三是增补动词。 大雨雪,深二尺五寸。(史记秦始皇本纪)。 There was a great snowfall, twenty-five inches deep. 三年春不雨。夏六月雨。(左传亻喜公三年) In spring of the third year it did not rain, in summer, it did. 天寒大雨,士卒冻饥。(史记项羽本纪) The day was raw, a heavy rain was falling, and the men were hungry and cold.,2、古汉语里偏正词组的中心词可能省略,英译时可能需要补出这个中心词。 公曰:“多行不义必自毙。子姑待之。” (左传隐公元年) The duke said, “Those who pursue evil courses will eventually encompass their own ruin. You will see.” “不义”后省略了中心词“(之)事”。 “多行不义”还可译成: do evil deeds frequently; keep on doing unrighteous deeds.,3、古文中意合法的复句很多,这类句子英译时要根据句义增补各种关联词语。 故曰:知彼知己,百战不殆;不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知彼,不知己,每战必殆。 (孙子兵法谋攻篇) Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you will fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat. If you know yourself but not the enemy, you will win one battle and lose one battle. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will suffer defeat in every battle.,(二)转换 转换是一个广泛的概念。它可以指词类、成分、语态、正反、语序等各方面的转换。 1、词类转换 古汉语中实词活用的情况很多。名词、形容词可以用作动词,动词、形容词可以用作名词,数词可以用作动词,等等。英译时,可能要根据该词的实际意义转换成动词或与动词意义相同的

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论